Nogales RANGER DISTRICT www.skyislandaction.org 5-1 State of the Coronado Forest DRAFT 11.05.08 DRAFT 11.05.08 State of the Coronado Forest 5-2 www.skyislandaction.org CHAPTER 5 Santa Rita Ecosystem Management Area The Santa Rita Mountains harbor densely wooded, around the world. Gardner Canyon, located on the well-watered canyons and boast steep rugged east side of the mountain range, is also a popular ridgelines and hillsides. Located in the western recreation destination offering uncrowded hiking portion of the Coronado National Forest, the Santa access to Mt. Wrightson Wilderness, a variety of Rita Ecosystem Management Area (EMA) wildlife, and stunning views. Located only 30 miles encompasses 148,425 acres with elevations ranging south of the town of Tucson, Arizona, the distinct from 3,600 feet to 9,450 feet at the summit of Mt. ridgeline of these mountains and the prominent peak Wrightson. The northwestern side of the Management of Mount Wrightson are clearly visible from the city. Area is bordered by Santa Rita Experimental Range, Traveling south on Interstate 19, one passes through 80,000 acres of low elevation rangeland managed by the retirement community of Green Valley located the University of Arizona. The area is used to conduct near the western side of the range. The scenic byway rangeland studies on recovery from drought and of State Highway 83 travels along the eastern side of sustainable grazing practices among other things. the range through the communities of Patagonia, and Much of the northeastern and northwestern portions Sonoita. The southern tip of the range is only a few of the area is bordered by state land, while most of the miles for the U.S.-Mexico border and the border town southern portions are bordered by private land. of Nogales. Rosemont Ranch, a key parcel of private land Waters running west off the Santa Rita crest pour bordering the northwestern side of the range, was into the Santa Cruz watershed and feed washes purchased in 2005 by August Resource, a small running through the Santa Rita Experimental Range Canadian mining company. As of 2008 this ranch is and into the community of Corona de Tucson. On the the proposed site of an open pit copper mine that will eastside of the range, Papago Canyon connects to utilize a portion of Forest lands in the Santa Rita Davidson Canyon, a critical wildlife linkage for species Ecosystem Management Area. moving between the Santa Rita Mountains, Cienega The Santa Rita Mountains have long been a Creek and the Rincon and Catalina Mountains. The cherished recreation destination for Tucsonans and eastern edge of the Santa Rita management area other southern Arizona inhabitants that engage in borders the Sonoita Valley, a relatively intact grassland. hiking, bird watching, mountain biking, hunting, Waters running off from the Santa Ritas feed Cienega camping and a variety of other uses. The Santa Ritas Creek as it runs through the heart of Las Cienegas are one of the big three ecotourism destinations in the National Conservation Area. Sonoita Creek is fed by region with Madera Canyon drawing birders from eastern and southern flanks of the mountains. The www.skyislandaction.org 5-3 State of the Coronado Forest DRAFT 11.05.08 Figure 5.1 Overview of the Santa Rita EMA DRAFT 11.05.08 State of the Coronado Forest 5-4 www.skyislandaction.org Patagonia-Sonoita Creek Preserve also encompasses the San Pedro Valley east of the Santa Ritas then riparian habitat fed in part by runoff from the Santa moved to hunting small game and gathering food Ritas. Owned by The Nature Conservancy, the plants as the climate changed. The Santa Cruz Valley preserve is home to rare fish, frogs and plants, and just west of the Santa Ritas became the site of over 200 species of birds have been recorded there. cultivation of domestic plants. Rock pile sites in the Natural History mountains are potential remnants of dry farming, water capture methods used by early agricultural The Santa Rita Mountains are renowned for the cultures. Around A.D. 550 to 750 Hohokam styles of occurrence of a number of Mexican bird species architecture, graphic symbols, and burial practices associated with the Sierra Madre Occidental, and spread into the Santa Cruz Valley and surrounding whose range in the U.S. is quite limited. Deep and mountains. A Hohokam burial site found to contain densely wooded Madera Canyon on the northwestern 75 individuals, and funerary objects such as ceramic flanks of the Santa Rita Mountains harbors springs bowls, jars, shell, bone and turquoise ornaments was and perennial pools, providing outstanding habitat for excavated in the Santa Ritas.2 Hohokam village sites over 250 species of birds along with rare amphibians. exist in the Rosemont area and on the bajada that sky island “specialties” including Elegant Trogon and stretches out below Madera Canyon. Fourteen study Yellow-eyed Junco can be found in