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Home , Apocalypticism

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey

Mitherausgeber/Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie • Judith Gundry-Volf Martin Hengel • Otfried Hofius • Hans-Josef Klauck

199

David E. Aune

Apocalypticism, and Magic in Early

Collected Essays

Mohr Siebeck E. AUNE, born 1939; Professor of and Christian Origins at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana (USA).

ISBN 3-16-149020-7 ISBN-13 978-3-16-149020-0 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2006 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to repro- ductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset by Martin Fischer in Tübingen using Times typeface, printed by Guide- Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. To Charlie

Preface

The twenty essays collected here were published from 1981 through 2006 and center, as the title indicates, on the themes of apocalypticism, prophecy and magic in early Christianity. The three essays on aspects of Christian prophecy ("Charis- matic in Early and Early Christianity," "Christian Prophecy and the Messianic Status of ," and "The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy," are all studies that discuss in detail some of the special problems and issues that arose in connection with my monograph, Prophecy in Early Christi- anity and the Ancient Mediterranean World (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), translated into Italian by Oscar Ianovitz as La Profezia nel Primo Cristianesimo e il Mondo Mediterraneo Antico, Biblioteca di storia e storiografia dei tempi bib- lici, 10 (Brescia: Paideia Editrice, 1996). My interest in early Christian prophecy was piqued while a member of the Seminar on Christian Prophecy of the Society of Biblical Literature Seminar, which met annually for a five-years during the mid-1970's, chaired first by Prof. M. Eugene Boring and later by myself. My initial interest in the of John was indeed sparked by an interest in the extent to which that Christian apocalyptic work was a witness to early Christian prophecy. The lion's share of the following essays, fifteen to be exact, center on aspects of my studies on the Apocalypse of John with some special forays into particular aspects of Jewish and Christian apocalypticism. Most of these essays were written in connection with a sixteen-year project that unexpectly grew into a three-volume commentary on the Greek text of the Apocalypse: Revelation 1—5, Word Biblical Commentary 52A (: Word Books, 1997); Revelation 6-19, Word Biblical Commentary 52B, (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Publishers, 1998), and Revelation 17-22, Word Biblical Commentary 52C (Nashville: Thomas Nel- son, Publishers, 1998). This work was dedicated to two of my mentors and their wives, Peter and Inger Borgen and Martin and Marianne Hengel. Research on the commentary on the Apocalypse began in earnest during 1982-83 (at that point I was a Professor of New Testament at Saint Xavier College, Chicago), when I was named a visiting Fulbright professor at the University of Trondheim in Norway (the land of my forbears). My host at the University of Trondeim was Professor Peder Borgen, whose friendship, scholarship and enthusiasm made our stay there both profitable and memorable. Toward the conclusion of the commentary project (while on the Faculty of at Loyola University of Chicago), I was the happy recipient of an Alexander von Humboldt Forschungspreis, making it VIII Preface possible to spend a year in Tübingen, Germany, in 1994-95, where my host was Professor Martin Hengel and his able wissenschaftliche Assistent, Jörg Frey (now a professor of New Testament on the Protestant faculty in Munich). The vast and detailed knowledge of Professor Hengel in the fields early Judaism and early Christianity, together with the impressive resources of the Theologicum at the University of Tübingen made this a very productive year indeed. Oh yes, magic. Just two articles are devoted to the issue of magic and early Christianity ("The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic" and "Magic in Early Christianity"). While I'm not quite sure how my interest in ancient magic began, I have continued to maintain an interest in this arcane sub- ject and have written a number of dictionary articles on related issues and have given a number of lectures on various aspects of the subject. A major current project closely related to this interest in ancient magic is a commentary on the Testament of Solomon, a second or third century CE Christian composition with strong links to early Judaism and loaded with magical traditions. This project is under contract to Verlag Walter de Gruyer (Berlin and New ) and will be part of their series called "Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature." While I have written many other pieces on aspects of ancient magic, many of these were for reference works and are too technical for this collection of essays (e.g., articles on "Jeu," "Iao," "Jesus im Zauber," and "Kreis" for the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum). Each of the articles included in this volume have been published previously, with the exception of "Revelation 17: A Lesson in Remedial Reading," which I have given under various titles as a lecture. While the articles have all been reformatted to produce a homogeneous collection, and apart from the correction of a number of errors, they remain substantially unrevised. I have requested and received permission to republish the rest of the articles from the various publish- ing houses that own the copyrights to these articles. A list of the articles and their original sources follows. "Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic" was first published by the Lutheran journal Word & World 25 (2005) 233^4-5 and the editor has granted me permission to republish the article. "From the Ideal Past to the Imaginary Future: The Theme of Restoration in Jewish ," written with the assistance of Eric Stewart, appeared in Restoration: , Jewish, and Christian Perspectives, ed. James Scott (Leiden: Brill, 2001), pp. 147-177. Koninklijke Brill N. V. has granted permission to reprint this article. "The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre" originally appeared in Semeia, 36 (1986), 65-96., and the Society of Biblical Literature have given me permission to republish this article. "Following the Lamb: Discipleship in the Apocalypse" was first published on pp. 269-84 in Patterns of Discipleship in the New Testament, ed. R.N. Preface IX

Longenecker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), and the W. B. Eerdmans Publish- ing Company has granted permission to reprint this article. "Qumran and the " originally appeared in The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. RW. Flint and J.C. Vanderkam (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 2.622-48, and Koninklijke Brill N.V. has granted permission to reprint this article. "The Influence of Roman Imperial Court Ceremonial on the Apocalypse of John" was published in Biblical Research, 18(1983), 5-26, and the editor of that journal has granted permission to reprint the article. "Apocalypse Renewed: An Intertextual Reading of the Apocalypse of John" appeared on pp. 43-70 in The Reality of Apocalypse: Rhetoric and Politics in the Book of Revelation, edited by David L. Barr (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006), and the Society of Biblical Literature has granted me permis- sion to reprint this article. "The Apocalypse of John and Palestinian Jewish Apocalyptic" has just ap- peared in Neotestamentica 40 (2006) 1-33, and the editor, Jonathan Draper, has given his permission to reprint it. "The Social Matrix of the Apocalypse of John" was initially published by Biblical Research, 26 (1981), 16-32, and the editor has granted permission to reprint it. "Stories of Jesus in the Apocalypse of John" was published in Contours of in the New Testament, ed. Richard N. Longenecker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005), 292-319, and the W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company has granted permission to reprint the article. "The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the Seven Churches (Rev 2-3)" appeared in New Testament Studies, 36 (1990), 182-204, and the current editor, Judith Lieu, has given permission to reprint this article, on behalf of the copyright holder, Cambridge University Press. "Revelation 5 as an Ancient Egyptian Enthronement Scene? The Origin and Development of a Scholarly Myth" was published on pp. 85-91 in Kropp og Sjel: Festkrift til Olav Hognestad. (ed. Theodor Jorgensen, Dagfinn Rian and Ole Gunnar Winsnes; Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk Forlag, 2000), and permission was obtained from Tapir Akademisk Forlag to reprint this article. "The Prophetic Circle of John of Patmos and the Exegesis of Revelation 22:16" was originally published in Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 37 (1989), 103-116, and reprinted in S.E. Porter and C.A. Evans (eds.), The Johannine Writings, Biblical Seminar 32 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995). Permission is granted by Sage Publications Ltd. to reprint this article for non-exclusive world rights in the English language only. " and Time in the Apocalypse of John" originally appeared in The Forgot- ten God: The God of Jesus Christ in New Testament Theology: Essays in Honor of Paul J. Achtemeier on the Occasion of his Seventy-fifth Birthday, ed. Frank J. X Preface

Matera and A. Andrew Das (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002), © 2002 Westminster John Knox Press. Used by permission of Westminster John Knox Press. "Charismatic Exegesis in Early Judaism and Early Christianity" first appeared on pp. 126—150 in The Pseudepigrapha and Early Biblical Interpretation, ed. J.H. Charlesworth and C.A. Evans (Sheffield: Sheffield University, 1993) and permission to reprint this article was granted by the copyright holder, Continuum International. "Christian Prophecy and the Messianic Status of Jesus" was first printed in J.H. Charlesworth, ed., The : Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992), 404-422. Fortress Press, the copy- right holder, granted permission to reprint this article. "The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy" first appeared in New Testament Studies, 28 (1982), 435-60, and permission to reprint the article was given by Dr. Judith Lieu, the current editor on behalf of the copyright holder, Cambridge University Press. "The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic" initially published mNew Testament Studies, 33 (1987), 481-501, is reprinted by permis- sion of the current editor, Dr. Judith Lieu, on behalf of Cambridge University Press, the copyright holder. "Magic in Early Christianity" was published in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase, Part II, 23/2 (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1980), pp. 1507-1557, and is reprinted by permission. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to a number of people who have made the present collection of essays possible. Two graduate assistants in the PhD program in Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity at the University of Notre Dame, Ardea Caviggiola Russo and Matthew Gordley scanned and corrected earlier articles for which I had no computer files. Prof. Dr. Jörg Frey, editor of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, has been encourag- ing me for several years to produce a collection of my essays on apocalypticism and the Apocalypticism, and I think him for his encouragement and friendship.

David E. Aune University of Notre Dame Table of Contents

Preface V

Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic 1

From the Idealized Past to the Imaginary Future: Eschatological Restoration in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (with Eric Stewart) 13

The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre 39

Following the Lamb: Discipleship in the Apocalypse 66

Qumran and the Book of Revelation 79

The Influence of Roman Imperial Court Ceremonial on the Apocalypse of John 99

An Intertextual Reading of the Apocalypse of John 120

The Apocalypse of John and Palestinian Jewish Apocalyptic 150

The Social Matrix of the Apocalypse of John 175

Stories of Jesus in the Apocalypse of John 190

The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the Seven Churches (Revelation 2-3) 212

Revelation 5 as an Ancient Egyptian Enthronement Scene? 233

Revelation 17: A Lesson in Remedial Reading 240

The Prophetic Circle of John of Patmos and the Exegesis of Revelation 22:16 250

God and Time in the Apocalypse of John 261

Charismatic Exegesis in Early Judaism and Early Christianity 280

Christian Prophecy and the Messianic Status of Jesus 300 XII Table of Contents

The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy 320

The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic 347

Magic in Early Christianity 368

Index of Sources 423 Index of Authors 467 Index of Subjects 478 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic

1. Defining Apocalyptic

Francis Ford Coppola's disturbing film "Apocalypse Now" (1979), re-released in 2001 under the title "Apocalypse Now Redux" (with previously cut footage restored) is a frightening, surrealistic epic enabling viewers to experience the obscene violence that characterized the war in Vietnam. Coppola's juxtaposition of the term "apocalypse" with the adverb "now" is what Biblical scholars have called "realized ," that is, events properly belonging to the end of the world are paradoxically experienced as present. "Apocalypse Now" implies that the appalling and obscene horrors experienced by those caught up in the conflict in Vietnam were at least a partially realization of the even more cataclysmic and violent eschatological events narrated (for example) in the Apocalypse (or Revelation) of John. Recently, journalists have repeatedly characterized the Tsunami disaster in the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean as "a catastrophe of Biblical proportions." Here the adjective "Biblical" (meaning "awesome"), is clearly a surrogate for "apocalyptic," alluding to the kind of massive destruction predicted by the Hebrew and narrated in the eschatological visions of the Revelation of John. The term "apocalyptic," an adjective functioning as a noun, is synonymous with the noun "apocalypticism," and both are transliterated forms of the Greek adjective «^oza/.ujiTi.xoc, meaning "revelatory," while "apocalypse" is a translit- eration of the Greek noun ancwodinjHg, "unveiling, revelation." The English words "reveal" and "revelation" are transliterations of the Latin verb revelare and noun revelatio. Apocalyptic or apocalypticism is a slippery term used in at least three different ways: (1) as a type of literature, (2) as a type of eschatology, and (3) as a type of collective behavior. Each of these categories needs some explanation.

Apocalyptic as Literature

The term "apocalypse" has become a common designation for a type of super- natural visionary literature depicting the imminent and catastrophic end of the world. "Apocalypse" was borrowed from the opening verse of the Revelation of John: "The revelation [the Greek term is anox«/an|>Lc or "apocalypse"] of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show to his servants what must soon take 2 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic place." This opening sentence, intended by the author to describe his work, was later shortened into the title found in modern : "The Revelation of John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Even though John the Apocalyptist used the term "apocalypse" to refer to the content of his book, i. e., what God had revealed to him, by the mid-19th century, German scholars such as Friedrich Lücke (1832) used the term "apocalypse" as a designation for an ancient type or genre of early Jewish and early Christian literature similar to Daniel and the Revelation of John. The (actually, only Dan 7-12) is the only apocalypse found in the Old Testament or Hebrew , but many were written in early Juda- ism, including 1 Enoch (really a composite of five separate apocalyptic works), 2 Enoch, 2 Baruch, the and the Apocalypse of (to name a few of the more important ones).1 In addition to the Revelation of John, early Christians wrote several other apocalypses, including Hermas' The Shep- herd (early 2nd cent. CE), the Apocalypse of Peter (before 150 CE), the Ascension of (late 2nd cent. CE) and the Apocalypse of Paul (mid-3rd cent.CE).2 How can we describe the literary form of the typical apocalypse? New Testa- ment scholars have debated this question endlessly during the last generation. With David Hellholm, it is helpful to think in terms of a literary form or genre under three aspects: form, content and function (e. g., form: a chair has four legs a seat and a back; content: it is typically made of wood or metal; function: it is used for sitting).3 In form, an apocalypse is a first-person recital of revelatory visions or dreams, framed by a description of the circumstances of the revela- tory experience, and structured to emphasize the central revelatory message. In content, an apocalypse involves the communication of a transcendent, often eschatological perspective on human experience. Finally, apocalypses typically have a threefold function: they legitimate the message through the appeal to transcendent authority by the author (i. e., it is from God), they create a literary surrogate of the author's revelatory experience for readers or hearers (i.e., God speaks to the modern reader just as he spoke to John), and they motivate the recipients to modify their views and behaviors in conformity with transcendent perspectives (i.e., they demand changed behavior).4

1 Convenient English translations of nearly all the extant Jewish apocalypses can be found in the first volume of James H. Charlesworth (ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols. (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983-85). 2 Convenient English translations of many early Christian apocalypses can be found in J.K. Elliott (ed.), The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Lit- erature in an English Translation based on M. R. James (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), and in the second volume of Wilhelm Schneemelcher (ed.), New Testament Apocrypha, translated by R. McL. Wilson (2 vols.; Cambridge: James Clark; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991-92). 3 David Hellholm, "The Problem of Apocalyptic Genre and the Apocalypse of John," Semeia 36(1986) 13-64. 4 David E. Aune, "The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre," Semeia 36 (1986) 65-96 Reprinted below, pp. 39-65. 1. Defining Apocalyptic 3

All extant Jewish apocalypses are pseudonymous, that is, they were written by unknown Jewish authors using the names of ancient Israelite or Jewish wor- thies as pen names, attributing them to such figures as Adam, Enoch, Abraham, , Daniel, Ezra and Baruch. Only the two earliest Christian apocalypses, the Revelation of the John and The by Hermas were written using the names of the actual authors. Later Christian apocalypses, such as the Apocalypse of Peter and the Apocalypse of Paul reverted to the earlier Jewish practice of pseudonymity. Why use pseudonyms? Some have suggested that the authors borrowed the credentials of ancient Israelite figures in order to insure that people would read their books at a time (2nd cent. BCE through the 1st cent. CE) when there was stiff competition from the books that wound up in the Hebrew canon of Scripture. Others have suggested that they identified themselves in an almost mystical way with the ancient Israelite whose identity they assumed. Finally, apocalypses can be broadly characterized as protest literature. That is, they typically represent the perspective of an oppressed minority. It is difficult to reconstruct the social situations within which many apocalypses were produced because the use of pseudonyms and symbolism masked the specific social and political setting within which they wrote. With the Revelation of John and The Shepherd of Hermas, however, interpreters have an easier task, since both were written by specific named authors addressing specific situations. The language of persecution pervades the Revelation of John, suggesting to many that it was writ- ten either in the late 60's (during the Neronian persecution), or during the late 90's (during the Domitianic persecution). Research carried out during the last thirty years, however, has suggested a radically different understanding of the persecution issue. The persecution under Nero, terrible as it was, was restricted to Rome during the aftermath of the great fire of 64 CE, for which Christians were blamed (Tacitus Annals 15.44). The persecution under Domitian, under closer historical scrutiny, turned out to have been a myth fanned much later by retrospective Christian imagination.5 Adela Yarbro Collins argued convincingly that the social situation in which the Revelation of John was written was that of a perceived (in contrast to a real) crisis.6 Pressure exerted against Christians in Roman Asia toward the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd cent. CE, is now recognized as having been random, local and sporadic (i. e., they were victims of terrorism), but not an official persecution of the type that occurred much later under the emperor Decius (249-51 CE). However, Christians in Roman Asia can be forgiven if they thought that the roof was about to fall in on them. The Revelation of John reflects that fear, linked to powerful symbols of the past used as types of the imminent eschatological persecution (e.g., the

5 Leonard L. Thompson, The Book of Revelation: Apocalypse and Empire (New York and Oxford: , 1990). 6 Adela Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1984), 84-110. 4 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic figure of was based in part on tyrants of the past such as Antiochus Epiphanes, the Seleucid ruler responsible for the religious persecution of Jews in the 160's BCE).

