Mehmet Sabri Toprak*
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The Protection of Historical Artifacts in Ottoman Empire: the Permanent Council for the Protection of Ancient Artifactsi
Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(2): 600-608, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.070233 The Protection of Historical Artifacts in Ottoman Empire: The Permanent Council for the i Protection of Ancient Artifacts Sefa Yildirim*, Fatih Öztop Department of History, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The historical artifacts that reveal the social, establishment, functioning, duties and activities of the political, aesthetic, moral, architectural, etc. stages, before-said council are tried to be explained. through which the human beings have been; which transfer and reveal information from past to present and Keywords Historical Artifacts, Protection of future; which have an artistic, historical or archaeological Historical Artifacts, Council importance are very important physical elements that the present-day civilized societies protect or must protect as cultural values. Such works both strengthen the ties to the past due to the transfer of cultural heritage to existing and 1 . Introduction future generations and plays a very important role in the writing of the past through the data provided to the The first initiative for the protection of the historical researchers. The protection of the historical artifacts was artifacts in the Ottoman Empire can be considered as the under sharia laws until 1858 in Ottoman Empire, since beginning of the storage of two collections of old weapons then, some regulations were done about this issue, in the and artifacts since 1846 in the Hagia Irene Church end, The Permanent Council for the Protection of Ancient (Sertoğlu & Açık, 2013, p.160). -
140 Hundert Zuweisen, Ist Also Mithin Nur Wenige Jahre Nach Der
140 LITERATUR hundert zuweisen,ist also mithin nur wenigeJahre nach der Abfassungdes Werkes ent- standen und vermutlich die zweitaltesteder erhaltenen Handschriften. Er ist reich voka- lisiert. Zwar bietet er im allgemeinenden Textus receptus, wie ihn die Wiener Handschrift aufweist,doch rucken ihn zahlreichegemeinsame Varianten in die Nahe des CodexMenzel. Er gehort also tatsachlich zu den "wichtigsten Textzeugen". Nicht allzu haufig sieht sich der mit der islamischen Geschichte befasste Historiker gleich drei verschiedenenTextver6ffentlichungen einer Grundquellegegeniiber. Mit dem Erscheinen des hier angezeigten Buches sind also besonders giinstige Voraussetzungen fur die historischeAuswertung der Chronik des Nesri geschaffen.Man kann daher hoffen, dass das Werk, dem schon öfter die Bemuhungenscharfsinniger Geister gegolten haben, bald neue Bearbeiter finden wird. Dabei konnte die Herausgabe der schon von Menzel vorbereiteten Ubersetzung wesentliche Anregungen geben. Hans Robert Roemer (Mainz) Sir Harry Luke: The Old Turkey and the New. From Byzantium to Ankara. London: Geoffrey Bles 1955. XII, 243 pp. 16 s. (First published in 1936 by MacMillan & Co. Ltd. under the title "The Making of Modern Turkey.") This new editionof Sir Harry's well-knowninterpretation of Ottoman and early republican Turkish history brings back into print a book replete with valuable insights. The author has added a new chapter of I pages to bring his account down to the end of 1954, and embellished this edition with ten illustrations. He has also substituted a dull portrait of sultan Abdul Medjidfor his originalfrontispiece showing "the Khalif Abdul Mejidreceiving homage on his assumption of office in 1922,in the presenceof Rafet [Refet Bele] Pasha, representing the Governmentof Angora" which has considerablymore historical import ance. -
Refet Bele'nin Askerî Ve Siyasi Hayati (1881–1963)
T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILAP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ REFET BELE’NİN ASKERÎ VE SİYASİ HAYATI (1881–1963) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Halit KAYA Ankara - 2008 I T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILAP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ REFET BELE’NİN ASKERÎ VE SİYASİ HAYATI (1881–1963) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Öğrencinin Adı Halit KAYA Tez Danışmanı Prof.Dr. Oğuz AYTEPE Ankara - 2008 II T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILAP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ REFET BELE’NİN ASKERÎ VE SİYASİ HAYATI (1881–1963) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı : Prof.Dr. Oğuz AYTEPE Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası Prof.Dr. İzzet ÖZTOPRAK ............................. Prof.Dr. Ş.Bige SÜKAN .............................. Prof.Dr. Oğuz AYTEPE ............................. Tez Sınavı Tarihi : 11 Temmuz 2008 Yukarıdaki sonucu onaylarım. Prof. Dr. Temuçin Faik ERTAN Enstitü Müdürü III ÖZET Refet Bele’nin askerî ve siyasi hayatını konu alan bu çalışmamızda amacımız, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşunda ve sonrasında büyük hizmetleri olan bu şahsiyetin Cumhuriyet tarihindeki yerini ortaya koymaktır. Refet Bele Harp Okulu’ndan mezun olduktan sonra Makedonya’da çetelerle mücadele etmiş, Harp Akademisi’nde eğitimine devam ederken Çanakkale Ordusu ile İtalyan Seferberliği’ne ve daha sonra Balkan Savaşı’na iştirak etmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Sina-Filistin Cephesinde, özellikle İkinci Gazze Muharebesi’nde büyük yararlıklar göstermiş ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın son günlerinde Jandarma Genel Komutanı olmuştur. Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın daveti üzerine Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile birlikte Samsun’a çıkanlar ve Milli Mücadele’ye ilk katılanlar arasında yerini almıştır. Amasya Tamimi’ni imzalamış ve Sivas Kongresi’nde Heyet-i Temsiliye üyeliğine seçilmiştir. 10 Aralık 1919’da Nazilli’de Aydın Kuvayı Milliye Komutanlığını üstlenmiş ve daha sonra iç isyanların bastırılmasında büyük yararlılıklar göstermiştir. -
M. Kemal Atatürk's Homesickness for Thessaloniki, His City of Birth
ISSN 1712-8358[Print] Cross-Cultural Communication ISSN 1923-6700[Online] Vol. 12, No. 9, 2016, pp. 1-9 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/8785 www.cscanada.org M. Kemal Atatürk’s Homesickness for Thessaloniki, His City of Birth Sinan Çaya[a],* [a]Ph.D., Boğaziçi University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, always been prone to hero-worshipping ever since the era Istanbul, Turkey. of successive glorious sultans) invariably consider him *Corresponding author. supra-human! Received 14 June 2016; accepted 19 August 2016 [At the end of the First World War, The Mudros] Published online 26 September 2016 armistice obligated the Ottoman military to demobilize its combat units quickly, the actual demobilization Abstract proceeded slowly and came to a full stop with the start of As Atatürk, the founder of Modern Turkey, grew older; a new war—this time to save what was remained of the he more and more missed his home-city Salonika and its empire in 1919-1921—against Greek, French, Italian, and surroundings. The loss of his home-city during the Balkan Armenian forces. Wars further aggravated his passionate nostalgia. Some of A new generation of combat-tested battlefield his behavior patterns as narrated in history, reveal us his commanders, under the supreme leadership of Mustafa homesickness openly. On various occasions; the meals, Kemal Pasha, found a willing audience within the ranks the accent, and the entire culture of his region with its of the postwar Ottoman military. Most of the surviving songs and ballads; always moved the spirit in him, deeply. Ottoman officers (including reserves and retirees), as well Despite his deliberate emphasis of his logic most of the as the conscripts, were drawn to the nationalist cause (Uyar time, in reality, he was a man full of tender feelings. -
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International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science ISSN: 2582-0745 Vol. 2, No. 04; 2019 THE CONTRIBUTION OF KAZIM KARABEKIR PASHA TO DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY Şuayip TURAN Academician, Çankırı Karatekin University, Rectorate, International Relations ABSTRACT The paper aims to analyze the contribution of Kazım Karabekir Pasha to democracy in Turkey in the Republican Period. In this study, I try to explain why Kazım Karabekir Pasha is so important for Turkish society and also what kind of lessons that the Turkish Society can take. This study is very important as the today’s youth are looking for efficient, magnificent and historic leaders from the past. Kazım Karabekir Pasha’s life will set light to this gap. He struggled for the salvation and freedom of the Turkish society to have a democratic governance in the country. In this study, the impact of his contribution to the development of democracy in Turkey is evaluated. While analyzing this issue, a brief information about the background of the situation is given in order to get concrete ideas about their efficiency in the concept of democratic governance. When he and his friends reached their aims then they worked for the welfare and happiness of the Turkish community. Their fundamental aim is to achieve more democratic governance in order to have good and strong relations between all layers of the society so as to increase the level of participation to the elections. He is one of the pioneers of the democratic governance in Turkey. Key Words: Kazım Karabekir Pasha, Democracy, Leadership, Political Party, Republican Period. INTRODUCTION The twentieth century has been a remarkable period of challenges and contrasts. -
The Turkish Transformation and Celai Bayar
The Turkish Transformation and CelaI Bayar by Ba~ak Ozoral Institute of the Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec 31 August 2004 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of M.A. © Ba~ak ()zora12004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-12753-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-12753-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. -
