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Copyright by Faik Gur 2006 Copyright by Faik Gur 2006 The Dissertation Committee for Faik Gur Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Sculpting Turkish Nationalism: Atatürk Monuments in Early Republican Turkey Committee: Abraham Marcus, Supervisor Yildiray Erdener Danilo F. Udovicki Joan H. Neuberger Kamran S. Aghaie Sculpting Turkish Nationalism: Atatürk Monuments in Early Republican Turkey by Faik Gur, B.A., M.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The University of Texas at Austin December, 2006 To my mother and father, In loving memory of Sharon Baştuğ Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the help of many people. First and Foremost I would like to acknowledge my adviser, Abraham Marcus, who tried hard to make me sound like a historian through out the years I spent in the history department. Before then, I was too much paying attention to theory and sounding more like an anthropologist, which was the discipline I had involved in during my undergraduate and graduate education in Turkey for quite awhile. I doubt I would have continued my PhD education and obtain my degree if it were not for his wholehearted attempt to make me a historian and his support and guidance. I am greatly indebted to my committee members as well. I am indebted to Yildiray Erdener and Marta Norkunas, whose undying support and assistance were immeasurable help. I am also grateful to Emel Ozkan, Dilek Ozkan, Nihat Kurkcu, Alper Sen, and Sinan Goktepeli, and Bob Penman for their continued support. Finally, I want to extend my special thanks to my family here and in Turkey who offered me the luxury of attaining an intellectual life. Sculpting Turkish Nationalism: Atatürk Monuments in Early Republican Turkey Publication No._____________ Faik Gur, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2006 Supervisor: Abraham Marcus Today every city and town in Turkey has at least one monument of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938), the founding father of the Turkish Republic, located in one of its most important public spaces. All private and state primary, middle and high schools have at least one bust of him in front of which students have to line up every Monday morning and Friday evening to chant the national anthem. Apart from statues and busts, his portraits and pictures are hung in every office in state buildings and in most private offices. His name has been bestowed upon boulevards, parks, stadiums, concert halls, bridges, forests, and, more importantly, on educational institutions. vi Among these many public expressions, the monumental statues of Atatürk erected before he died exemplify one of the most effective instruments of the elite-driven modernization in early republican Turkey (1923-1938). These monuments reveal the ways in which Atatürk and his political elites attempted to establish a modern and secular sense of identity as well as a new official public culture and official history, mainly constructed through Atatürk’s Nutuk, the speech which he delivered in 1927. Nutuk was Atatürk’s public defense of his policies during the military and diplomatic struggle for independence in Anatolia between 1919 and 1923. It has not only become a remarkable and extremely influential text both in Turkish and foreign historiographies but also has been the source for visualizing the official interpretation of the struggle for independence in Turkey to the present day. Thus, all the monuments of the early Republic stand for such orthodox interpretations of history, emerging defensive Turkish nationalism and national identity while symbolizing the closure of the predating Ottoman Empire. Codified within this new national identity are the elements of secularization and racial homogenization of the society, a western cult of the “Orient” in the Orient, and an effort to control and limit the cultural and religious hegemony of Islam in the official public culture of early republican Turkey. vii Table of Contents List of Figures........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Chapter 1..................................................................................................................8 Sculpting a Nation: Art, Power, and Politics in Early Republican Turkey..............8 The New Regime, the New Nation, and the New Human Subject...............11 The Rise of Political Islam and the Politics of Symbolism ..........................26 The Emergence of the Orthodox Interpretation of the War of Independence, or the Official Historiography..................................................................32 Unchallengeable Nutuk.................................................................................34 Chapter 2................................................................................................................41 Statuary in the Ottoman Empire and the Early Republic.......................................41 The War Monuments ....................................................................................43 Figurative Monumental Statues of the Early Turkish Republic ...................51 Chapter 3................................................................................................................66 The First Monumental Figurative Statue of Mustafa Kemal.................................66 The First Monumental Figurative Statue of Mustafa Kemal in Istanbul......70 The Opening Ceremony................................................................................74 The Monument and The Park .......................................................................85 Chapter 4................................................................................................................89 A Monumental Republic or Monument of the Republic .......................................89 The Immortal Leader ....................................................................................91 The House in Şişli and the Prominent Figures in Taksim monument ........110 The Taksim Monument...............................................................................114 Towards the First Republican Square.........................................................124 Toward the Opening of the Taksim Monument..........................................136 The Opening................................................................................................142 viii Chapter 5..............................................................................................................146 Monuments of the Republic in Anatolian Cities..................................................146 Afyon and the Last Battle of the War of Independence..............................149 The Other Cities..........................................................................................155 9 Eylül (September 9) 1922, Victory Day of İzmir ....................................157 Ankara: the Monument of the Republic or the Republic of the Monument165 Toward the Opening of the Monument of Ankara......................................167 Toward the Openings of Statues by Canonica in Ankara...........................170 The Victory Monument of Ankara .............................................................174 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................181 Appendix..............................................................................................................191 Bibliography ........................................................................................................193 Vita ....................................................................................................................204 ix INTRODUCTION Today, in Turkey and around the world, scholars in every discipline are engaged in critically re-examining Turkish modernity from a variety of political and academic perspectives. For example, in 1994 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology held a conference entitled "Rethinking Turkish Modernity," where scholars from many disciplines presented papers assessing Turkey's experience with modernization. In 1997, Sibel Bodogan and Resat Kasaba, two leading Turkish scholars of architectural and political history, edited fourteen of the conference papers. Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey became a cornerstone in the literature of Turkish national identity and modernity.1 The essays represent a wide range of academic disciplines, from the humanities and social sciences to art, architecture, and cultural studies. Each of the essays in Rethinking Modernity has since become a dissertation or a full-length book, deepening and broadening the analysis of the central issues of the 1994 conference. In addition to making a sizable contribution to the critical analysis of Turkey's modernization, the papers in Rethinking Modernity and their subsequent expansions have rapidly accelerated the academic exploration of the relationship between outdoor spaces and national identity in Turkey. For example, Sibel Bozdogan extended her essay, The Predicament of Modernism in Turkish Architectural Culture: An Overview, 2 into a book called Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural 1 Bozdogan, Sibel and Kasaba Resat, eds., Rethinking
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