Apocalyptic Eschatology

"Apocalyptic eschatology" is the narrative theology characteristic of apoca- lypses, centering in the that (1) the present world order, regarded as both evil and oppressive, is under the temporary control of and his human ac- complices, and (2) that this present evil world order will shortly be destroyed by God and replaced by a new and perfect order corresponding to Eden before the fall. During the present evil age, the people of God are an oppressed minority who fervently expect God, or his specially chosen agent the Messiah, to rescue them. The transition between the old and the new ages will be introduced with a final series of battles fought by the people of God against the human allies of Satan. The outcome is never in question, however, for the enemies of God are predestined for defeat and destruction. The inauguration of the will begin with the arrival of God or his accredited agent to judge the wicked and reward the righteous, and will be concluded by the re-creation or transformation of the and the . This theological narrative characterized segments of early Judaism from ca. 200 BCE to ca. 200 CE, a period when they were oppressed by foreign occupations, including the Greek kingdom of the Seleucids and then by the Romans. Knowledge of cosmic secrets and the imminent eschatological plans of God were thought to be revealed to apocalyptists through dreams and visions, some real, some fictional and some a combination of both. The apocalypses they wrote were primarily accounts of these visions, with the meaning made clear to the readers through use of the literary device of an "interpreting angel," who explained everything to the seer through a question-and-answer dialogue. "Eschatology" has frequently been distinguished from "apocalyptic," and this distinction needs explanation. Eschatology is a term that began to be used in the 19th century as a label for that aspect of which dealt with the future of the individual (death, , judgment, eternal , and ), and topics relating to corporate or national eschatology, that is the future of the Jewish people (i.e., the coming of the Messiah, the , the resurrection, the final judgment, the temporary Messianic kingdom, the re-crea- tion of the universe) or the Christian church (all of these topics were adopted, yet at the same time subordinated to the hope of the Parousia or of Christ). A distinction has often been made between "prophetic eschatology" and "apocalyptic eschatology," underscoring continuities as well as changes in Isra- elite-Jewish eschatological expectation. "Prophetic eschatology" is regarded as an optimistic perspective anticipating God's eventual restoration of the original /. Defining Apocalyptic 5 pristine conditions of by acting through historical processes. This view is well represented by Isa 2:4b (NRSV): "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not life up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." Prophecy sees the future as arising from the present, while apocalyptic eschatology regards the future as breaking into the present; the former is essentially optimistic, while the latter is pessimistic. "Apocalyptic eschatology" is pessimistic about the fate of the right- eous in the present world order, and anticipates a cataclysmic divine intervention into the human world bringing history to an end, but thereafter a renewal of the world in which Edenic conditions will be restored.

Apocalypticism or Millenarian Movements

"Apocalypticism," or (a term derived from the thousand year reign of Christ described in Rev 20) is a form of collective religious behavior inspired by the belief that the world as we know it is about to end and drastic steps must be taken by an oppressed minority to prepare for an imminent catastrophe. Mil- lennial or millenarian movements in third world societies have been studied extensively by anthropologists and sociologists, and the results of these studies have made it possible to understand the structure, function and motivations of ancient millennial movements.7 Millenarian movements typically crystallize around a charismatic leader regarded as supernaturally endowed to lead his followers to accomplish group goals. The leaders of millenarian movements in ancient were typically labeled "prophets" and "" because they were thought by their followers (and themselves) to have been chosen by God and endowed with supernatural powers, like the prophets of old, to pave the way for the full realization of God's eschatological rule. Palestinian millenar- ian movements were "revitalistic movements," whose purpose was the revival of ancient Israelite religious and nationalistic ideals within an eschatological framework. Millennarian movements within first century Judaism were not uncommon, since the oppressive conditions of the Roman occupation provided a seedbed for religious revolt. Examples include the movement led by John the Baptist (who proclaimed the necessity of repentance in preparation for the im- minent arrival of the kingdom of God) and the revolts of Theudas reported in Acts 5:36 and Josephus {Antiquities 20.5.1), and the unnamed Egyptian (mentioned in Acts 21:38 and Josephus Antiquities 20.169-72 and Jewish War 2.261-63). A showcase example of an early Jewish millenarian movement is the Qumran Community, who lived in expectation of the near end of the world, and whose library, the Dead Sea Scrolls, contains many texts produced by the community

7 Bryan R. Wilson, Magic and the Millennium: A Sociological Study of Movements of Pro- test among Tribal and Third-World Peoples (New York: Harper & Row, 1973); Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (revised edition; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970). 6 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic that testify to their preoccupation with the end of days. Apocalypses themselves, however, which present themselves as esoteric wisdom, do not appear to have had any direct connection with the millenarian movements roughly contemporaneous with them (Dan 7-12 may be an exception). This view is strengthened by the fact that, although the Qumran Community has an obvious apocalyptic orientation, no member of the community appears to have written an apocalypse.

2. The Origins of Apocalyptic

The origins of apocalypticism in Judaism are disputed. Many have argued for a continuity between prophecy and apocalyptic, suggesting that apocalyptic was a logical historical development of Old Testament prophecy, perhaps as a result of national disillusionment associated with the post-exilic period (beginning ca. 538 BCE, with the return of some exiled Judahites from Babylon narrated in Ezra 1-2). In the post-exilic period, the returned Judeans were subject to foreign nations (Persia, followed by the Greek Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, and eventually by the Romans), and tensions existed also within the Jewish commu- nity both in the eastern diaspora (where a sizable Jewish community remained until the rise of in the 7th cent. CE) and in Judah. Toward the end of the last century it became increasingly evident that prophecy and apocalyptic exhibit both continuity and discontinuity. The sharp contrast often thought to exist between them can be moderated by recognizing the fact that prophecy was not a stable phenomenon and exhibits development and change throughout the history of Israel and then in the postexilic period in Judah. Some sections of later prophetic books, such as Zech 1-6 (where an inter- preting angel explains the meaning of visions to Zechariah), Isa 24-27, 56-66, Joel and Zach 9-14, have been aptly described as "proto-apocalyptic" works. A description of how proto-apocalyptic sections of the Old Testament served as a transition to Jewish apocalypses is convincingly presented by Old Testament scholar Paul D. Hanson.8 Others have argued that there was a fundamental break between prophecy and apocalyptic. The German scholar Gerhard von Rad (1901-1971), for example, rejected the view that the primary roots of apocalypticism were to be found in Israelite prophecy.9 Describing apocalypticism as consisting in a belief in cosmic dualism, radical transcendence of God, esotericism and , he proposed that apocalypticism arose out of the wisdom literature of the Old Testament. Considerably less popular is the minority view that apocalypticism was essen-

8 Paul D. Hanson, The Dawn of Apocalyptic: The Historical and Sociological Roots of Jew- ish Apocalyptic Eschatology (revised edition; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979). 9 Gerhard von Rad, Wisdom and Apocalyptic (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972). 3. Was Jesus an Apocalyptist? 7 tially alien to Judaism and that it originated in Iran and had penetrated Jewish thought from the outside during the Hellenistic period (ca. 400-200 BCE).

3. Was Jesus an Apocalyptist?

Toward the end of the 19th century, liberal Protestant Biblical scholars in Eu- rope and America tended to regard Jesus as a religious genius who taught such timeless truths as the universal fatherhood of God, the fact that all humankind were sisters and brothers, and the worth and potential of the individual. Wil- helm Hermann (1841-1905) and Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930) regarded Jesus' proclamation of the Kingdom of God as the rule of God in the hearts of humankind, while the great Albrecht Ritschl (1822-1889) and the social movement he mentored saw it as the realization of an ideal society on earth. (1875-1965), in a critical review of scores of 18th and 19th century of Jesus, exposed the extent to which well-meaning liberal scholars had projected their own theological views back into their reconstructions of the .10 The liberal quest for the historical Jesus was carried out at a time when a negative attitude toward early Judaism as a legalistic and decadent religion was widely assumed, and Jewish apocalyptic literature was considered a particularly appalling development within Judaism. At the close of the 19th cen- tury, (1863-1914), a German Protestant New Testament scholar, took seriously the apocalyptic features of Jesus' proclamation of the imminent coming of the Kingdom of God, and wrote an influential monograph arguing that Jesus himself held an apocalyptic world view strikingly at odds with modern views." In Schweitzer's critique of lives of Jesus, written a few years after the appearance of Weiss' book, he criticized the liberal quest for the historical Jesus as a bankrupt enterprise. However, he understood Jesus as a kind of wild-eyed apocalyptist who willingly died in a last-ditch attempt to force God to inaugurate his kingdom. "The historical Jesus," concluded Schweitzer, "will be to our time a stranger and an enigma.'"2 Schweitzer's devastating critique coupled with the depiction of Jesus as an apocalyptic fanatic brought down the curtain on the writing of lives of Jesus on the Continent for nearly a generation. Following the two world wars, interest in the historical Jesus picked up again in Germany, though interest had never really flagged in the United States and England. Scholars such as W. G. Kiimmel argued convincingly that, unlike the typical apocalyptic emphasis on the future, Jesus taught that the Kingdom of

10 Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus (New York: Macmillan, 1961; Ger- man original 1906). 11 Johannes Weiss, Jesus 'Proclamation of the Kingdom of God, translated by Richard Hiers and David L. Holland (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971; German original 1892). 12 Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus, 399. 8 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic

God was both present as well as future.13 Though some English scholars (notably C.H. Dodd) tended to emphasize the presence of the Kingdom of God in the teaching of Jesus to the virtual exclusion of the future,14 many if not most New Testament scholars in the 1960's and 1970's (some representative names include Joachim Jeremias, Norman Perrin and George Ladd) understood that Jesus saw a tension between present realization and future fulfillment of the Kingdom of God, making him far from a typical apocalyptist.. By the 1980's, the so-called Third Quest of the historical Jesus began to pick up steam.15 This concern with the historical Jesus by a motley collection of scholars with widely different perspectives, has tended to focus on the critical importance of understanding Jesus in light of his Jewish context, regarded much more positively than it had been during the 19th century. Scholars who are associ- ated with the Third Quest, such as John Meier, a professor of New Testament at the University of Notre Dame, tend to take the Jewish setting of eschatological message of Jesus very seriously, while at the same time recognizing that Jesus had his own very distinct message.16 At the same time that the Third Quest began to crystallize into a trend, the , a group of critical scholars led by Robert Funk became active in a distinctive research program intended to recover the historical Jesus. Members of the Jesus Seminar (which includes such influential scholars as Marcus J. Borg and John Dominic Crossan) discounted the apocalyptic elements of the teachings of Jesus as a later development in early Christianity that obscured the earlier more historical character of Jesus as a non-eschatological teacher of wisdom. At the beginning of the 21st century then, two very different approaches to understanding the mission and message of Jesus are in play: Jesus the apocalyptic vs. Jesus the Jewish sage. Those who regard Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet tend to view his teachings from the standpoint of the eschatological material found in the , while those who consider Jesus as a Jewish sage tend to make the ethical and proverbial teachings of Jesus the key to understanding his message.

4. Paul the Apocalyptist

One of the debated issues in modern the modern study of Paul is the extent to which it is appropriate to characterize Pauline thought as "apocalyptic." While there is widespread agreement that Paul was influenced by apocalyptic eschatol-

13 W. G. Kümmel, Promise and Fulfilment: The Eschatological Message of Jesus (London: SCM Press, 1957). 14 C.H. Dodd, The Parables of the Kingdom (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961). 15 The Third Quest is chronicled by Ben Witherington, The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth (2nd edition; Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1997). 16 John Paul Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (3 volumes and count- ing; New York: Doubleday, 1991-2001). 4. Paul the Apocalyptist 9 ogy, the extent to which he modified apocalypticism in light of his faith in Christ is still debated. Rudolf Bultmann eliminated apocalyptic features from Paul's thought using what he called "critical theological interpretation" (Sachkritik). He argued, for example, that in 1 Cor 15:1-15, where Paul proposes a histori- cal argument for the resurrection of Jesus, he has violated his own theological standards by embracing a motif of apocalyptic myth that he elsewhere demy- thologizes.17 Following this same tack, Baumgarten suggested that Paul has demythologized apocalyptic traditions by consistently applying them to the present life of the community.18 The authors of Jewish apocalypses, though they typically concealed their identities behind pseudonyms, claimed to receive divine revelations through vi- sions and they therefore structured the apocalypses they wrote as series of vision narratives. While there is no evidence that Paul himself wrote an apocalypse, he does claim to have received revelatory visions and had ecstatic experiences.19 In Gal 1:12, in fact, he refers to his Damascus Road experience as an «jioxu/.w|>l; ("revelation") from Jesus Christ, and in 2 Cor 12:1 he speaks of "visions and revelations of ," presumably describing his own experiences. Again, though Paul probably did not write an apocalypse, he does include four relatively extensive apocalyptic scenarios (i. e., sequences of events that Paul expects to transpire in the eschaton) in his letters. Three of these scenarios center on the Parousia or Second Coming of Jesus (1 Thess 4:13-18; 2 Thess 1:5-12; 1 Cor 15:57-58). The fourth scenario, sometimes referred to as the "Pauline apocalypse," is found in 2 Thess 2:1-12, centering on the coming of the eschatological antagonist or Antichrist. Since 2 Thessalonians is widely considered to be pseudepigraphical, the two passages mentioned above found in that letter may reflect the apocalyptic eschatology of the Pauline school or circle rather than of Paul himself. Like the Jewish apocalyptists, Paul holds a form of temporal dualism that contrasts the present evil age with the coming age of salvation (Gal 1:4; Rom 8:18; 1 Cor 1:26). Yet it is also apparent that Paul has considerably modified the sharp distinction usually made in apocalyptic thought between the present evil age and the age to come. Paul understood the death and resurrection of Jesus in the past as the cosmic eschatological event that separated "this age" (Rom 12:2; 1 Cor 1:20; 2:6) or "this present evil age" (Gal 1:4) from "the age to come." This means that though Paul regards himself as living in the present age, dominated by demonic powers, nevertheless because of the death and resurrection of Jesus

17 Rudolf Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament (2 vols.; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951-55) 1.295-96, 305. 18 Jörg Baumgarten, Paulus und die Apokalyptik (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1975). 19 Gal 1:11-17; 1 Cor 9:1; 15:8; see also Acts 9:1-9; 16:9; 18:9-10; 22:6-11, 17-21; 26:12-18; 27:23-24. 10 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic these evil powers have been defeated and are therefore doomed to pass away (1 Cor 2:6-7). Paul's belief in the resurrection of Jesus the Messiah, convinced him that eschatological events had begun to take place within history, and that the resur- rection of Jesus was part of the traditional Jewish expectation of the resurrection of the righteous (1 Cor 15:20-23). For Paul, the present time is just a temporary period between the death and resurrection of Christ on the one hand, and his return in glory on the other, in which those who believe in the gospel will share in the salvific benefits of the age to come (Gal 1:4; 2 Cor 5:17). This temporary period is characterized by the eschatological gift of the Spirit of God, experi- enced as present within the Christian community as well as individual believers (Rom 8:9-11; 1 Cor 6:19; 12:4-11; 1 Thess 4:8). While Paul did not explicitly use the phrase "the age to come," in 2 Cor 5:17 and Gal 6:15 he does use the phrase "new creation," which has apocalyptic associations (see Isa 65:17; 66:22; Rev 21:1). Though the final consummation is still future for Paul, the new age was present for Christians because the Messiah had come.

5. Apocalypse Now and Then

The strange, even bizarre, world of apocalypses and apocalypticism seems light years away from the world that most of us inhabit. The two Biblical apocalypses, Daniel and Revelation, have been influential throughout the history of the church particularly during periods of social unrest, dislocation and war. The lavishly il- luminated commentary on Revelation compiled by Beatus of Liebana, Spain (8th cent. CE), saw the Arab invasion of Spain as anticipated in Biblical prophecy, and the enormously influential philosophy of history of (ca. 1132-1202 CE), based in part on the Revelation of John, was a response to con- flicts between the poor and the rich, the worldly and the spiritual, which tested the church of his day. More recently, the Revelation of John has had renewed influence when read by liberation theologians, with their fundamental concern for social justice. The works by Pablo Richard, Catherine and Justo González, and Jean-Pierre Ruiz, are just a few of many possible examples.20 In the apposite words of Catherine and Justo González:21

We are also part of a worldwide church that in many areas is living under circumstances similar to those of the first century. Injustice and idolatry are still rampant both in our

20 Pablo Richard, Apocalypse: A People's Commentary on the Book of Revelation (Mary- knoll: Orbis Books, 1995);Catherine Gunsalus González and Justo L. González, Revelation (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997); Jean-Pierre Ruiz, "Biblical Interpretation from a US Hispanic American Perspective: A Reading of the Apocalpse," El Cuerpo de Cristo: The Hispanic Presence in the US Catholic Church, edited by Peter J. Cassarella and Raul Gomez (New York: Crossroad, 1998), 78-105. 21 González and González, Revelation, 3. Index of Sources

Bible

Old Testament

Genesis 19:33-34 76 1:21 162 21:17-20 91n, 170n 2-3 31,33 22:21 72 2:9-10 331 23:9-14 72 2:10-14 31 3:6-7 32 Numbers 3:14-19 34 1-3 96 3:22-24 32 10:35 ff. 365n 3:23 32 24:17 291,304 19:11 116n, 179n 28:26-27 72 40-41 284, 285 Deuteronomy Exodus 1:17 116, 179n 3:14 265 4:2 147 3:14 [LXX] 263, 264 5:26 207, 268 14:21-29 24 5:31 315n 17:14 216n 6:2 399 19:10-15 91n 9:4 217n 20:16 73 10:19 76 23:19 72 16:9-12 72 27:20 91n, 170n 18:15 315 29:1 72 18:18 315 32:27 216 23:9-14 70, 97 34:22 72 25:13-14 116, 179n 34:27-28 127 30:3^1 89n, 169n 36:4 220 31:19 127 43:22-23 72 31:21 127 32:1 222 Leviticus 32:39 265 1:3 72 33:2 365 4:3 72 5:15 72 Joshua 15:16-18 91, 171 1:8 399 19:12 73 3:1-7 24 19:18 76 24:26 216n 422 Index of Sources