12 Temmuz Beyannamesi Süreci Ve Beyannamenin Türk Siyasal Hayatına Etkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2021, Cilt 12, Sayı 23 Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 2021, Volume 12, Issue 23 E-ISSN: 2148-2497 http://iibfdergi.bartin.edu.tr/ https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bartiniibf Araştırma Makalesi, Gönderim Tarihi: 19.12.2021; Kabul Tarihi: 22.05.2021 12 Temmuz Beyannamesi Süreci ve Beyannamenin Türk Siyasal Hayatına Etkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Doç. Dr. Hüseyin ÇAVUŞOĞLU Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü, [email protected], Orcid ID: 0000-0001-7132-3833. Öz Bu çalışmada, 12 Temmuz beyannamesi süreci ve beyannamenin Türk siyasal yaşamına etkisi ele alınmıştır. Türkiye’de çok partili hayata geçildikten sonra, iktidar ile muhalefet arasındaki ilişki oldukça gerginleşti ve bu ortamda, Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü, iktidar ve muhalefet liderleriyle yaptığı görüşmeler sonucunda, “12 Temmuz Beyannamesini” yayımlamıştır. Beyanname ile DP, kurumsal bir kimlik kazanırken, iktidar ile muhalefet arasında karşılıklı bir güven ortamı yakalanmıştır. Beyannamenin hem CHP hem DP açısından önemli sonuçları olmuştur. CHP’de Başbakan Recep Peker istifa ederken; DP’de ise yaşanan ihraçlar ve istifalar sonunda Millet Partisi kurulmuştur. Beyanname, çok partili demokratik düzenin tesisi için gerekli olan bir önlem olarak, Türk siyasal hayatındaki yerini almıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin çok partili hayattan yana olduğu mesajı, batılı ülkelere verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İsmet İnönü, iktidar, muhalefet, Recep Peker. JEL Sınıflandırması: Z0 An Evaluation on the Process of the 12th July Declaration and its Effect on Turkish Political Life Abstract In this study, the process of the July 12 declaration and its effect on Turkish political life are discussed. After the transition to multi-party life in Turkey, relations between the government and the opposition were quite tense, and in this environment, President Ismet Inonu, as a result of his talks with government and opposition leaders, "July 12, Declaration on" was published. -
The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat Ve Terakki) Toward the Armenians in 1915
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 5 September 2006 The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915 Taner Akçam Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Akçam, Taner (2006) "The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 2: Article 5. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (_Ittihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915 Taner Akc¸am University of Minnesota The author analyzes the Ottoman Archives as a source of information on the Armenian Genocide of 1915. He discusses the contradictory positions of two broad groups of scholars on the reliability of these archives, concluding that the Ottoman Archives agree with the information found in the archives of the United States, Britain, Germany, and Austria. He discusses the various categories of Ottoman documents, which mostly came out during the trials related to the Armenian Genocide, which took place from 1919 to 1921, and makes clear that there was a wide-ranging cleansing operation of the archives after the armistice in 1918. -
Atatürk Döneminde Recep Peker
T.C. İNÖNÜ ÜN İVERS İTES İ FEN-EDEB İYAT FAKÜLTES İ TAR İH BÖLÜMÜ ATATÜRK DÖNEM İNDE RECEP PEKER (1920-1938) (LİSANS TEZ İ) Osman KIDI Ş Sorumlu Ö ğretim Üyesi Yrd.Doç.Dr. Serap TA ŞDEM İR MALATYA 2006 T.C. İNÖNÜ ÜN İVERS İTES İ FEN-EDEB İYAT FAKÜLTES İ TAR İH BÖLÜMÜ ATATÜRK DÖNEM İNDE RECEP PEKER (1920-1938) (L İSANS TEZ İ) Osman KIDI Ş MALATYA 2006 İÇİNDEK İLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................. V KISALTMALAR…………...……………….……………………..………………VII GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................1 I. BÖLÜM (M.RECEP PEKER’ İN HAYATI) A. M.RECEP PEKER’ İN ŞAHS İYET İ VE A İLES İ ...........................................9 B. EĞİ TİMİ..................................................................................................... 13 C. ASKER İ GÖREVLER İ VE M İLL İ MÜCADELEYE KATILDIKTAN SONRAK İ DÖNEMDE YAPTI ĞI S İYASAL GÖREVLER ........................14 II. BÖLÜM (ATATÜRK DÖNEM İ TÜRK S İYASET İNDE, M. RECEP PEKER) (1920-1938) A. SİYAS İ HAYATININ BA ŞLAMASI ..........................................................21 B.1923-1930 DÖNEM İ GEL İŞ MELER İ VE M.RECEP PEKER’ İN ÜSTLEND İĞİ GÖREVLER..........................................................................................................27 a. Te şkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu Görü şmeleri.........................................................32 b. Rauf Orbay – M.Recep Peker İli şkisi.............................................................36 -
Another Enemy: the Dönmes Or Crypto-Jews1