the oak woodlands sites in the area have revealed Hohokam presence and pine-oak forests of the upper canyon, along with from approximately 500 to 1225 A.D. occasional rarities such as Flame-colored Tanager and Aztec thrush. Between 1,000 to 1,500 varieties of Around A.D. 14002 the Hohokam culture in the plants can be found in the Canyon contributing to the Santa Cruz River Valley collapsed due in part to great diversity of habitats and animal life. To the north changing environmental conditions. Pima tribes of Madera Canyon lies Florida Wash, also known for (Akimel O’odham) lived in the San Pedro Valley and its excellent bird habitat. Neotropical Varied Buntings the area of present-day Las Cienegas, and utilized the can be spotted along the wash and nest in the area. Santa Rita Mountains until they were eventually Temporal Gulch in the southern Santa Rita Mountains displaced by Apache. They were known to have lived supports a native assemblage of longfin dace, speckled in the area of Rosemont from approximately 1650 to dace and desert sucker. Cassin and Botteri sparrows 1780 A.D. These people were still living in the area also nest in the area in semi-desert grasslands. when Apaches arrived from the north and began Temporal Gulch is a tributary to Sonoita Creek and a raiding villages, and Spaniards arrived from the south surface water connection between the two exits often and began establishing cattle ranches. enough to provide for genetic interchange and By the 1880s the Santa Rita Mountains had been recolonization of fish.1 On the west side of the range, extensively prospected and many mines had been desert grassland communities are located in Agua established. The western side of the Santa Ritas was Caliente Canyon and Devil's Cashbox Canyon. the location of a mine run by the Santa Rita Silver Davidson Canyon at the north end of the range is Mining Company. The Greaterville area at the eastern one of the most important wildlife corridors between foot of the range was the site of a number of Gold the Santa Rita Mountains and the Rincon, Santa Placers. This area proved to be one of the largest and Catalina and Galiuro Mountains located to the north. richest placer grounds in southern Arizona and a A variety of wide-ranging animals including number of mining camps sprang up in the area. mountain lions, bears, and coatimundi utilize this Gardener Canyon was the nearest source of water, a essential linkage. necessity for placer mining, and when runoff Human Prehistory and History dissipated in the canyon, miners bought water that had been packed in on burros. By 1881 much of the Humans have been an important component readily accessible gold in the area had been extracted of the sky island landscape for at least 10,000 years and mining began to cease in the area. At the northern and the Santa Rita Mountains are rich in human end of the Santa Ritas, the Helvetia and Rosemont history and pre-history. They have been home to mining districts where the site of a number of boom Apaches, Mexican campesinos, Anglo ranchers, and bust copper mining operations. Mining claims miners, loggers, mission dwellers, and cavalrymen. had been staked as early as 1879 with major copper Prehistoric cultures hunted Pleistocene mammoths in www.skyislandaction.org 5-5 State of the Coronado Forest DRAFT 11.05.08 production occurring between 1915 and 1918. Canyon as wildlife habitat, and a cool refuge from During this time period the mining camp of New desert heat quickly replaced its value for timber Rosemont grew to two hundred inhabitants before harvest and today the Canyon remains a popular mining operations ceased when copper prices recreational destination. 3 plummeted in 1921. Whipple Observatory is located on Mount Over 100 years ago, Madera Canyon was the site of Hopkins near the middle of the range. This area extensive logging that provided timber to the city of extending through the north end of the range offers Tucson. The area was the site of the first sawmill in some of the best dark sky astronomy conditions in the Arizona run by Bill Kirkland in 1857. Madera means region. lumber, or wood in Spanish. The value of Madera Elements of Biological Diversity and Cultural Heritage The Santa Rita Ecosystem Management Area and biological processes. Using this classification harbors a unique combination of vegetation types and allows current vegetation to be compared effectively to species that contribute to the biological diversity of vegetation under historic conditions. Because the Coronado National Forest. The Forest Service Potential Natural Vegetation Types are relatively broad recognizes that building a framework for ecological groupings, and because the Forest contains a high sustainability will require management of entire diversity of vegetation types, we present ecological biological communities combined with special systems as a focus for management direction.