Judges 14:7 303 5:4-5 144 16:1-2 303 18:12 139 1 Samuel 18:19 259 2:10 304n 20:35 259 2:35 304n 22:1 140 5:9 116, 179n 22:19 222 7 18 22:19-20 129 7:26 207 22:19-22 129, 234 9:15-16 311 22:19-23 328n 10:1 304 22:31 116n, 179n 10:1-8 303 10:9 304 2 Kings 12:3 304n 2:3 259 12:5 304n 2:5 259 16:1-3 303,311 2:7 259 16:9 304n 2:15 259 16:13 304 2:16 13 17:26 268 3:14—19 140 17:36 268 4:1-38 259 20:2 116b, 179n 9:1-6 303 21:4-5 70 11:12-20 304 21:5 97 18:13-19:37 160 24:6 304n, 305 1 Chronicles 24:10 304n, 305 3:17-24 18 26:9 304n 16:22 304n 26:16 304n, 305 25:1 344 30:2 116, 179n 25:3 344 30:19 116, 179n 25:6 344 2 Samuel 2 Chronicles 1:14 304n, 305 6:42 304n 1:16 305 20:14-18 344 7:7 70 20:18-19 297n 7:12-14 300, 305,314 21:12-15 224 11:9-13 97 24:20 344 11:11-12 70 36:23 218 19:21 304n 22:51 304n Ezra 1-2 6 1 Kings 1:2 218 1:32-48 304 4:7 218 5:17 90, 169 6 27 Nehemiah 7:10 90, 169 1:9 89n, 169 11:29-39 303 2:12 288 11:31 24n 6:7 303 11:35 24n 7:5 288 Index of Sources 423

Esther 80:4 159 3:13 218 80:7 316 81 344 Job 84:9 304n 1:6-12 129 85:9 ff. 344 2:1-6 129 89 18 13:16 222 89:6 159 31:1 222 89:20 ff. 344 31:31 222 89:38 304n 34:2 222 89:51 304n 34:16 222 95:13 278 41:1-34 162 96:13 365 97:9 278 Psalms 98:9 365 2 304 104:25-26 162 2:2 304n 105:15 304n, 305 2:7 303, 304n, 305,310 105:27-36 132 2:9 142, 208 106:47 22n, 89n, 169 3:8 365n 108 344 6:3^1 159 110 300n, 304, 344 8:6b [LXX i5:7b ] 316n 110:1 157, 300, 304n, 306, 12:6 365 312,313,314,315,316, 13:1-2 159 317,318 18:7-15 144 110:3 304n 18:50 304n 110:4 303, 304n 20 344 119:12 282 20:6 304n 119:18-19 283 21 344 119:8 283 27:4 327 119:27 283 28:8 304n 119:33-35 283 35:17 159 119:73 283 44:27 365n 131 344 46 143 132:10 304n 48 143 132:1 ff. 344 49:1 222 132:17 91, 170n, 304n 49:2 279 144:7 245 50 344 147:2 22n, 89n, 169 56:8 144 60 344 Proverbs 63:3 327 4:1 222 68:7-8 144 21:28 73 72 344 74:9-10 159 Isaiah 74:22 365n 2:4b 5 75 344 2:19-21 155 76 143 6 127 78:43-51 132 6:1-13 129, 179, 328n 79:5 159 6:3 265 424 Index of Sources

6:9 214n 44:6-8 268 6:9-13 287 45:1 304n 7:10-12 140 44:28 70 8:1 216n 46:11 95n 8:6-7 245 47:1-15 247 8:19 413 47:5 247 11:1-9 19n 47:8 247 11:11-13 22n, 23 48:12 267, 362 11:12 89n, 169 49:1 222 11:15-16 24 49:5-6 89n, 169 13:8 155 49:6-7 22n, 23 17 143 49:16 29 17:4-5 138n 51:1-2 26 27-27 6 51:4 222 27:3 131 52:1 93, 172 27:12-13 22n, 89n, 169 54:11-12 89,169 28:17 245 54:11-14 26 28:23 222 56:1-8 22n, 89n, 169 29 143 56:3-8 93, 172 30:1 216n 66^6 6 30:8 127 58:1 131 30:20 278 59:20 279 30:26 34 60:3-7 22n, 23, 89n, 169 33:10 365 60:10-14 26 34:12 [LXX] 155 60:19 91 35:4 279 61:1 304 35:8 93, 172 63:1-6 138n 36:1-37:38 160 63:13 208 37:15-19 23 56-66 35 55-55 19, 20 65:6 144 40:1-8 328n 65:17 10, 34, 38 40:1-11 35 65:17-18 34 40:3 286 66:15-16 278 40:9-11 68 66:18-24 22n, 169 40:10-11 279 66:22 10, 34 40:11 70 66:24 351n 41:4 362 42:1 310 42:2 95n 1 127 42:14-44:23 207, 268 1:1-2 124 43:1 23 1:4-10 179 43:5-6 22n 1:5 318 43:5-7 23 1:6 [LXX] 263 43:10 362 1:15 95n 43:14-21 22n 2:4 222,328n 43:16-17 24 3:2 70 43:19 145, 277 3:15 70 44:6 207, 267, 362 4:4-5 140 Index of Sources 425

4:6 95n 50:8-10 140 4:10 [LXX] 263 51:3 245 6:1 140 51:6-10 140 6:22 95n 51:7 245, 246, 248 7:2 328n 51:13 247 8:4 214n 51:33 138 10:10 207, 268 51:45-48 140 10:21 70 51:54 247 13:27 70 51:52 247 14:13 [LXX] 263 51:53 247 19:3 328n 21:13 278 Lamentations 22:11 328n 4:20 304n 22:30 144 23:3 23 23:3-8 22n 1-3 127 23:5-7 19n 1:1-3 124 23:8 23 1:1-3:11 179 23:18 328n 1:4-28 129 23:36 268 1:4-3:11 129 24:17-23 292n 1:26 317n 25:11-12 299n 2:8-3:3 132 25:15-16 246 3:14 139 25:18-19 246 11:17 16, 89n, 169 25:30-31 138n 11:17-20 22n 25:34-36 70 16:15-58 70 29 224 20:34 22n, 89n, 169 29:4-23 [LXX 36:4-23] 224 20:41—42 89n, 169 29:10 299n 23:1^19 70 29:10-14 22n 26:15-18 140 29:20 222 27:1-8 140 29:24-28 [LXX 36:24-28] 224n 27:26-36 140 29:24-32 224n 28 31 29:30-32 [LXX 36:30-32] 224n 28:11-19 31,32 30:2 [LXX 37:2] 216n 31 31 30:3 22n 31:8-9 31 30:8-9 19 34:11-16 22n, 23, 89n, 31:8 [LXX 38:8] 89n, 169 34:20-31 22n 31:10 [LXX 38:10] 89n, 169 34:23 70 31:10-11 22n, 23 34:23-24 19 32:37 [LXX 39:37] 89n, 169 36:24 22n, 89n, 169 32:37—41 22n 37:1-14 23 33:14-18 19 37:1-28 22n 36:2 [LXX 43:2] 216n 37:11-14 89n, 169 36:28 [LXX 43:28] 216n 37:21 23 39:17 [LXX] 263 37:21-23 22 42:7 245 37:21-28 89, 169 48:6-8 140 37:24-25 19 426 Index of Sources

38-39 144 7:10-13 207 38:7-16 94 7:13 21, 126, 204, 205, 306, 38:8-16 144 312,313,314,315,311 38:22 144 317,318 39:2 94 7:13-14 16, 19n, 129, 291,314 39:6 144 7:22-23 16 40^8 26, 27, 86, 88, 89, 90, 7:25 17 146, 154, 165, 166, 167, 7:26 17 168, 170, 173 7:27 17 40:1-43:12 26 8:1-12:3 80 40:2 139 8:13 159 40:5 89, 168 8:26 146 40:30-35 164 9:2 17,299n 42:15-20 89, 168 9:3 56n, 353n 43:1-5 279 9:17 17 43:7 70 9:20 17 44:9 93, 172 9:24 17 45:2 89, 168 9:24-26 299n 47:12 331 9:25 17 47:13-48:29 26 10:2-3 56n, 353 48:16-17 26n, 168 10:5 204, 205 48:30-35 16, 23,26, 26n, 88, 89, 10:5-6 205 168, 169, 278 10:5-9 127 48:31 26n 10:6b 204 48:33-34 87, 167 10:16 204, 205 48:35 86, 165 10:18 205 11:44 95n Daniel 12:1-2 17 2 284 12:4 146 2:17^15 285 12:6 159 2:19 285 12:9 146 2:20-23 297n 12:11 17 2:22 285 2:28-30 285 Hosea 2:30 284 3:5 23 2:47 285 5:4 70 3:3-18 75 6:10 70 4-5 284 10:6 155 6:27 207, 268 11:10-11 22n, 89n, 169 7 17, 19, 205,234 7-12 2, 6, 16, 80 Joel 7:1-8 274 2 143 7:1-28 8 2:1 ff. 365 7:6 317 2:2-3 131 7:9 204,316 3:2 94 7:9-12 129 3:4 365 7:9-14 127, 206, 235 3:13 138 7:10 144, 205 4 143 Index of Sources 427

Amos Zechariah 1:1 124 6-6 6 1:2 144 1:14-17 35 3:7 328n 2:6-12 26 4:6-11 132 2:10 279 7:14 181 2:14 365n 7:16 222,328n 2:16 16 9:11 19n 3:1-7 328n 3:8 19 Micah 3:13 72 1:3 279 4:1-14 133,304 1:3—4 144 4:6-10 19 4:13 138n 6:12 19 5:2-5 19n 8:7-8 22n, 23 5:4 70 12-12 6 6:2 222 9:14 131 10:6 23 Nahum 10:6-12 22n 3:18 70 12 143 12:1-9 94 Habakkuk 12:3 160 2:2 216n 12:7-8 18 3:3^1 365n 12:7-13:1 19 3:13 304n 12:10 18, 126 3:16 365n 12:12 18 13:2 394n Zephaniah 13:5 181n 1:8 144 13:7 286 1:15-16 131 14 143 3:8 144 14:2 94 3:14 23 14:5 279, 365 3:20 22n, 23

Malachi Haggai 3:1 365 1:1 19 3:1-2 279 2:1 19 3:16 144 2:20-23 19

New Testament

Matthew 2:17 294 1:22 294 2:23 294 2:1 ff. 380 3:7-10 226 2:4 302n 3:12 138n 2:15 294 3:13-17 310 428 Index of Sources

3:17 309,310 12:27-28 391 4:1-11 403 12:28 403 4:8 ff. 403n 12:29 391,394 4:14 294, 39In 13:9 222n 4:24 385n, 390n 13:35 294 5:22 351n 13:42 351n 7:22 407 13:43 222n 8:1-4 385n 13:50 351n 8:3 394 13:58 397 8:5-13 385n 14:13-21 385n 8:10 397 14:19 396 8:13 396, 397 14:22-23 385n 8:14-15 385n 14:36 385n 8:15 394 15:21-28 385n 8:16 385n, 390n, 391n 15:22 387 8:17 294 15:24 70 8:19-20 71 15:28 397 8:23-27 385n 15:32-39 385n 8:28-34 385n 16:13 317 8:29 309n 16:16 302, 309 8:32 391 16:24-25 71 9:1-8 385n 17:5 309 9:15 141 17:14-21 385n 9:18 394 17:16 385n 9:18-26 385n 17:18 392 9:20-22 385n 17:20 396 9:22 397 17:24-27 385n 9:25 394 19:12 69 9:27 387 19:17 75 9:27-34 385n 19:28 35n, 156, 157, 316n 9:32 391 19:28-30 129 9:32-34 385n, 392 19:29 69 9:37-38 138n 19:38 152 10:1 385n 20:28 198 10:37-38 69 20:30-31 387 10:38 71 21:4 294 11:15 222n 21:12-13 92n, 171n 11:18 404 21:18-22 385n, 415 11:25-27 297n 21:21-22 415 12:9-14 385n 22:1-14 69 12:17 294 22:23-33 69 12:22 391 22:36-40 76 12:22-23 385n, 394n 22:42 302n 12:22 fF. 392 22:44 300n 12:22-26 394 23:37 89n, 169n 12:23 387 24:2 92n, 171n 12:25-26 391 24:5 302n 12:27 394 24:23 302n Index of Sources 429

24:30-31 209,210 4:9 222n 24:31-32 157 4:11-12 59 24:37-39 35 4:23 222n 25:29 222n 4:29 138n 25:31 152, 316n 4:35^11 385n 25:31-32 156 4:39 392n 25:31-16 129, 209 5:1-20 385n 25:32 70 5:7 309n, 404 26:24 415 5:8 392 26:31-32 70 5:9 391 26:53 415 5:13 391 26:61 92n, 171n 5:21-43 385n 26:63 302 5:23 394n 26:64 209, 210, 300n, 312. 5:25-34 385n, 396, 398, 405 313 5:27-28 396 27:3-10 415 5:34 396, 397 27:9 294 5:41 394n, 396 27:11-14 77 6:2 394n 27:40 92n,171n 6:5 394n 27:46 397n 6:5-6 397 27:63 402 6:7 385n 6:14-16 404 Mark 6:30-34 385n 1:1 301 6:41 396 1:9-11 310 6:45-52 385n 1:11 309,310 6:56 385n 1:23-27 385 7:16 222n 1:24 309n, 404 7:24-30 385n 1:25 392 7:31-36 385n, 398 1:26 391 7:31-37 399 1:29-31 385n, 392n, 396 7:32 394n 1:31 394n 7:33-34 394n 1:32-34 385n, 390n 7:34 395, 396, 399 1:32 ff. 391n 8:1-10 385n 1:39 385n, 390n, 391n 8:22 394n 1:40-45 385n 8:22-26 385n, 396, 398, 399 1:41 394n, 396 8:23 394n 2:1-12 385n 8:25 394n 2:11 396 8:29 302, 309 2:20 141 8:34-35 71 3:1-6 385n 9:7 309 3:10-11 385n, 390n, 391n 9:14-29 385n 3:11 309, 404 9:17 391 3:14-15 385n 9:18 385n 3:19-27 391,394 9:20 309 3:19-30 405n 9:23-24 397 3:22 404 9:25 391,392 3:22-30 402 9:26 391 430 Index of Sources

9:27 394n 3:17 138n 9:28 385n 3:20 310 9:29 395 3:21-22 310 9:38 407 3:22 309,310 10:29 69 4:1-13 403 10:46-52 385n 4:4-5 403n 10:47^8 387 4:18 310 10:52 397 4:29-30 385n 11:12-14 385n, 415 4:33-36 385n 11:15-19 92n, 171n 4:34 309n 11:20-25 415 4:35 391,392 11:20-26 385n 4:38-39 385n, 392n 11:22-25 415 4:40 394n 11:23-24 396 4:40-41 390n, 391n 12:18-27 69 4:41 302n, 309n, 392 12:28-31 76 5:1-11 385n 12:35 302n 5:12-16 385n 12:35-37 301,306 5:13 394n 12:36 300n 5:17-26 385n 13:2 92n,171n 5:35 141 13:26-27 209,210 6:6-11 385n 13:27 89n, 169n 6:17-18 385n, 390n, 391n 13:31 302n 7:9 397n 14:21 415 7:11-17 385n 14:27-28 70 7:14 394 14:36 397n 7:21 391n 14:58 92n, 146, 171n 7:33 404 14:61 302 8:1 385n 14:62 77, 152, 209,210,: 8:2 391n 312,313,314,316 8:8 222n 15:1-5 77 8:15 222n 15:26 30 8:22-25 385n 15:29 92n, 171n 8:26-39 385n 15:32 302n, 305 8:28 309n 15:34 397n 8:29 392 16:9 385n 8:30 391 16:17 407 8:33 391 16:17-18 385n 8:40-56 385n 16:18 394n 8:43^18 385n 16:19 300n 8:48 397 8:54 394 Luke 9:1 385n 1:26-38 310 9:10-17 385n 1:67-79 310 9:16 396 2:25-35 310 9:20 302 2:36-38 310 9:23-24 71 3:7-9 226 9:27^3 385n 3:15 302n 9:35 309 Index of Sources 431

9:40 385n 21:24 160 9:42 392 22:22 415 9:49 407 22:28-30 129 9:51-56 415 22:67 302 9:57-58 71 22:69 300n, 312, 313, 314 10:2 138n 23:1-12 77 10:17 407 23:2 302n 10:17-20 385n 23:35 302n 10:21-22 297n 23:39 302n 11:14 391 24:26 302n 11:14—18 394 24:45 295 11:15 385n 24:46 302n, 307 11:17-18 391 11:19-20 394 John 11:20 403 1:1-2 142 11:21-22 391,394 1:14 142 11:19-20 391 1:17 301 11:21-22 394 1:20 302n 12:21 222n 1:25 302n 13:9 222n 1:29-34 310 13:10-17 385n, 390n 1:33 31 In 13:13 394 1:34 309, 31 In 13:32 390n, 391,394 1:41 305 14:1-6 385n, 396 1:47-51 385n 14:15 142 2:1-11 385n 14:15-24 69 2:18-22 92n, 171n 14:26-27 69 2:22 295 14:27 71 2:25 385n 14:35 222n 3:8 325 17:6 396 3:28 302n 17:11-19 385n 4:25 302n, 305 17:14 396 4:29 302n 17:19 397 4:46-54 385n 17:33 71 5:1-9 385n 18:13 395 5:8 396 18:29 69 6:1-15 385n 18:35^13 385n 6:11 396 18:38-39 387 6:16-21 385n 18:42 397 6:70-71 385n 19:10 70 7:12 402 19:43-44 143 7:20 403, 404 19:45^18 92n, 171n 7:26 302n 20:34-36 69 7:27 302n 20:41 302n 7:31 302n 20:42^13 300n 7:41 302n 21:4 222n 7:42 302n, 305 21:6 92n, 171n 7:47 402 21:20 143 8:41^17 73 432 Index of Sources