Another Enemy: The Dönmes or Crypto-Jews1 [For those unfamiliar with modern Turkish orthography: apart from the umlauted vowels found in Turkish, ö and ü, which are pronounced like their German equivalents, there are several other letters pronounced differently than their English equivalents: ‘c’ is pronounced like a hard ‘j’ (as in ‘jump’), ‘ç’ is pronounced like the English ‘ch’ (as in ‘church’), ‘ğ’ merely extends the vowel preceding it, while the undotted ‘ı’ is darker and more glottal than the English ‘i’ (as in the unwritten ‘i’ sound in trrrr), and the Turkish dotted ‘i’ is pronounced like the English long ‘e’ (as in ‘free’). Thus the word ‘Bıçakçıoğlu’ would be pronounced: b’chack-chih-owe-loo] An ‘enemy’ frequently encountered in the anti-Semitic rhetoric that occupies a significant place in the intellectual world of Turkey’s right is the crypto-Jewish community known as the Dönmes.2 The main reason that they are seen as ‘enemies’ is the opinion, widespread among the Turkish public, that converts to Islam never truly accept the religion of Islam and continue to practice their Christianity or Judaism in secret. This is reflected in the popular saying ‘Dönmes (religious converts) never change.’ (‘Dönmeler aslında dönmez’).3 But although this view is held towards converts in general, when the term dönme is used in rightist parlance, it appears, with few exeptions, not in reference to Greek, Armenian or even Jewish converts to Islam, but more specifically to the followers of the 17th century Jewish messianic claimant Sabbatai Sevi and their descendants. Following Sevi’s lead, many of his adherents outwardly converted to Islam, while continuing to observe the heterodox Judaic practices instituted by their leader. -
The Turkish ORDEAL
The Turkish ORDEAL Being the further memoirs of HALIDE EDIB With a frontispiece in color by ALEXANDRE PANKOFF And many illustrations from photographs THE CENTURY CO. New York London DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OF THE NATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE TURKISH ORDEAL “My story is simple. It does not aim at a moral. But I pray that the future Youth who will read it may tear away the veil behind which they slew each other and were slain . recognize their likeness in the eyes of their brothers . grip each other’s hands . and on the old Ruins of hatred and Desolation erect a New World of Brotherhood and Peace.” CONTENTS PART I IN ISTAMBOUL CHAPTER I PREPARATORY EVENTS TO THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT II THE OCCUPATION OF SMYRNA AND THE INTERNAL UPHEAVAL III REFUGEE FOR THE SECOND TIME PART II IN ANGORA IV ANGORA, MUSTAFA KEMAL, AND THE STRUGGLE V IMPORTANT PHASES OF THE CIVIL WAR VI PEOPLE, HORSES, AND DOGS VII THE LAST OF THE IRREGULARS AND THE NEW ARMY VIII THE FIRST GLIMPSE PART III AT THE FRONT IX HOW I JOINED THE ARMY X SAKARIA XI CORPORAL HALIDE XII THROUGH ORDEAL TO IDEAL XIII IN SMYRNA XIV FROM SMYRNA TO BROUSSA XV THE RESPITE CHAPTER I PREPARATORY EVENTS TO THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (October 30, 1918 – May 15, 1919) My own condition – physical and mental – at that time might be taken as typical of the general feeling in my country after the armistice was signed and the Allied troops had entered. I felt stupefied, tired, and utterly sick of all that had happened since 1914. -
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi Forced Migration, Repatriation
ELISABETH KONTOGIORGI FORCED MIGRATION, REPATRIATION, EXODUS. THE CASE OF GANOS-CHORA AND MYRIOPHYTO-PERISTASIS ORTHODOX COMMUNITIES IN EASTERN THRACE* The phenomenon of forced migration of populations and the refugee problem in the Balkans are directly connected with the rise of nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Conflicting nationalisms in the region effected decisively the lives and fortunes of the national “minorities” which, after the wars, found themselves enclosed within the various newly-formed national states. The object of this paper is a survey of the factors leading to the popula tion changes in the Greek communities of the rural dioceses (ecclesiastical provinces) of Ganos-Chora and Myriophyto-Peristasis in Eastern Thrace, largely resulting from the forced migration and the repatriation of their in habitants between 1913-1923. This period was the harbinger of their com pulsory migration in accordance with terms of the Convention for the ex change of populations signed at Lausanne (30.1.1923) and which, for the first time, brought to the fore the concept of the exchange of populations as a means of solving the differences between states with common borders which lay claim to ethnologically mixed regions1. * The following essay is based on a paper presented at the Symposium “Aspects of the Asia Minor Question. Historical Approach and Implications”, held at the Aristotle Univer sity of Thessaloniki, Department of Modern and Contemporary History and Folklore, on the 16th-17th October 1992. It draws upon unpublished archival material from both the General State Archives and the A. A. Pallis Archive. The Greek text is to be included in the Proceedings of the Symposium.