8:48 404 2:32-36 300 8:48-53 403 2:33 300n 8:49 404 2:33-36 306 8:52 404 2:34 311 8:59 385n 2:34-35 300n 9:1—41 385n, 398 2:34-36 315 9:6-7 399 2:43 415 9:11—41 399 3:1 ff. 415 9:22 302,321n 3:6 407 9:31 395 3:13-16 409 10:2 70 3:15 199 10:11 70,198 3:16 407 10:12 70 3:18 302n, 3-7 10:14 70 3:20-21 307 10:20 404 3:21 35n 10:20-21 403 4:7 407 10:24 302n 4:10 199,407 13 385n 4:27 310 11:26-27 397n 4:30 407,415 11:27 195,302 4:36 296 11:41—42 395 5:5 415 11:43 396 5:9 415 12:16 253,295 5:10 415 12:26 71 5:12ff. 415 12:34 302n 5:15 399n 12:42 322n 5:30 199 13:36 71 5:31 300n 14:3 71 5:36 5,389 14:15 75 5:37 389 14:21 75 5:42 302 14:26 295 6:14 92n, 171n 15:10 75 7:37 315n 16:2 322n 7:48-50 146 16:12-15 295 7:55 300n, 315 16:33 73 7:55-56 312-17,318 17:3 301 7:56 300n, 314,315 18:19-24 77 8:5 302 18:33-38 77 9 312,318 20:28 311 9:1-9 9 20:31 195,302 9:20 312 21:1-11 385n 9:22 302,311 21:18-19 71 9:27 296 9:32 ff. 415 Acts 9:34 407,408 1:6 307 9:39 ff. 415 1:16-19 415 9:40 407n,410 2:1-13 413 10:38 304,310 2:31 302n 10:39^10 199 Index of Sources 433

10:42 206 7:7-25 75 10:44-46 413 7:8 75 12:20-23 106 7:12 75 12:22 112 8:9-11 10 13:1-3 181,296 8:15 397n, 413 13:6-12 415,416 8:18 9 13:15 296 8:26 413 13:28-29 199 8:34 300n, 311 13:33 300 9-11 297 14:8 fr. 415 9:5 300-1 15:32 296 10:6 217n 16:9 9n 10:9 311 16:16fr. 415 11:33-36 297 16:18 393n, 407 11:36 126 17:2-3 302 12:2 9 17:3 195, 302, 3-7 13:8-9 75 17:24 146 13:8-10 76 17:31 206 13:9-10 76 18:5 302 15:4 296 18:9-10 9n 15:9 411 18:28 302 16:5 72 19:2 399n 16:25 297 19:6 413 19:11-12 415 1 Corinthians 19:13 407 1:3 196, 265 19:39 254n 1:18-31 294 20:9-10 415 1:20 9 20:31 5 1:23-24 73 21:11 182,217, 326 1:26 9 22 312,318 2:6 9 22:6-11 9n 2:6-7 10 22:17-21 9n 2:6-16 295, 297 26 312,318 4:4-5 206 26:12-18 9n 5:4 416 26:22-23 312 5:3-5 416 26:23-26 307 6:2-3 97n 27:23-24 9n 6:19 10 28:8-9 415 7:19 75 9:1 9,312 Romans 14-14 182 1:1 176 14-14 335,413 1:3-4 300,314 12:2 413 1:7 196 12:3 311 2:16 206 12:4-11 10 3:4 73 12:7 296 3:20 75 12:9 411 4:24 199 12:10 180, 296,411 7:7-11 75 12:28 413 434 Index of Sources

12:28-29 185 1:12 9 13:1 413 1:15 318 14:1 296 1:16 312 14:3 296 2:20 198 14:6 343 3:5 411 14:13-19 413 4:6 397n, 413 14:15 343 4:26 68 14:26 343 5:4 76 14:27-28 296 6:7-9 138n 14:29 180, 296 6:16 416 14:29-32 181 6:17 407 14:29-33 259 14:37-38 222n, 325, 237 Ephesians 14:38 326n 1:2 265 15:1-15 9 1:20 300n, 311 15:3 307 2:6 300n 15:3—4 199 2:20 185 15:5-7 312 3:5 185,295 15:5-8 318 3:9-10 295 15:8 9,312 4:11 185 15:20-23 10 5:2 198 15:25 300n, 311 5.19 343 15:52 131 5:25 198 15:57-58 9 5:25-32 141 16:15 72 16:22 311,364,416-17 Philippians 16:25-26 295 1:1 176, 185 1:2 196, 265 2 Corinthians 1:9 294 1:2 196, 265 2:5-11 110, 342 3:14-18 295 2:9-11 300n 5:10 206 2:11 311 5:17 10, 35n 11:2 141 Colossians 12:1 9 1:15-17 200 12:1—4 146 1:15-20 110, 200 12:3^1 33n 1:18-20 200 12:4 59 1:26-27 295 12:7-10 411 3:1 300n, 311 12:12 411 3:16 343 4:7 256 Galatians 1:1-5 126 1 Thessalonians 1:3 196 1:7-10 210 1:4 9, 10, 196, 198 4:8 10 1:5 197 4:9 76 1:8-9 416-17 4:13-17 209,210 1:11-17 9 4:13-18 9, 182 Index of Sources 435

4:16 131 12:2 300n 12:18 131 2 Thessalonìans 12:22 68 1:2 265 12:22-24 129, 131 1:5-12 9 13:8 301 1:7-10 206 13:20 70 2:1-12 209,210 13:21 301 2:3-12 137 2:8 208 James 2:13 72 1:1 176 1:12 339 1 Timothy 1:18 72 1:17 126 2:8 76 2:6 198 5:14 407 3:16 110, 236-37 5:14-16 395,411

2 Timothy 1 Peter 1:9-10 295 1:19 72 4:1 206 1:20 295 4.8 339 2:25 70 3:22 300n Titus 4:5 206 4:11 1:1 176 126 1:2-3 295 5:4 339 1:22 73 2:13-14 198 2 Peter 1:1 176 Philemon 3:5-7 35 3:13 3 196 35

1 John Hebrews 1:1 142 1:3 110 2:3 75 1:3-13 300n 2:20 295, 304 1:13 300n 2:22 195,301 2:4 411 2:27 295, 304 3:6 301 3:16 198 3:14 301 3:22 75 5:5 301 3:24 75 6:1 301 5:1 195,301 8:1 300n 5:3 75 9:11 146, 301 9:14 72, 301 2 John 185 9:24 146, 301 9:28 301 3 John 185 10:10 301 10:12-13 300n Jude 11:4 253 1 176 11:26 301 436 Index of Sources

Revelation 1:15-21 129 1-3 12, 149, 255, 367 1:16 106, 142, 218n, 221 1:1 80, 124, 125, 139, 150, 1:17 207, 262, 267, 268,418 176, 181, 195,241,250, 1:17-18 206, 211, 218n, 268, 251,258, 301,418 361 1:1-2 200 1:17-20 58, 206, 207 1:1-3 124, 191, 194, 195-96, 1:18 206, 207, 218n, 353, 251,256, 259 367,419 1:1-3:22 67 1:19 127, 180,216 1:2 76, 77, 178, 196, 301 1:20 59, 178, 206, 255 1:3 51, 124, 125, 126, 178, 2 326 256 2-3 51, 124n, 128n, 145, 1:4 123, 125n, 126, 176, 186, 204, 205,212-32, 218n, 251,254, 255, 253 263,264, 265, 266,418 2:1 181, 204, 215n, 218n, 1:4-5 125, 126, 191, 194, 219, 226, 326 196-97, 223, 264 2:1-4 219 1:4-6 148,214 2:1-7 226 1:4-8 125, 262 2:1-3:22 127, 194 1:4-22:5 251 2:2 187, 220 1:5 77, 142, 195, 209, 218n, 2:2-3 220 301 2:4 128n, 216, 220, 226 1:5-6 126, 197-98, 199, 203, 2:4-6 128 206,211 2:5 188,216, 220, 221,226, 1:5-8 194 279 1:6 126, 178 2:5-6 221 1:7 126, 147, 209,210,279, 2:6 128n, 216, 219, 220 318 2:7 74, 213n, 221,222, 223, 1:7-8 126 255, 256, 278 1:8 12,58, 126, 145,207, 2:8 77, 128n, 181,204, 207, 261,262, 263,264, 266, 215n, 218n, 262, 267, 268, 343,361,362,364, 268, 326 418,419 2:8-11 226, 227 1:9 76, 77, 127, 176, 177, 2:9 128, 152,216,219, 220 178, 190, 233 2:10 107, 215n, 221,255, 1:9-16 206 339 1:9-20 127, 179, 196, 204-7, 2:11 74, 213n, 221,222, 223, 211,216,218,219,317, 255, 256, 350n 318, 353 2:12 128n, 142, 181,204, 1:9-3:22 206 214n, 218n, 219, 326 1:11 127,216, 255 2:12-17 226 1:12-16 106, 194, 204, 205,312, 2:12-29 254, 255 317-18 2:13 66, 215n, 220, 255 1:12-20 242 2:13-15 219 1:13 205 2:14 128n, 216 1:13-14 207,317 2:14-15 182, 255 1:14 218n, 317 2:14-16 128 1:14-16 318 2:15 215n Index of Sources 437

2:16 128n, 142, 147, 216, 3:12 74, 146, 223, 256 221,279, 366,418 3:13 213n, 221,255 2:17 74, 209, 213n, 221,222, 3:14 128, 142,204, 209, 223, 255, 256,419 214n, 215n, 218n, 326 2:17-18 221n 3:14-22 74, 226 2:18 123, 128n, 204, 205, 3:15 219, 220 215n, 218, 219, 326 3:15-16 188 2:18-29 226 3:15-19 128 2:19 220 3:16 221 2:19-20 219 3:16-20 221 2:20 215n, 216, 220, 258, 3:19 221 259 3:21 74, 78, 129, 156, 157, 2:20-22 128, 215n, 255 223, 235, 236, 256, 2:20-23 182 300n 2:21 128n, 187, 221 3:22 213n, 221,255 2:22 221 4 198 2:22-23 259 4-5 12, 62, 102, 104, 200 2:22-25 221 4-16 12 2:23 128n, 213n, 220, 221n, 4-21 367 255 4:1 177, 198, 258 2:24 128n, 215n, 216, 4:1-11 129, 198 220,255 4:1-6:17 128, 129, 131 2:24-25 188 4:1-8:1 198, 203,211 2:25 279 4:1-22:5 61, 102, 177, 180 2:26 74, 128n, 142, 223 4:1-22:9 261 2:26-27 222, 256 4:2-11 194, 198 2:29 213n, 221,255 4:3 62, 104 3 326 4:4 182 3:1 123, 128n, 204, 215n, 4:5 105, 123, 199 218,219, 220, 326 4:6 104,418 3.1-5 326 4:7 129 3:1-6 226 4:8 102, 104, 109, 110, 262, 3:2 188, 220, 221 263, 264,265, 266,418 3:2^1 221 4:8-11 109 3:3 221,279 4:9 268 3:4 188,216,219, 220 4:10 108, 110, 182, 268 3:4-5 107 4:11 109, 117, 200, 277 3:5 74, 144, 222, 223, 256, 5 73, 198, 233-39 339 5:1 62, 104 3:6 213n, 221,255, 326 5:1-5 234 3:7 128n, 204, 209,214n, 5:1-7 198 215n,218n, 219, 326 5:1-14 129, 198-201,235 3:7-13 227 5:1-6:17 211 3:8 219, 220 5:1-8:1 202 3:9 152,216, 221 5:3 129 3:9-11 221 5:5 73, 74, 129, 182, 199, 3:11 107, 147, 279, 339, 366, 235 418 5:5-6 97,199 438 Index of Sources

5:6 73, 77, 102, 123, 129, 7:3 130, 258,419 182, 194, 199, 207,317 7:4 67, 68, 130, 173 5:6-14 130 7:4-8 67, 130, 137 5:7 196, 235 7:9 107, 177 5:7-14 199 7:9-10 110 5:8 108, 110, 182, 235, 7:9-12 109, 113, 116, 129, 194 337n 7:9-17 68, 102, 130, 131, 198, 5:8-13 198 202 5:8-14 109, 110 7:10 109, 202, 203, 345 5:9 71,73, 78 7:10-17 96 5:9-10 97, 109, 199, 200, 203, 7:11 105, 108, 110, 182 206,211 7:12 109 5:10 178 7:12-14 245 5:11 110, 182, 235 7:13 107, 182 5:12 71, 109, 113, 199, 200, 7:13-17 59, 177, 178, 195 203,206,211,418 7:14 203 5:12-13 116 7:17 70, 77, 145, 203, 33In 5:13 109, 110, 113, 129, 197 8:1 128, 130, 198, 201,211 5:14 182 8:2 123, 130, 131 6:1-8 201 8:2-9:21 131 6:1-17 130, 198 8:2-11:19 66 6:1-8:1 66 8:3 102, 337n 6:3 201 8:3-5 102, 131 6:5 201 8:4 337n 6:6 156 8:6 123 6:7 201 8:8 123 6:8 353n 8:10 123 6:9 76, 77, 102, 177, 178, 8:12 123 201 8:13 123 6:9-11 130, 158, 159, 201 9:1 123,419 6:10 104, 110 9:4 419 6:11 107 9:6 177 6:12 201 9:7-11 194 6:12-16 159 9:13 123 6:12-17 66, 130, 202 9:14 123 6:15 155, 258 9:20-21 132, 367 6:15-16 155, 157 10:1 123 6:16 157 10:1-3 194 6:16-17 201,202 10:1-7 132 6:17 202 10:1-8 133 7 201 10:1-11 132 7:1 130, 177 10:1-17 130 7:1-8 130, 132, 198, 202 10:1-11:2 132 7:1-9 96, 98 10:1-11:14 131 7:1-17 130, 201,202-3 10:3 123 7:2 419 10:4 59 7:2-3 130 10:6 132, 268, 277 7:2-14 97 10:7 185,250, 258 Index of Sources 439

10:8-11 132,135 12:10-12 109, 345 10:8-11:2 179, 180 12:11 74, 77 10:9 220 12:13-17 136 10:11 132,253 12:14 123 11:1-2 132,135 12:17 74, 75, 76, 77, 136, 178 11:1-3 132n, 133 12:18 76 11:1-14 132 13 133, 137, 161, 192 11:2 132, 160 13:1 135, 137,419 11:3 123, 132, 133,259 13:1-2 137 11:3-12 134 13:1-8 136 11:3-13 133, 135, 136, 137 13:1-10 135, 136,137 11:4-6 133 13:1-18 137, 161 11:4-13 132n 13:2 137 11:5 134 13:2-3 137 11:6 134 13:4-5 137 11:7 77, 123, 133 13:7 337n 11:8 77, 123 13:8 71, 137, 144 11:8-10 133 13:9 221 11:10 133, 250, 259 13:9-10 177 11:11-13 133 13:10 337n 11:14 418 13:11-18 136, 137 11:14-18 136, 138 13:13-15 367 11:14-12:7 135 13:16 116, 135n, 155, 179n, 11:15 109,110, 195,301,307, 258 345 13:18 192, 221 11:15-16 136 14 137 11:15-18 129, 131, 135 14:1 68, 137,359, 407,419 11:16 108, 110, 182 14:1-5 67-73, 77, 96, 97, 98, 11:16-19 109 129, 131, 137, 203 11:17 77, 262, 263, 265, 266 14:1-20 137 11:17-18 109, 279 14:3 68 11:18 103, 116n, 178, 179n, 14:4 69, 70,71,97, 203 182, 250, 258, 265,266, 14:4a 68 279, 337n 14:4b 70, 72 11:19 123 14:4-5 68, 178 11:19-12:17 135, 136, 137 14:5 71,77 12 133, 136, 348 14:6 138 12:1 77, 136, 137 14:6-7 130, 137 12:1-6 136, 150 14:6-11 137 12:1-17 136, 192 14:7 103, 277 12:2 177 14:8 130, 137, 138, 246 12:3 136, 137 14:9 72, 138 12:4 123,177 14:9-11 130, 137, 351n 12:5 142 14:11 72 12:7-9 136 14:12 74, 75, 76, 77, 137, 178, 12:7-12 136 337n 12:9 143 14:13 127, 137, 182,216, 12:10 195,301,307, 345 222n 440 Index of Sources

14:14 137 17:4 197, 241,242, 245,246, 14:14-16 130, 248 14:14—20 137, 138 17:5 242, 248 14:15 102 17:6 77, 242, 248 14:17 102 17:6b—18 59, 178, 194 14:17-20 138 17:7-18 139, 242 14:18 220 17:8 144 14:18-20 130 17:8-17 242 14:19-20 138 17:9 242, 243, 247 15:1 130, 136, 138 17:12-14 95 15:1-16:21 66, 138 17:14 95, 98, 142, 209 15:2 72 17:15 123, 242, 247 15:2-3 110 17:16 123 15:2-4 68 17:17 28818:1 177 15:2-8 138 18:1-3 130, 140 15:3 25 18:1-24 140 15:3^1 109, 345 18:1-19:10 139, 140 15:5 177 18:2-3 246 15:5-8 194 18:4-7 140 15:7 268 18:4-8 66, 140 16:1-20 138 18:5 220n 16:1-21 131 18:8 103 16:4-7 335 18:8-11 140 16:5 110, 263,265,266, 279 18:8-21 140 16:5-6 66 18:9-20 140 16:5-7 109, llOn 18:14 220n 16:6 179,182 18:18 140 16:7 103 18:20 179, 250, 338n 16:12 95 18:21 140 16:12-16 95,98, 160 18:21-24 140 16:14 95, 98, 123, 177 18:24 179, 182, 250, 338n 16:15 147, 256, 262, 279 19:1 109, 110, 116, 177 16:15-16 155 19:1-2 109, 345 16:16 95, 250, 337n 19:1-3 141 17 139, 140, 240-49 19:1—4 109, 140, 141 17-18 160, 242 19:1-8 129 17:1 123, 145, 242, 245, 247, 19:1-10 140 258 19:2 103, 123, 246 17:1-3 142 19:4 108, 116, 141, 183n 17:1-6 139,140 19:5 98, 109, 116, 141, 179n, 17:1-17 88 258 17:1-18 124,139 19:5-8 109, 140, 141 17:1-19:10 139, 142, 145 19:6 110, 118 17:1-19:19 258 19:6-8 109, 113, 116, 141 17:2 246 19:7 123, 141, 142 17:3 241,242,419 19:7-8 94 17:3-6 139, 194, 242 19:7-21 209 19:9 127, 141, 142, 177,216 Index of Sources 441

19:9-10 139 21:5 51, 127, 180,216, 277 19:9-11 140, 141 21:5-8 12,46,64, 65, 103, 145, 19:10 77, 142, 178, 258 261,266, 277, 278 19:11 103, 142, 177, 208 21:6 207, 261,262,266, 267, 19:11-14 142 268, 269, 277, 278, 325, 19:11-16 194, 207, 208 331n, 355, 361, 362, 19:11-21 95,98, 142, 150, 192, 418,419 207-10,211 21:7 277 19:11-21:8 142, 145 21:8 277, 350, 367 19:12 208 21:9 88, 123, 141, 167, 258 19:13 142, 208 21:9-10 94, 145 19:15 98, 142, 206 21:9-16 164 19:16 142, 197, 208, 209 21:9-27 105, 144 19:17 142 21:9-22:5 139 19:17-18 130, 143 21:9-22:9 27, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 19:17-21 98, 142, 144, 207 139, 144, 145, 146, 164, 19:18 116, 155, 179n, 258 165, 167, 170, 241,258, 19:19 98, 143 277 19:19-21 159, 160 21:9-22:11 124 19:20 143, 351n, 367 21:10 88, 139, 167, 258 19:21 98, 206 21:10-22:5 194 20 5 21:11 90, 169 20:1-2 419 21:12 88,168,173, 277 20:1-3 130, 143 21:14 185 20:1-10 142, 143 21:15-21 88, 167 20:4 76, 77, 178, 195,301, 21:16 94, 250-60 307 21:18 90, 169 20:4-6 129, 143,256 21:19-20 90, 169 20:6 143, 178, 195,301,307, 21:22 91, 146, 170, 171 350n 21:22-23 91, 170n 20:7-10 95, 143, 144, 159, 160 21:22-27 146 20:8 95, 139 21:23 92, 106, 171 20 8-9 95, 98 21:27 92, 93, 171 20:9 70, 95, 97, 143 22 367 20:10 95, 351n 22:1 88, 125, 156, 157, 167, 20:11-13 135n 191,258, 331n 20:11-15 129, 142, 144 22:2 278 20:12 103, 116, 179n 22:3 156, 157, 258,419 20:13 103 22:4 419 20:13-14 353n 22:5 106 20:14 350 22:6 88, 179, 241,250, 257, 21 89, 168, 169 258,418 21 1 10 22:6-20 149 21 1-3 277 22:6-21 214 21 1-4 145 22:7 125, 178, 257, 279, 366, 21 1-8 133, 144 418 21 2 141 22:8 176, 258 21 2-3 94 22:8-17 195 442 Index of Sources

22:9 178,250,256,258,260 22:16 132,178,181,250, 22:10 125,147,178,257 252n, 253, 254, 255, 22:10-11 88 256, 257, 258, 260 22:10-21 67, 146, 147 22:17 222n, 33In 22:12 279,366,418 22:18 51,125,178,257 22:12-15 251n 22:18-19 64, 181,417n 22:13 12,145,207,261,262, 22:18-20 147 266, 267, 268, 269, 278, 22:19 148,178,257 325,355,361,362,418 22:20 190,364,366,418 22:14 278 22:21 148, 223, 337n 22:15 92,171,367

Early Christian Literature

Acts of Paul Epistulae 25 71 147 51n

Acts of Thomas Barnabas 82 22n 1:9 294 4:11 75 Apocalypse of Paul 5:7 206 31 351n 7:2 206 34 351n 12:10 301 36 351n 12:10 -12 306 15:5 206 Apocalypse of Peter 15:8 35n 6 313 23 [Akhmimic] 35In 1 Clement 9-12 416 Arnobius 9:4 35 Adv. nat. 20:1-12 417 1.43 386n 20:12 126 32:4 126 Ascension of Isaiah 34:5-7 417 9:22 144 36:5 300n 10:1-16 129 38:4 126 42:1 301 Athenagoras 51 418 59-61 417 Legatio 64:2 126 9 325n 2 Clement Augustine 1:1 206 Conf. 20:5 126 6.3 51 8.12 51 10.3 51n Index of Sources 443

Clement of Alexandria Gospel of Mary (BG 8502) Eclogae 7.9-10 222n 25.1 294n 8.10-11 222n

Stromata Hermas, Shepherd 2.22 269 Visions 4.71-72 294n l.l^t 44-45, 52 1.1.3 139 Clementine Homilies 1.3.3 60 2.22 315n 1.3.3^ 51 2.1.1 56n, 139, 353n Clementine Recognitions 2.1.1-2 297n 7.7 315n 2.2.1 56n, 353n 3.47 315n 2.2.5 45 2.3.4 45 Didache 2.4.3 51, 181, 214n, 257 1:2 76 3 139 10:6 364 3.1.1-2 56n, 353n 10:7 338n 3.3.4 60 10-13 335 5 52 11:3-6 179 16:6 131 Mandates 16:7-8 209 7.7.5 75 10.1.3-6 59 Epiphanius 11 189, 335 Panarion 11.9 335 1.1.1 124 12.3.4 75 12.6.3 75 Epistle of Diognetus 7:6 206 Similitudes 5.1.5 75 Eusebius 5.3.3 75 Ecclesiastical History 6 139 2.23.13 312n, 315n 8.2.1 339 3.17 66 9 139 3.39.5-7 187 5.1.10 71 Hippolytus 7.25.16 187 Refutatio 9.27.1-37 132 19.6 269 Preparation for the Gospel Ignatius 3.16 359 5.7 359 Ephesians 5.8 359 1:3 184 5.11-13 359 2:1 184 5.12 359 14:1 294 5.13 359 18:2 301 11.6.36 (519d) 266, 363n 444 Index of Sources

Magnesians Dialogue with Trypho 1:1 220 30.3 410 2:1 184 69.1 386n 76.6 410 Philadelphians 85 408, 409 7:1 182 85.2 410 7:3 217 92.3 76 9:1 184 93.2 76 11:1 184 118.1 206 11:2 184 132.1 206 135 409 Smyrnaeans 10:1 184 Ps.-Justin 12:1 184 Cohortatio ad Graecos 13:1 184 8 325n 25 269 Trallians 1:1 184, 220 Lactantius Irenaeus Divine institutes 4 135n Adversus haereses 4.15.1 386n 1.8.5 294n 17.17 133, 134, 135n, 137 2.4.6 409 7.26.5-7 135n 2.49.3 410 3.25.5 269 Epitome 66.9 135n Epideixis Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas 97 410 4 329 11:1-13:8 47n Jerome Deuir.inl.9 187 Martyrdom of Polycarp Julius Africanus 17:1 339 19:2 339 Kestos 18 353 Odes of Solomon 1.1 340 Justin 3.8 340 1 Apology 3.10 326 30 386n 3.10-11 222n, 326 61 410 4 333 5.3-4 328 2 Apology 5.4—9 323 6 408 5.12 340 6.6 410 5.14 340 6.1-2 324, 325 6.3 325 Index of Sources 445

6.3^ 325 11.18-21 341 6.4 325 11.21 341 6.12 338 12.1-2 324, 328n 6.13 337, 338 12.2 331,336 6.18 331n 12.13 328n 7.6-21 336 13.1—4 340n 7.14 325 14.7 328n, 336, 338 7.16b-20 259, 337 14.7-8 335,336 7.17 338 15.3—4 324 7.18-19 327, 337 15.6 340n 7.19-21 340 15.10 340, 341 7.26 322n 16.2 336 8.1-11 335 16.5 324 8.2 336 16.9 328 8.8 328, 333 17.1 339 8:3-4 335 17.1-2 339 8.8-19 328, 333,335 17.5 325, 328n 8.8-21 333 17.6 333 8.10-21 333n 17.6-15 333 8.15-20 334 17.6-16 333 9.1 222n 17.8-15 334 9.1-5 325 17.11-14(15) 333n 9.3 339 17.17 339 9.6 337 18.1-3 340n 9.6-11 339 18.11-15 323 9.11 340 18.5 326 10 333n 20.1 337 10.1-3 324, 325, 326, 333 20.7 340 10.2 336, 340 20.7-8 336 10.4 339 20.7-9 341 10.4-6 326, 333 21.1—4 339 10.5-6 334 21.6-7 329 10.6 334 22.1-5 333n 11 330, 331,341 22.1-12 334 11.4 325 22.5 334 11.4-6 324 22.5-7 339 11.4—8 330 22.12 337 11.6 331 23.1 337 11.7 331n 23.4 322n 11.7-11 340 23.13-20 323 11.11 341 23.18 328n 11.12 341 23.18-22 342 11.13 341 23.22 339 11.16 331,341 24.1 339 11.16-17 329 24.7-12 323 11.17-18 331 25.5 323 11.17-24 331 26.2 338 11.18 331,341 26.3 336, 338 446 Index of Sources

26.8 338 4.4-4 323 26.10 336 39.11 339 26.12 336,338 40.3 338 27.1-3 336 40.6 340 28.1-7 333 41 332, 333 28.5-6 323 41.1 333 28.6 340 41.1-7 332 28.6-7 340 41.3 339 28.8 333 41.3-4 332 28.8-18 333n 41.8-10 332, 333 28.8-19 333 41.11 332 28.9-20 333 41.15 339 28.17 334 42.3-20 333 29 342 42.4-26 333n 29.6 339, 342 42.5 334 29.7 342 42.6 324-5, 326, 333 29.8-10 342,342n 29.8-19 334 Origen 30.1 322n Comm. inJoh. 30.2 336, 338 13 294n 30.5 336 31.1 339 Contra Celsum 31.1-3 340n 1.6 386n, 407,410 31.2 328n 1.22 350, 409 31.6-13 333 1.24 409 31.7 340 1.24-25 396n 31.7-11 333n 1.28 350, 386n 31.13 334 1.38 350, 386n 31.8-13 334 1.68 350, 386n 33.6-11 333n 2.9 386n 33.8 328n 2.14 386n 33.11 323 2.48 386n 35.3 323 2.49 386n 35.7 336 3.24 408 36 129, 131 3.27 386n 36.1 325 3.75 411 36.1-2 314, 328, 329, 333 4.33-34 408, 409 36.2 338 4.34 409,410 36:3 313,333 5.45 409 36.3-8 329, 333 5.51 386n 37.1^1 335 5.57 386n 38 328n, 329, 330, 331, 6.15 269 336 6.22 356n 38.1-2 329 6.41 382 38.3 330, 340 6.77 386n 38.4 330, 336 7.4 382 38.6 340n 7.9 366n 38.7-11 330 7.9 ff. 413 Index of Sources 447

7.77 386n 98.22-23 222n 8.60 411 105.10-12 222n 8.61 411 Tertullian Horn, in Num. Apologia 13.5 403 23.1 408

Polycarp, Philippians Theophilus 2:1 206 11:1 184 AdAutolycum 2.9 325n 12:1 294-95 2.28 413 2.34 76 Sophia Jes. Chr. (CG III) 97.21-23 222n

Nag Hammadi Library

Acts of Philip 21 222n 135 142 24 222n 53 69 Apocryphon of John 63 222n 2:11-15 58 64 69 65 222n Apocalypse of Paul 73 138n 18:21 58 96 222n 104 141 8 222n

Early Jewish Literature

Apocalypse of Abraham Apocalypse of Moses 9:1—4 58 22:1-29:6 129 21:4 162 22:3 131 21:7-29:2 139 37:5 33n 29:17-20 97n 30:3-8 131 Apocalypse ofZephaniah 5.5 51n Apocalypse of Elijah 9-12 131 4:7-17 133n 12:1 132 4:19-15:7 133n Assumption of Moses Apocalypse of Ezra 10:1 394n 4:36 132 Baruch 1:2-3 24 448 Index of Sources

3:29^:4 284 75:1-8 297n 4:37 22n, 89n, 169n 71:1-72:6 30, 274 5:5 22n, 89n, 169n 73:1-74:4 30, 274 73:7-74:1 34 2 Baruch 77:6 25,35 4:1-7 163 77:17 24 4:3 30 77:17-19 224N 4:3-6 28-9 78:1 24 7:1 29 78:5-7 89n, 169 21:19 159 78:7 25,35 23:4-5 158, 159 87-87 25, 224N 26:1-30:5 21,30 80:2 29, 30 29-30 30 81:3 [MS c] 159 29:1-30:5 18,21 83:7 25 29:2 18 84:2 25,35 29:3 18 84:8 25 29:4 137, 161, 162 85:3-5 25 29:4—8 18 85:4 35 30:1 305 30:1-3 18 3 Baruch 31:4—5 29 Praef. 1-2 124 31:5-32:4 146 4:3 33 32:2—4 30, 3On 4:6 33 32:4 29 4:10 33 32:6 35 4:11-17 33 36:1-40:4 21,22, 30 4:15 33 39-40 17, 30 5:3 33 39:1-40:3 18 10:5 33 40:1-3 68, 157 40:2 16, 18, 26 4 Baruch 40:3 18, 29n 3:8-11 29n 44:7 35 44:8-9 29 Biblical Antiquities (Pseudo-Philo) 44:12 35 3:10 35n 49:3 35 16:3 35n 53:1-74:4 29, 274 28:6-10 315 53:1-76:5 21,22, 30 38:2 75 57:2 35 62:5 24 1 Enoch 63:3 24 1:1 124 64:5 24 36-36 14, 19 67:1-9 29 4:8-16:4 129 68:5-6 29, 30 9:4 154n 69:7-9 29 10:4-14 143 70:1-10 22 10:6 351n 74-74 30 10:7-9 35 70:9 305 14 27, 27n 71:1 18 14:9 27 Index of Sources 449

14:10-14 27 62:1-6 129 14:15 154n 62:1-16 20 14:15-17 27 62:2 20, 157 14:18 27 62:2-3 155 17:4 331n 62:3 154n,155 18:13 154n 62:3-5 155 24:1-6 32 62:5 154n, 157,316 25:3 129 62:6 155 25:5-6 32 62:7 20 32:3-6 31 63:1 155 32:5-6 31 63:3-5 157 37-71 14, 19n, 20, 151, 155, 63:12 155 159, 162, 316n 64:1-68:1 292n 38:1-6 20 67:8 155 39:6-7 20 69:27 20, 157 39:6-40:10 130n 69:27-28 394n 45:1 20 69:27-29 20, 157 45:1—48 20 69:29 157,316 45:3 129, 156, 157 70:1 20 45:4-5 35 71:1 32 46:1 154n 71:5 32 46:3 20 71:5-13 27n 46:4-8 20 72-82 14, 19 47:1-4 158 72:1 34 47:3 157 83-90 14, 19 47:3^ 129, 154n 85-90 14, 19, 23 48:2-3 20 86:1 154n 48:9 154n 89:36 24 48:10 20, 305 89:50 24 51:1 154n, 156, 157 89:73 28 51:1-5 20 90:13-19 94 52:4 305 90:19 97 54:1-56:4 292n 90:28-29 146 54:2 20 90:29 28 54:4—6 394n 90:33 23, 89n, 169 55:4 20, 156, 157 90:37 19n 56:5-6 143 90:40 297n 56:5-7 94, 159, 160 91-98 225 67 89n, 169 104-104 43,52 60:2 157 91:3-10 226 60:7-11 137, 161 91:12 97n 60:8 33 91:16 34,35 60:23 33 91:22 28 60:24 137, 161, 162 104—104 14 61:8 20, 156, 157,316 93:1-3 124 61:8-13 20 93:1-10 + 61:12 33 91:11-18 14, 19 62:1 155 95:3 97 450 Index of Sources

95:7 97 4:21 60 96:1 97 4:33 159 98:12 97 4:33-37 158, 159 99:4 94 4:35 159 100:6 225 4:35-36a 159 4:35-37 158 2 Enoch 4:52 60 1-38 61 5:20-23 353n 3:14 35 5:20-30 56n 5:1-10 [A] 33 6:7 36 8-9 [A] 33 6:17-28 21 8:1 [A& J] 33 6:23 131 8:3 [A& J] 33 6:31-59 56n, 353n 9:1 [A& J] 33 6:34 36 10:1 [A & J] 33 6:49-52 137, 161 10:2 351n 6:49-53 18 13:14 [A] 35 6:51 162 20:1 [A& J] 33 6:52 162 22:1 [J] 33 6:59 159 40:1 35 7:12-13 36 43:2 [A] 33 7:13 34 7:25^14 20 3 Enoch 7:26 20, 28, 162, 163 1:6-12 129 7:28 305 3:1-3 58 7:29 22, 305, 307 7:1 129 7:31 35 7:50 36 Epistle of 7:75 35 Jeremiah 224n 7:112-13 36 7:152 34 1 8:1 36 2:3 218 8:52 28, 33, 162, 163 2:25 [LXX 2:21] 218 8:62 36 9:1-2 17 Exodus Rabbah 9:1-13 20,21 3:14 264 9:23-37 56n, 353n 9:26-10:59 28 Ezekiel Trag. 10:5-24 28 Exogoge 10:25-27 28, 162, 163 68-82 129 10:27 28n 68-89 54 10:42 163 10:44 163 4 Ezra 10:54 28n 1-2 15 11-12 17 2:42-45 131 11:36-46 17 2:42-48 129 12:31-34 20 3:1-36 56n, 353 12:32 17,21, 157, 305 4:10-11 60 12:34 17, 18,21 Index of Sources

13 21,24 7:20-29 226 13:3 21 11:14-12:21 293 21 17:15-16 293 13:5 21 23 43, 52, 82n 13:5-11 143 23:23 94 13:5-50 131 23:29 394n 13:10 206 23:30 97 13:10-11 98 24:19 331n 13:12 21 24:25 331n 13:12-13 24, 89n, 169 30:22 144 13:25 21 36:3-11 226 13:25-50 20, 21, 97n 36:10 144 13:32 21,305 13:33-34 94 Judith 13:33-36 68 2:5 218 13:33-38 43 13:34-35 21 Ladder of Jacob 13:36 28, 163 6:13 162 13:37 305 13:37-38 28, 206 1 Maccabees 13:39—47 89n, 169 1:60-63 75 13:39-50 21,28 13:44 24 2 Maccabees 13:46-48 24 1:27-29 22n, 23, 89n, 13:48^19 18 2:4-8 29n 13:50-51 56n, 353n 2:7 22n, 23, 89n, 13:51 21 2:18 22n, 169 13:57-58 297n 7:1-3 75 14 127 14:5-6 216n 3 Maccabees 14:22-48 216n 1:23 75 15-16 15 7:23 126

5 Ezra 4 Maccabees 2:42^18 68 1:11 74 5:16-17 75 Fragmentary Targum 5:29 75 Exodus 12:42 70 6:10 74 6:18 75 Jubilees 6:22 159 1:1-6 292 7:4b 74 1:5-7 127 7:8 75 1:15-17 22n, 89n, 169 9:1-2 75 1:26-29 292 9:6 74 1:29 35n 9:30 74 4:23-24 33n 11:20 74 4:26 35n 16:14 74 17:15 74 452 Index of Sources

18:24 126 19:20 284n 21:6 284n Mishnah 23:27 284n Abot 24:1-33 284 24:23 284 5.8 132 36:11 22n, 89n, 169 Mid. 39:1-11 283 39:6-7 2.3 169 283 43:16-17 144 48:10 Sanhédrin 22n, 23, 89n, 169 3.3 89n, 169 Talmud Bavli Paraleipomena Ieremiou b. Berakot 3:2 132 28b 322n 4:1 132 6:15-7:4 224a b. Hag. 7:24-35 224a 14a 316n

Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer b. Sanh. 34 351n 18a 362n 38b 316n Psalms of Solomon 43a 387n 8:8-13 93, 172 11 22n, 89n, 169n b. Sot. 17 70 48b 282 17:23 305 17:28-31 22n, 89n, 169n Talmud Yerushalmi 17:50 22n, 89n y. Ta'an. 68d 303 Sepher ha-Razim 1 129 Targum of Deuteronomy 33:6 351n Shemoneh Esreh 10 22n, 89n, 169 Targum of Isaiah 24:14 351n Sibylline Oracles 24:23 68 2.171 24 31:4 68 2.241^14 313 45:6 350n, 351n 3.657-58 143 65:15 351n 3.663-68 94 4.174-75 131 Targum of Jeremiah 51.39 351n Sirach 51.57 351n 1:11-30 284n 6:32-37 284n Targum Onqelos 15:1 284n Deuteronomy 16:18-19 144 32:12 35n Index of Sources 453

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan 18:2-9 305 Deuteronomy 18:12 394n 32:39 264 Testament of Moses Targum Yer. 3:4-9 24 3.8 295n 4:9 24 8.4 295n 11.20 295n Testament of Reuben 16.17 295n 6:5-12 305

Testament of Abraham Testament of Solomon 10-15 52 6:6 60

Testament of Benjamin Tobit 7:1-4 132 12:20 127,216n 9:2 22n, 89n, 169 13:5 22n, 89n, 169 10:11 22n, 89n, 169 13:13 89n, 169 13:16 89, 169 Testament of Dan 13:16-18 26 5:8 131 14:4-5 22n 14:6-7 89n, 169 Testament of Joseph 14:15 126 19:4 22n, 89n, 169 Vitae prophetarum Testament of Judah 2:11-18 29n 23:5 394n 24:4-6 157 Wisdom of Solomon 6:3 220 Testament of Levi 6:18 284 2-5 52 11:1-19:9 132 18:15-16 209

Dead Sea Scrolls

Damascus Document = CD lQpHab 2:12 305 2:7-10 286 5:6-8 93, 172 2:8 288 6:1 305 5:8-12 287n 12:1-2 91n, 170n 7:1-5 286 19:5-17 286 8:1-3 75 19:10-11 305 12:1-10 287n 19:34 331n 20:1 305 lQHodayot 20:22-23 90, 169 1.21 284 2.13 288 454 Index of Sources

2.17-18 284 5.4-7 90, 170 3.18 394n 8.4-10 90, 170 3.32-36 144 8.13-15 286 4.27-29 288 8.15 288,289 5.8-10 288 9.3-6 90, 170 7.16 331n 9.10-11 305 7.27 288 9.13 288,289 10.5-7 284n 11.4-5 284n lQSa 11.9-10 284n 2.3-11 91n, 170n 11.16-17 284n 12-13 3-5 12.11-14 284n 12.32-34 284n IQapGen 13.18-19 284n 20.28-29 392,395 14.8 288 1Q32 83,85n, 163n 18.10-11 284n 18.19 284 2Q24 = 2QNew 18.19-21 284 85n, 163n Frag. 1 3 88n, 167n lQIscf 6.2-10 287 4QLXXLevb 363

1QM War Scroll 4QpPsa° 1.1-7 95, 97 4.27 288 1.2-3 89n, 169 1.3 97 4Q174 = 4QFlorilegium 1.7-8 89n, 169 1-2 i 14 285 1.10 96 1.3-4 93n, 172n 1.13-16 94 1.10-13 305 2.10-14 95 3.5 95n 4Q176 = 4QTanhumin 3.11 97 8.3 93, 172 5.1-2 96 7.3-6 70 4Q213 = 4QTLevi" 7.4 97 82 7.4-5 9 In, 170n 7.6 96 4Q214 = 4QTLevibar 11:7-8 305 82 14:10 394n 15.1 95 4Q232 3 15.2 95 16.1 95 4Q246 83, 87n, 166n 19.1 96 4Q385 = 4QPseudo-Ezekiela IQS 84 1.9 288 4.9 73 4Q386 = 4QPseudo-Ezekielb 4.19-21 394n 84 Index of Sources 455

4Q387 84 Frag. 1 ii 15 88n Frag. I ii 20 88n 4Q388 = 4QPseudo-Ezekield Frag. 1 iii 20 167n, 169 84 4Q555 = 4QNewJerusalemb 4Q391 = 4QpapPseudo-Ezekiele 83, 85n, 163n 84 1 3 88n

4Q394-98 = 4QMMTB 5Q15 = 5 QNew Jerusalem 34-35 95n 85n, 87, 163n, 166-67 Frag 1 i 2 88n, 167n 4Q504 = 4QWords of the Luminaries" Frag. 1 i 2-5 164 89n Frag. 1 i 15 88n Frags. 1-2 vi 10-13 Frag. 1 ii 6 88, 167n 169 Frag. Iii 6-7 169

4Q543 = 4QVsions of Amran 11Q18 = llQNewJerusalem 84 83, 85n, 163n Frag. 16 6 88n, 167n 4Q544 = 4QVsions of Amran 84 11 QMelchisedek 12 285 4Q545 = 4QVsions of Amran 17 285 84 18 305

4Q546 = 4QVsions of Amran llQTemple = 11Q19 = 11QV 84 89 18:14-16 23, 89n, 169 4Q547 = 4QVsions of Amran 36:11 90, 169 84 39:3 90, 169 39:11-16 164 4Q548 = 4QVsions of Amran 39:12-13 27, 87, 88, 89, 167, 168, 84 169, 278 40:11-13 164 4Q552 83 40:11-14 27, 87, 88, 89, 167, 168, 169, 278 4Q553 83 41:15 90, 169 43:3-18 93n 4Q554 = 4QNewJerusalem" 45:7-12 91 83, 85n, 87, 88, 163n, 46:16-18 91, 171 165, 167, 168 47:3-6 92, 172 Frag. 1 i 9—ii 11 26,89,169,278 47:3-18 172 Frag, li 9-22 165 47:7-12 171 Frag. 1 i 12—ii 9 88 47:7-18 91, 170 Frag. 1 ii 15 167n 456 Index of Sources

Josephus

Antiquities 20.102 389 2.275-76 409 20.167-68 390 3.179-87 106 20.169-72 5 4.46 365 20.196-72 390 6.56 290n 8.42-49 409 Contra Apionem 8.25 393n 1.37 290n 8.280 269,362n 2.190 266,362 8.346 290n 8.350 263 Jewish Wars 9.99-101 224 2.117-18 389 11.26 218 2.120-21 70 11.133 24 2.259 390 14.304-323 107 2.261-63 5,390 16.162-65 228n 3.351-54 289 18.1-10 389 3.354 297n 18.85-87 389 3.400-2 303 19.280-84 230 5.201 89, 169 19.343^46 106,112 5.205 169 20.90 365 5.207-8 89, 169 20.97-98 389 6.312-23 290n

Philo of Alexandria

Apology De prem. et poen. 11.14-17 70 70 351n

Legatio ad Gaium Praem. 353 117 94-97 89n, 169 162-72 22n, 89n, 169

Legum allegoriae Quod Deus 1.50 72 110 263

De migr. Abr. Qu is rer. div. 190-91 325n 266 325n

Mosis Somn. 1.75 263 1.231 263 1.37 292n De specialibus legibus 2.40 292n 1.66-67 146 2.50-52 15 4.48-51 325n 2.280-81 315 4.52 181

Plant. Vit. cont. 93 269, 362 11 332 Index of Sources 457

Greek and Latin Sources

Achilles Tatius Aristotle Leucippe and Clitophon Rhetorica 2.2-2 244 3.6-7 244 1409A-B 52n 3.8 244 Arrian Ad Herennium Anabasis Alexandri 1.12-13 53n 3.3-4 308 7.23 17 Aelius Aristides Asclepius Orationes 14.17-18 264 44.44 107 134.25-26 263 48,2 127,216n Athenaeus Aphthonius Deipnosophistae Progymnasmata 6.253df 111 12 244 Callimachus Apollodorus Aetia Bibliotheca 3.12.6 358n 1.1.21-22 127,216n

Apollonius Rhodius Imagines6 249 Argonautica 67.67-67 244 Cebes 3-213—48 244 Tabula 3.248-52 359 2.1 249 3.477-78 359 5.1-3 248 3.528-30 359 Cicero Appian Académica priora Bella civilian 2.16.51 127,216n 4.2.8 218,229 4.2.11 218 De inventione 5.7 llOn 1.21 53n 146 110 De leg. Apuleius 2.18 107 Metamorphoses 11.5 355n De oratione 3.10.37 177n

De república 6 329n 458 Index of Sources

Corpus Hermeticum Diogenes (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. 1.2 58 Hercher) 1.31-32 297n Epistulae 1.32 331n 15 219n 13 55 17 219n 13.13 55 20 219n 13.22 55 Dionysius Antiochenus (Epistolographi Demetrius of Phaleron Graeci, ed. Hercher) On Style Epistulae 2.71 267, 364 39 219n 65 219n Demosthenes Orationes Dionysius of Halicarnassus 54.39 356n Roman Antiquities 7.72.9 217n Dio Cassius 28.8 118n Empedocles 30.1 118n 45.6.5 108n Fragmenta 14(21) 264 51.20.1 111 53.30.61 108n 59.24.3—4 108 Ennius 59.24.5 109, 112 Annales 59.26.5 118n 5 216n 59.26.8 118n 59.28.5 118 Euripides 61.20-2-4 112 Bacchae 63.5.2 108 1 366n 63.8.3 112 63.15.2 112 Hecuba 63.18.3 112 1 366n 67.4.3 108n 67.13.4 117 Ion 73.23.2 127, 216n 1 366n 79.10.1-2 216n Orestes Dio Chrysostom 1628 366n Orationes 18.18 55 Troades 45.1 117 1 366n

Diodorus Siculus Fronto 4.45.2-3 359 Ep. Ad M. Antionium, De eloquentia 4.66 72 1.5 228n 17.49.2-51 308 17.66 105 Index of Sources 459

Heraclitus Hymn to Hestia Frag 112 (ed. Kahn) 217n 24 365

Hermogenes Iamblichus Progymnasmata De mysteriis 10 244 7.4-5 396n, 413

Herodian Iliad 1.207 366n 8.7.2 107 18.478-608 243 19.101-5 328n Herodotus 1.48 51n Isocrates 217 1.69 Archidamus 3.40 217, 230n 96 72 3.122 217, 230n 72 4.71 Epistulae (Epistolographi Graeci, 5.24 217 ed. Hercher) 7.150 217 2.2 219n 8.140 217 2.1 219n 9.21 217 5.2 219n

Hesiod Johannes Lydus Theogony De mensibus 34 362n 4.73 248 404-52 54 412-15 354n Livy 37.46.4 107n Works and Days 38.37.4 107n 109-201 274 39.7.1 17n 45.44 108 Ps.-Hippocrates (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Lucan Epistulae Saturnalia 8 218n 10 217

Historia Alexandri Magni (ed. Kroll) Lucian 1.40.2 218 Alexander Homeric Hymns 13 396n, 413 36 181,257 Hymn to Demeter 43 60 24-24 356n 51-59 356n Calumniae 356n 438 4-5 245 460 Index of Sources

Cataplus Martial 7 356n 5.8.1 117 7.34.8 117 Dial. mort. 1.3 356n Menander Rhetor 6.1 358n 2.17 216 6.1-6 358n 13.3 358n Nicolaus Progymnasmata Hercules 12 244 4 249 Nonnus Hist, conscr. Dionysiaca 55 53n 25.380-567 244

Icaromenippus Odyssey 13 58 I.22-95 102 1.200 ff. 181 Menippus 2.1-256 102 6 360 7.84-132 244 6ff. 360 11 353 9 360n II.14 353 10-10 360 11.21 353 22 360 11.47 360n 12.22 350n De mercede conductis 15.173-78 328n 42 245 Orphic Hymns 355 De mort. 350n Praef. 43 366n 1.2 354ns Nav. 1.7 269 15 356 1.9 366n I.89 366 Philopseudes 9.11 366n 9 396n II.4 366n 23-24 360 11.21 366n 29 408 12.14 366n 12.238 366 Verae historiae 90 13.88 366 2.11 169 13.603 366 14.12 366n Macrobius 27.11 366n Saturnalia 33.8 366n 1.20.16-17 343n, 344n 34.1 366n 1.23.14-16 231 35.7 366n 36.13 366n 40.8 366n Index of Sources

Ovid IV.521 363 Ars amatorius IV.528 362n, 363 IV.710-11 403 3.119 103 IV. 845 359n Metamorphoses IV.962-3 363n 1.175-76 103 IV.992 362n IV.992-3 363 362n Palatine Anthology IV.993 IV. 1034-5 363n Garland of Philip IV. 1040-41 363n 36.2 217n IV. 1043^14 363n IV. 1125 362 Papyri Graecae Magicae IV. 1171 366n 1.1—42 352 IV. 1182-83 363 1.89-90 366 IV.1220ff. 363n 1.148 359n IV. 1224 362n 366n 1.163 IV. 1230 ff. 409 1.173-77 352 IV. 1243 393 1.296-325 365 IV. 1244 393 II.2 366n IV. 1245 366, 393 363n 11.16 IV. 1254 393n 359n 111.46 IV. 1403 357 359n III.46-47 IV. 1465 358n 366n III.51 IV. 1467-68 359 111.63 393 IV.1560ff. 363n III. 123-24 366 IV. 1593 366 366n III. 129 IV. 1605 366n III.276 352 IV.1914 408 III.415-16 403 IV. 1924 366 III.458 363n IV. 1950 408 403 III.470ff. IV.2037 366 III.481 366n IV.2098 366 III.536 357 IV.2118 359n III.564 366n IV.2264 359n III.573 ff. 363n IV.2278 359n 363n 111.582 IV.2293 357n III.661 267 IV.2332 357n IV 359 IV.2335 357n 393 IV.86 IV.2351 362n IV.204 ff. 363n IV.2395 357n IV.236-37 366 IV.2441-2621 359 IV.289 393 IV.2441-2890 359 IV.333 408 IV.2525 359n IV.340-41 358n IV.2545 359n 362n IV.411 IV.2609 359n IV.475-829 360 IV.2609-10 359n IV.487-8 267, 363 IV.2610 359n IV.520 363 IV.2611 356 462 Index of Sources

IV.2622 359n VII.476 362n IV.2632 359n VII.540-77 352 IV.2640 359n VII.669 359n IV.2662-2784 359 VII.720 362n IV.2664-5 359n VII.780-85 357n IV.2692 359n VII.785 357n IV.2711 359n VII.866 359n IV.2713 359n VII.891 361 IV.2722 357 VII.896 359 IV.2730 359n VII.898 361 IV.2749-50 359 VII.961 366n IV.2785 359n VII.962 366n IV.2815 359n VII.963 366n IV.2821 359n VII.964 366n IV.2836-7 269, 355, 362 VII.965 366n IV.2837 269 XII.287-8 409 IV.2880 359n XIII.20 359n IV.2957 359n XIII.39 267, 362 IV.2985 359n XIII.207 363 IV.3007-86 393,418 XIII.603-11 361 IV.3008 if. 410 XIII.779-80 363n IV.3013 393 XIII.811 363 IV.3024 419 XIII.815-16 409 IV.3037-38 393 XIII.849-59 362n IV.3041 393 XIII.931 362n IV.3044 393 XIII.975-6 409 IV.3209-54 352 XIII.977-78 363n IV.3238-9 363 XIII. 1020 364 V.125 393 XIII. 1020-21 363n V.130 393 XIII. 1045 364 V.133 393 XIII. 1047 363n V.158 393 XVI 350n V.164 393 XX 350n V.249 366n XXI.11-12 267 V.363 362n, 363 XXI. 11-14 362 V.367 362n, 363 XXIII 353 VI.14 366 XXXIV 383 VI.28-9 363n XXXVI. 188 359n VII. 109-16 352 XL 372n VII.220 363 XLIV 362n VII.242 393 LII.4 359n VII.248^19 366 LVII 350n VII.307 ff. 363n LVII.6 408 VII.319-34 352 LXII.9-10 359n VII.329 ff. 366 LXII.25 366n VII.335^7 352 LXX 357, 360 VII.348-58 352 LXX.4 359n VII.375 363 LXX.5 360 Index of Sources 463

LXX.23 359n Leges LXXI.3^ 364 4.715e 263, 269, 362n LXXII 350n 4.716a 266 LXXXV 350 5.745bff. 105 XCIII.5 359n 5.771b 105 XCIV.l 359n 12.956a 107 CXVII 350n CXXII 350n Phaedo 4.60e-61b 127, 216n Pausanias 2.2.2 127,216n Republic 2.30.2 356n 10.617E 49 3.14.9 356 5.20.3 353n, 358n Timaeus 10.12.10 263, 343n 37e 263

Ps.-Phalaris (Epistolographi Graeci, Pliny ed. Hercher) Historia naturales Epistulae 4.12.69 233 17.1 219n 15.15 70 45 219n 33.16.54 107n 56 219n 84 219n Pliny the Younger Epistulae Philostratus 2.13.8 118n Vita Apollonii 3.5.4 127,216n 4.44 181 3.13.1 118n

Vitae sophistarum Pan. 2.30 103 2.7 118n 4.20 393n 33.4 117 523 382 78.2 117 590 382 88.4 118n 88.7 118n Plato 88.8-9 118n Alcibiades Plutarch 2.149b 217n Aemilius Paulus Apologia 34.5 107n 22c 343 41a 358n Alexander 27.2 308 Gorgias 27.5-11 308 524a 358n 37.7 105

Ion Ant. 534d 343 24 11 On 464 Index of Sources

Brutus De sera numinis vindictis 3.3 51 563Bff. 49

De def. orac. De supersititione 39(431d-432f) 325n 165f-166a 379n

Demosthenes Theseus 41.4-5 106 16.2 72

De facie Polybius 920b 379 2.56.1-16 53n 942f 350n 30.16 108

De genio Socratis Porphyry 22 60 Abst. 589F-592E 48 2.16 358

De gloria Ath. Propertius 347A-B 50 3.3 127, 216n

De Iside et Osiride Ps.-Pythagoras (Epistolographi Graeci, 354c 263 ed. Hercher) Epistulae Lysander 4.1 219n 3.3 110 5.1 219n

Marcellus Quintilian Institutio oratoria 14.7 227 3.3.1 220n 3.8.7 177n 3.8.48 177n Pericles12.2 247 De Pythiae oraculis 11.1.1-93 177n 402a 72 Q. Curtius Rufus Quaestiones convivales 4.25-30 308 7.6.3 356n Quintus Smyrnaeus Quaestiones Graecae Posthomerica 99-99 72 6.471-92 244

Quaestiones Romanae Res gestae divi Augusti 61 248 10 111 34 114 Septem sapientium conv. 151b 218 Sappho Frag. 1.5 365 Frag. 1.25 365 Index of Sources 465

Scholia Aristophanem 25 106n In Plutum 31.2 106 94 355n Vespasian Scholia in Lucianem 5.5 290n 7 395n Vit. Auct. 8 356n Tacitus Scholia in Theocritum Annals 12.51 106 Idyll 14.15 112 2.12 361n 15.44 3

Servius Historia Comm. In Verg. Aen. 1.15.1 114 6.35 354n 4.81 395n 2.351 248 5.13 290n

Ps.-Socrates (Epistolographi Graeci, Ps.-Thaïes (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) ed. Hercher) Epistulae Epistulae 12 219n 1 219n

Sophocles Theognis Trachiniae 1.3^1 362n 183 72 761 72 Theon Progymnasmata Strabo 1 244 14.1-34 308 11 244 14.2.25 356n, 357n 14.648 llOn Theophrastus 14.674 llOn Characters 17.1.43 308 16.7 358

Suetonius Thucydides Caligula 1.129.3 229 14 114 3.85 72 22.1 118 22.2 118 Vergil Domitian Aeneid 354n 4 108n 4.5111 13.2 117 6.35 360 6.247 360 360 Nero 6.264-67 20.3 112n 466 Index of Sources

Papyri and Inscriptions

Corpus Inscriptionem Graecarum P. Oxyrynchus III, 933, no. 6298 8.160-70 216n 358n 412 353 3019 103n P. Köln Inv. T. 3020 103n 1.10-11 358n

Egyptian Literature

Book of the Dead 1.1 350n 42.42^12 35 In 15.15 35On, 35In 24.4 35 In 175.20 350n, 351n Index of Authors

Aarne, A. 378n Bardke, H. 323n Aberle, D. F. 371n Bardy, G. 408n Abt, A. 378n Barr, J. 271 Abramowski, R. 333n Barrett, C.K. 303n, 321n, 388n, 394n, Achtemeier, P.J. 261, 388n, 405, 406 395n, 403n Adler, A. 217n, 356n Barton, J. 28In Ahlström, G. 179n Bartsch, S. 140n Aland, B. 253 Barthélémy, D. 85n Aland, K. 253 Bauckham, R. 96n, 97, 153n, 158n, 159, Albright, W. F. 17n 197 Alexander, P. 57n, 352n Bauer, W. 184n, 253, 323n, 416n Alfoldi, A. 100, 108n, 111, 112n Bauernfeind, O. 368, 404, 405n Allo, E.-B. 253n Baumgärtel, F. 326n Althaus, P. 413n Baumgarten, J. 9In, 170n Altman, A. 56n, 352n Beale, G.K. 234 Amidon, P.R. 124n Beare, F.W. 399n Andersen, F. I. 15n, 33, 35 Beasley-Murray, G. R. 187n, 235, 236, Andresen, C. 410n 252n Applebaum, S. 390n Beatus of Liebana 10 Attridge, H. W. 52n, 253n, 329n, 351n Beauvery, R. 139n Audollent, A. M. H. 356, 357n, 358n, Becker, H.S. 376n, 407 359n, 36In, 362n, 378n Becker, J. 18n Auerbach, E. 193 Beckwith, I.T. 251n Aune, D.E. 2, 12, 27n, 56n, 81n, 95n, Behm, J. 235, 394n, 412n 96n, 99n, Hin, 122n, 124n, 128n, Benner, M. 228, 229n 132n, 146n, 152n, 153n, 158n, 188, Berger, A. 227n 213n, 214n, 222n, 223n, 226n, 233n, Berger, K. 15n, 212n, 224n, 225, 326n, 239n, 250n, 25In, 259n, 280n, 289n, 387n 295n, 296n, 297n, 302n, 307n, 309n, Berger, R. 214n 311n, 315n, 316n, 318n, 32In, 322n, Bergman, J. 298n, 350n 323n, 324n, 340n, 34In, 348n, 349n, Bernard, J.H. 322n, 333n 352n, 363n, 366n, 381n, 388n, 394n Betz, H.D. 48^19, 64, 110n„ 347n, 351, Avenarius, G. 53n 353n, 357, 360, 365n, 368n, 379n, Avi-Yonah, M. 94n 394n, 406n, 41 In, 417n Avray, P. 280n Betz, O. 28In Beyer, K. 85n, 163n Baillet, M. 85n, 163n Beyerlin, W. 224n Balogh, G. 50n, 5In Bietenhard, H. 330n, 408n Barb, A.A. 369,381n Billerbeck, P. 386n, 387n, 393n, 395 468 Index of Authors

Bissoli, G. 24n, 28n Buchsel, F. 391n Black, M. 14n, 35n, 152n, 157, 225n Budge, E. A. W. 350n Blau, L. 363n, 380n, 386n Bultmann, R. 327, 333n, 386n, 387n, Blenkinsopp, J. 179n, 289n, 303n 395n, 397n, 400 Bloch, René 282n, 283n, 287n, 291 Buresch, K. 343 Bloch, Raymond 374n Burkert, W. 357n, 379n Blumenthal, E. 358n Burkitt, F.C. 322n Böcher, O. 391n, 394n, 396n, 397n, 410n B0e, S. 144n Cabrai, F. 362n Bogaert, P. 15n, 2In, 24n, 25n, 29n, 151, Cadbury, H. J. 314n,397n 153 Cahnman, W. J. 176n Boll, F. 37, 362n Caird, G. B. 235n, 255, 256n Boman, T. 271,273 Callan, T. 300n,314n Bonner, C. 378n, 391, 394n, 395n, 397n, Carmignac, J. 286n, 43, 62, 298n, 323n, 412 382n Bonnet, H. 238 Case, S.J. 303n, 306n, 394n Borg, M. 8 Casey, R. 322n Borgen, P. 283n Casson, L. 186 Boring, M.E. 235n, 250n, 295n Cassuto, U. 31 Bornkamm, G. 104n, 184n Castagnoli, F. 139n Boskoff, A. 176 Cerfaux, L. 54n, 106n, 280n, 295n Bourne, F.C. 228n, 23In Chadwick, H. 322n Bourret, M. 41 On Charles, R.H. 15n, 153, 154,, 187n, Bousset, W. 104, 187n, 215n, 233, 234, 214n, 215n, 233, 251n, 25, 254n3n 25In, 253n, 354n, 371n, 407n, 416n, Charlesworth, J.H. 2, 15, 19n, 20n, 57n, 419n 91n, 94n, 141n, 163, 322n, 323n, 324n, Bowden, J. 380n 325n, 327n, 33In, 336n, 339n, 352n Bowker, J. W. 292n Charlesworth, M. P. 115n Box, G.H. 15n Chilton, B. 3 In Braaten, C. 386n Chyutin, M. 26n, 85, 87n, 165n, 166n, Brandon, S.G.F. 372n 167n Braun, H. 79 Clinard, M. B. 375n Bremmer, J. 31 Cohn, N. 5 Brin, G. 293n Cole, S. 376n Brockman, C. T. 368n Coleman-Norton, P. R. 228n, 23In Brooke, G.J. 27n, 82n, 86n, 89n, 28In, Collins, J.J. 17n, 19n, 21n, 29n, 41^13, 287n,289n 48, 52, 54n, 61n, 62, 63n, 65, 81n, 82n, Broshi, M. 87n, 89n, 166, 168 83n, 84n, 15In, 175n, 177n, 294n, Brown, P. 49, 369, 384n 298n, 347n Brown, R.E. 30In, 32In Collins, M.F. 29n, 390n Brownlee, W. 280, 286n, 287n Conybeare, F. C. 386n, 408n Brox, N. 368, 369, 382n Conzelmann, H. 237n, 416n Bruce, F.F. 285n, 317n Coppens, J. 395n Brueggemann, W. 16n Coser, L.A. 376n Brun, L. 414n,415 Cothenet, É. 296n Brunt, A. 308 Court, J. M. 184n Brunwand, J. H. 378n Crenshaw, J.L. 181n, 310n Buchanan, G.W. 235n Cross, F.M. 40, 83n,329n Index of Authors 469

Crossan, J. D. 8 Dölger, F.J. 41 On Cullmann, O. 101, 270, 271, 274, 323, Döpp, H.-M. 29n 387n Dornier, P. 237n Currie, S.D. 413n Dornseif, F. 412n, 419 Cuss, D. 112n, 116n Dörrie, H. 178n, 330n Cutten, G.B. 413n Dörries, H. 178n330n Doty, W. G. 39,43,55 Dahl, N. A. 301, 306n, 316n Douglas, J. 376n Daniel, R. 377n Douglas, M. 369, 375, 384n Daniélou, J. 341n Dubrow, H. 53n Dassmann, E. 107n Duhaime, J. 94n Daumas, F. 298 Duling, D. 300n, 305n, 314, 387n Dautzenberg, G. 182n, 282n, 296, 320n Dunn, J.D.G. 92n, 171n, 317n, 387n, Davies, P. R. 96n, 286n 397n Davies, W.D. 16n, 283n, 38In Dürkheim, E. 374,375 Davis, F.J. 375n Davis, M. 380n Eckstein, F. 378n Davis, N.J. 375n Eddy, S.K. 348n Dégh, L. 124n Edgar, C.C. 11 In Deichgräber, R. 109n, llOn, 237n, 332n, Ego, B. 28n 344n Ehrenberg, V. llln, 227n Deißmann, A. 116, 223n, 368, 396n, Ehrman, B.D. 121 399n, 407n, 408n, 416, 417n Eitrem, S. 371n, 377n, 378n, 380n, 390n, de Jong, K. H. E. 374n 392n, 393n, 395n, 396n, 400, 403n, de Jonge, M. 82n, 153n, 30In, 305n, 407n, 410, 412n, 413n, 414n, 415n, 306n, 388n 417n, 418n, 419n Delatte, A. 378n Elbogen, I. 344n Delcor, M. 363n, 382n Elgvin, T. 82n Delling, G. 109n, 344n, 379n, 380n, 382n Eliade, M. 384n,413n Delobel, J. 214n Ellermeier, F. 224n Denzin, N.K. 376n Elliger, K. 284n, 285n Derchain, P. 378n Elliott, J.K. 2n Deubner, F. 36In Elliott, S.M. 98n De Vries, J. 373 Ellis, E. E. 280n, 294n, 296, 297n, 320n Dexler 357n Ellis, J.M. 52n de Zwaan, J. 322n, 323 Emerton, J.A. 86n, 284n, 285n, 322n Dibelius, M. 237n, 396n Endres, J.C. 292n Dieterich, A. 36In, 365n, 368, 372n, Engemann, J. 369 396n, 397n, 408n Erikson, K.T. 375n Dietzel, A. 412n Evans, C. A. 287n Dijkstra, M. 223n, 224n Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 370-71 Dimant, D. 81n, 82n, 83, 84, 87n, 166n, Exler, F. J. 215n 286n Dittenberger, W. 230n Fairman, H.W. 237n Dombkowski Hopkins, D. 288n Farneil, L.R. 356n, 361n Dodd, C.H. 8, 294n Faulkner, R. O. 350n Dodds, E. R. 371n, 412n Fehling, D. 217n, 218n Doeve, J. W. 323 Fekkes, J. 93n, 172 470 Index of Authors

Feldman, L.H. 289n, 290n, 348n Ginsburg, H. L. 162,280 Fensham, C.F. 95n Glasson, T.F. 14n Ferguson, J. 372n Godwin, J. 359n Festugiére, A.-J. 372, 374, 378n, 393n, Goffman, E. 384n 413n, 414n Goldin, J. 382n Finkel, A. 284n González,C. 10 Finkelstein, L. 283n González, J. 10 Finley, M. 50, 99n Goode, W. J. 372-73,377 Fishbane, M. 29In Goodenough, E.R. 54n, 372n, 378n, Fisher, L. 387n 380n, 382n, 397n Fitzmyer, J. 87n, 304n, 31 In, 316n, 392 Granfield, P. 322n Flint, P. 27n Grant, R.M. 315, 322n, 386n, 388n Flusser, D. 91, 135n, 170n, 347n, 380n, Green, W.S. 27n, 86n, 165n, 401n 395n Greenfield, J. C. 82n Foerster, W. 24n Greer, R. 285n, 29In, 293n, 299n Fontenrose, J. 343n, 414n Grelot, P. 32, 299n Ford, J. M. 79 Grese, W. C. 55n Fornara, C.W. 50n Griffith, F.L. 35In, 377n Fossum, J. 315n Griffith, H. 57n Fowler, A. 213 Griffiths, J. G. 355n, 378n Fox, R.L. 308n Groningen, B.A. van 49n Francke, P.R. 355n Grottanelli, C. 307n Frankfort, H. 237n Grudem, W.A. 250n, 296n Frazer, J. G. 348n, 374n, 408n Gruenwald, I. 57n, 84n, 327n, 369 Frei, H. 193,210 Gundel, H.G. 358n, 380 Fridh, Á. 220n, 228 Gunkel, H. 414n Fridrichsen, A. 386n, 392n, 394n, 397, Grundmann, W. 398, 399n 403n, 404—5 Gundry, R.H. 93n, 141n, 145n Friebel, K.G. 287n Gunkel, H. 234 Friedrich, G. 180n, 250n, 320n Güttgemanns, E. 52n Fuller, R.H. 300n, 312n, 316n, 386n, 387n, 394n Habel, N. 179n Funk, R. 8 Hadas, M. 406n Hadorn, D.W. 234n, 254n Gager, J. 176n, 388n Haenchen, E. 315 Ganschinietz, R. 363n Hagen, H. 354n García-Martínez, F. 27n, 79n, 85n, 86, Hägg, T. 54n 87, 90n, 9In, 92n, 93n, 163n, 164, 166, Hahn, F. 14n, 219n, 387n 167, 169n, 170n, 172, 288n Hahnhart, R. 16n Gärtner, B. 90n, 94n, 169n Haines, C. P. 228n Gaston, L. 296n Haines-Eitzen, K. 12In Genette, G. 177n, 240 Hall, W. 296n, 297 Georgi, D. 292n, 406n Halliday, W.R. 393n Gerhard, G. A. 218 Halpern, B. 304n, 31 On Gibbons, D.C. 375n, 376n Halpern-Amaru, B. 16n Giblin, C.H. 96, 145n, 258n Hamerton-Kelly, R. G. 27n, 28n Giesen, H. 79, 92n, 165n Hani, J. 350n Gießen, A. 127n, 234 Index of Authors 471

Hanson, P.D. 6, 14n, 40n, 8In, 175n, Holtz, T. 221n,222n,234n, 236,239, 324n 353n, 362n Hanson, J.S. 61, 177n, 303n, 305n, Hooke, S.H. 238n 329n Hopfner, T. 56n, 352n, 353n, 358n, 366n, Harlow, D.C. 15n,28n, 33n 374n, 377, 379, 383n, 396n, 404, 409n, Harnack, A. von 7, 408n, 41 In, 412 413, 415n, 418n Harnack, T. 10In Hopkins, K. 116n, 117 Harrington, D. 87n, 92n, 17In, 175n Hoppe, L. J. 26n Harrington, W. J. 235n Horgan, M. P. 286n, 287n, 288n Harris, J. R. 322n, 332n, 333n, 339n, Horsley, G.H.R. 227, 358n 342n Horsley, R.A. 289n, 303n, 305n Harris, M. 37In Hort, F. J. A. 215, 254n Harrisville, R. 386n Howe, W. W. 105 Hartke, W. 115n Hubert, H. 378n Hartman, L. 42, 48, 143, 223, 25In Huffmon, H. B. 224n Hawthorne, G. F. 295n Hull, J. M. 369, 380n, 382, 391n, 393n, Hay, D.M. 300n, 306, 316n 405-6, 414n, 418 Hayes, J. H. 18n, 300n Hunt, A. S. 11 In Head, B.V. 356n, 357n Hyatt, J.P. 38In Heckenbach, J. 356n, 357n Heitmüller, W. 368, 383n, 407n, 409, Imhoof-Blumer, F. 355n 410n, 416n Immerwahr, H.R. 50n, 53n Helck, W. 238n Ingelaere, C. 289n, 290n Hellholm, D. 2, 39n, 40, 42, 43-46, 52n, Instinsky, H.U. 115 64n, 65, 80n, 128n, 212n, 25In, 298n, Isenberg, S. R. 384n, 388n, 389n, 390n 348n, 350n, 352n, 420 Isser, S. 384n Hendrickson, G. L. 51 n Hengel, M. 282n, 290n, 291, 347n, 380n, Jacob, B. 408n 382n, 388n, 389n Janzen, W. 16n Henrichs, A. 351n, 368, 369, 377n Jellicoe, S. 291n Hercher, R. 218n, 219n Jenkins, J. 11 Herford, R.T. 386n Jenni, E. 36n Hermann, W. 7 Jeremias, A. 234 Herrmann, S. 358n Jeremias, G. 219n Herter, H. 378n Jeremias, Joachim 8, 236-37, 295n, Herzig, O. 378n 354n, 394n Higgins, A.J.B. 314, 316n Jeremias, Jörg 144n Hill, D. 179n, 250, 320n, 323n, 327n, Joachim of Fiore 10 333n, 343 Johnson, A.C. 228n, 23In Himmelfarb, M. 27n Johnson, A. R. 344 Hindley, J.C. 160 Johnson, S.E. 394n Hirsch, E. 52n Joly, R. 419 Hirschfeld, O. 113n Jones, A.H.M. 227n Hobbins, J.F. 35n Jones, J. F. 375n, 376n Hock, R. F. 176n Jordan, D.R. 378n Hoffmann, Y. 181 Jörns, K.-P. 109n, 110, 344n, 345n Hollander, H.W. 82n Jourjon, M. 298n Jucci, E. 287n 472 Index of Authors

Judge, E. A. 227n, 256n Kraft, R.A. 286n, 382n Juel, D. 294n Kramer, W. 307n Jungmann, J. A. 322n Krappe, A.H. 378n Kraus, H.-J. 303n, 304n Kaibel, G. 358n Kraus, T. 355n, 356, 357n, 358n Kapelrud, A. S. 344n Krauss, J. 386n Karrer, M. 125, 223n, 224, 251n Kreitzer, L. J. 30n Käsemann, E. 176n, 326n, 413n Kristeva, J. 240 Kavanagh, M.A. 147 Kroeber, A. L. 384n Keck, L. 305n Kroll, J. 344n, 354n Kee, H.C. 387n, 388n, 392n, 400 Kropp, A.M. 377n, 397n Kees, H. 35In Kugel, J. L. 285n, 29In, 293n, 299n Keet, C.C. 332n Kuhn, K.G. 364n Keilbach, W. 412n Kuhn, H.-W. 219 Kelly, J. N. D. 237n Kümmel, W.G. 7 Kennedy, G. 177n,213n Kunkel, W. 227n Kent, R. G. 218 Kvanvig, H.S. 80n, 150 Kenyon, F. 363n Kerenyi, K. 54 LaCocque, A. 316n Kern, O. 230n, 357n Ladd, G. 8 Kiddle, M. 25 In LaHaye, T. 11 KievjA. 398n Lähnemann, J. 227n Kiley, M. 256n Lambergits, S. 95n Kim, S. 306, 312n Lambrecht, J. 178, 223n, 251n, 301n, Kim, T. H. 287n 320n Kingsbury, E. C. 329n Lane, W. L. 398 Kingsbury, J. D. 306 Lange, A. 28n Kipp, T. 227n Langevin, P.E. 364n Kirby, J.T. 212n, 223n, 227n Larfeld, W. 227n Kirchschläger, W. 394n Lattke, M. 325n Kirftl, W. 355n Laughlin, G. 193n Klijn, A. F. J. 22n, 29n, 30n, 322n Laughlin, T. C. 252n Klauser, T 107n, 358n Laumonier, E. 355n, 356n Klausner, T. 386n, 397n Lebram, J.C.H. 64, 128n Klinzing, G. 90n, 170n Leclercq, H. 362n Knibb, M. 14n, 151, 152n, 155n, 156, Le Déaut, R. 283n, 292n 288n Lee, J.A.L. 128n Knight, D. A. 293n Leipoldt, J. 414n, 416 Knox, B.M.W. 51n Leivestad, R. 94n, 316n Koehler, W. 357n, 358n Lemert, E.M. 375n, 376n Koester, H. 406n Lemke, W. 40 Kohl 357n Lentzen-Deis, F. 359n Kolenkow,A.B. 384n Leschhorn, W. 355n Koops, M.A. 354n, 357n Lévi-Strauss, C. 384n Koskenniemi, H. 218n Lewis, D. 230n Koster, W.J.W. 355n Lewis, I.M. 63 Kraeling, C.H. 404,408 Licht, J. 86,166 Kraft, H. 233, 235, 326n, 338n, 344 Lichtenberger, H. 28n Index of Authors 473

Lieberman, S. 38In McGaughy, L. C. 39n Liebeschuetz, J. H.W.G. 113n, 115n, 117, McKelvey, R.I. 90n, 93n, 169n 118n McKinney, R. 35n Lietzmann, H. 413n McNamara, M. 264, 351n Lifschitz, B. 380n Meeks, W.A. 256n, 324n Lilje, H. 227n Meier, J.P. 8 Lindars, B. 294n, 300n, 314, 316n Meiggs, R. 230n Lindbeck, G. 190n Mendels, D. 16n Lindblom, J. 227, 326n Merkelbach, R. 54 Lindsey, H. 11 Merton, R.K. 376n, 379 Loader, G. 316n Meyer, E. 389n Lobeck, C.A. 355n Michl, J. 363n Lohmeyer, E. 187, 215n, 233, 25In, Middleton, J. 375n 362n, 398n Milgrom, J. 9In, 17In Lohse, E. 234, 251n, 354n, 395n Milik, J.T. 26n, 35n, 82n, 85n, 163n, 164, Long, B.O. 329n 225n, 288 L'Orange, H.P. 105n Millar, F. lOOn, 103n, 107n, 229n Lösch, S. 106n, 112n Miller, M. 18n Louw, J.P. 218n, 219n, 252n, 253n, 254n Miller, P.D., Jr. 40 Lövestam, E. 387n Millian, G. 354n Lowe, J. E. 378n Minear, P.S. 252n Lücke, Friedrich 2, 80n, 150n Mingana, A. 322n, 332n, 333n, 339n, Lührmann, D. 295n 342n Lull, D.J. 289n Mink, H.-A. 293n Lust, J. 317n Momigliano, A. 271, 369 Luttikhuizen, G.P. 31,32 Mommsen, T. 108n Morenz, S. 350n, 358n, 395n MacCormack, S. 101, 107n, 115n, 117n Moret, A. 237-38 MacMullen, R. 101 n, 11 On, 3 79n Morgan, M. A. 129, 357n Maier, J. 56n, 89n, 168n Moulton, J.H. 354n Malherbe, A. 176n, 186n, 219n Mounce, R.H. 235, 25In Malina, B.J. 80, 15In, 272-74 Mowinckel, S. 344 Manson, W. 306n Müller, H.P. 284n Margalioth, M. 369 Müller, U.B. 186n, 187n, 212n, 225, 226, Marsh, J. 271 234, 25In, 320n, 326n Marshall, I. H. 380n Murphy, F.J. 25n, 29, 30n, 31n Martin, R. P. 101 Mussies, G. 123n, 133n, 252n Martyn, J.L. 305n, 32In, 322n, 324n Musurillo, H. 47n, 103n Marx, A. 97 Myers, J. 151 Marxsen, W. 312n Mylonas, G.E. 356n Mason, H.J. 229n Mattingly, H. 114n Matza, D. 375n Neusner, J. 284n, 382n, 384n, 390n, 409n Mauss, M. 374,375 Newsom, C. 27n McCartney, E. S. 5In Nida, E.A. 218n, 219n, 252n, 253n, 254n McCasland, S.V. 386n, 387n, 405 Nickelsburg, G.W.E. 286n McCown, C.C. 387n Nikolainen, A. T. 257n McDonald, M.F. 134n 474 Index of Authors

Nilsson, M.P. 181n, 350n, 371, 372, 374, Preisigke, F. 368, 397n, 398, 405 378n, 380n, 381n, 382n, 383n, 393n Priest, J. 141n Nisbet, R.S. 376n Prigent, P. 252n, 253 Nock, A. D. 350n, 356n, 358n, 372, 377n, Proulx, I. 377n 380n, 381n Prümm, K. 372, 374n, 382n, 383n, 414n Noort, E. 31, 224n Puech, E. 83 Norden, E. 52n, 237, 238 Quecke, H. 377n O'Callaghan, J. 377n Oehler, K. 114 Rabe, H. 356n Oepke, A. 397n Rabinowitz, I. 287n Ogilvie, R.M. 135n Rad, G. von 6, 288n Onasch, A. 358n Raible, W. 52n Orlinsky, H. 28In, 292 Ramsey, W.M. 186,223 O'Rourke, J. 11 On, 344n Reardon, B.P. 54n Osborne, E.F. 41 On Reichelt, H. 86, 165n Otto, E. 238 Reiling, J. 320n, 335n, 419, 420 Otto, W. 378n Reitzenstein, R. 55, 362n, 368, 416n Owen, D.E. 384n Rhoads, D.M. 389n Richard, P. 10 Panagopoulos, J. 256n, 296n, 320n, 335n, Richards, K.H. 25In 343n Richardson, N. J. 356n Parassoglou, G. M. 377n, 378n Ricks, S.D. 82n, 83n Pardee, D. 225n Rist, M. 409n Perels, O. 395n Ritschl, A. 7 Parker, D.C. 121n Robert, A. 283n Parry, D.W. 82n, 83n Roberts, C.H. 363n Patte, D. 282n Roberts, J.J. M. 19n Pax, E. 365n Robinson, J.M. 391n, 406n Pearson, B.A. 85n Rohde, E. 355n, 392n Pedersen, J. 271 Röhr, J. 374n, 398 Pennington, A. 15n, 33, 35 Roloff, J. 238-39, 252n, 387n, 399n Pernveden, L. 419 Roscher, W.H. 356n, 358n, 361n Perrin, N. 8, 314, 386n, 387n, 394n Rosengren, K. E. 371n Perry, B. 53n Rowland, C. 40n, 57n, 62n Pesch, R. 315n, 388n Rudberg, G. 217n, 227 Peterson, E. lOln, 109n, 189n, 419, 420 Rudolph, K. 323n Petzge, G. 407n Ruecher, A. 358n Pötzer, F. 372 Ruiz, J.-P. 10, 292n Pharr, C. 113n Russell, D. A. 216n Pietersma, A. 133n Pilch, J.J. 152n Sacks, K. 53n Pilhofer, P. 28n Samain, P. 402^1 Philonenki, M. 54n Samuel, D.H. 358n Places, E. des 343 Sanders, E.P. 42, 43n, 48, 54n, 89n, 92n, Pradel, F. 378n 169n, 171n, 380n Preisendanz, K. 351n, 368, 377, 378n, Sanders, J. A. 409n 412n Sandmel, S. 31 On, 323 Index of Authors 475

Sandnes, K.O. 295n Smallwood, E.M. 228n, 230n Sänger, D. 54n Smith, D. M. Jr. 32In Satake, A. 179n, 183, 184n, 25 In, 253n, Smith, J.Z. 84-85, 299n, 348n, 375, 376, 254n 381n, 383n, 402, 404, 409n Sato, M. 259 Smith, K.F. 356n Schalit, A. 303n Smith, M. 56n, 57n, 80n, 151n, 347n, Scheff, T. J. 376n 35In, 352n, 368, 369, 372n, 380n, Schermann, T. 409n, 416 385n, 400n, 406, 407, 411, 412n Schiffman, L. 27n, 8In, 82n, 86n, 87n, Sourvinou-Inwood, C. 33n 165n, 166n Soury, G. 350n Schmauch, W. 394n Sparks, H.F.D. 15n Schmid, J. 123n, 215n, 253n, 254n Spengel, L. 115n Schmithals, W. 395n Spicq, C. 237n Schneemelcher, W. 2 Spiegelberg, W. 298n Schneider, O. 343 Stanford, W.B. 50n, 362n Schoedel, W. 184 Stanton, G. 152n Scholem, G. 57n, 352n Starky, J. 85n, 163n Schramm, T. 392n Stauffer, E. 227n, 387n, 394n Schroeder, D. 368 Stearns, J. B. 216n Schulz, S. 364n Ste Croix, G. E. M. de 99n Schur, E.M. 376n Stegemann, H. 27n, 82n, 86n, 165n, Schürer, E. 283n, 303n, 304n, 382n 219n, 363n Schüssler Fiorenza, E. 178n, 180n, 182n, Stegemann, V. 377n 183, 184, 188, 250n, 25In, 320n, 382n, Stendahl, K. 79, 294n 417n Stivers, R. 375n Schwartz, D. 9In, 170n Stone, M. 18n, 20n, 21n, 24n, 28n, 36n, Schweitzer, A. 7 40, 82n, 83n, 151, 153n, 159, 163, Schweizer, E. 300n, 305n, 388n 286n Scroggs, R. 175n Strack, H. L. 386n, 387n, 393n, 395 Segal, A.F. 35In Strand, K. A. 212n Seibert, J. 308n Strauss, D. 396n Seitz, O.J.F. 316n Strugnell, J. 288 Sekki, A. E. 28In Stuart, M. 252n Selwyn, E. G. 296n Stübe, R. 417n Seters, J. van 53n Stuhlmacher, P. 295n Shea, W. H. 212n Stylow, A. U. 355n Shepherd, M.H. 101 Suhl, A. 406n Sheppard, G.T. 284n Suter, D.W. 292n Sherk, R.K. 228n Sutherland, C.H.V. 101 Sherwin-White, A.N. 11 On, 228n Sweet, J.P.M. 235 Silberman, L.H. 284n, 285n Swete, H.B. 154, 215n, 233, 251n, 252n, Sim, U. 86, 165n 255 Simon, M. 382n Swinburne, R. 383 Sittig, E. 356n Sykritis, J. 417n Sjöberg, E. 160n Szorenyi, A. 285n Skeat, T.C. 224n Skehan, P. W. 363n Talbert, C.H. 31 On Slamovic, E. 289n Tarn, W. W. 322 476 Index of Authors

Taylor, L.R. 108n, 110, 117n Vermes, G. 69n, 85n, 87n, 163n, 284n, Theisohn, J. 157n 285n, 286n, 287, 400, 401 Theissen, G. 400n Versnel, H. S. 365n Therborn, G. 13n Vieillefond, J.-R. 353n Thiering, B.E. 287n Violet, B. 153 Thilo, G.C. 354n Vogels, H.J. 254n Thomas, K. 373, 395n, 398n Vrijof, H. 323n Thomas, R. L. 11 n Thompson, H. 351n, 377n Waardenburg, J. 323n Thompson, L. 57n Wachholder, B.Z. 86,166 Thompson, Leonard L. 3, 11 In, 345 Wagner, R.-L. 383n Thompson, S. 378n Wälkens, M. 360n Thüsing, W. 93n Walker, W.O. 300,316 Tiede, D. 396n, 406 Waszink, J.H. 378n Tigchelaar, E.J.C. 32, 164 Wax, M. and R. 37In Tiller, P. 19, 23n, 28n Weber, M. 414 Tillich, P. 58 Weinel, H. 412n Tischendorf, C. 214n Weinreich, O. 360n, 366n, 395n, 399, Tödt, H.E. 314, 316n 415n Tondriau, J. 106n Weinstock, S. 108n, llln, 112n, 117n, Tov, E. 291n 118n Trachtenberg, J. 381, 382n, 384n, 408n, Weiß, J. 7, 418n 409,410 Weiß, B. 214n, 25In, 254n, 256n Trebolle Barrera, J. 79n, 85n, 90n, 9In, Weisman, Z. 31 On 164n, 170n Wells, J. 105 Trotter, T. F. 387n, 406n Weltin, E.G. 410-11 Tucker, G.M. 293n Wenger, L. 378n Turner, E. G. 224n West, M.L. 354n Turner, V. 374n, 375n, 398n Westcott, B. F. 214, 215n, 254n Tuttle, G.A. 284n Westermann, C. 34 Wetter, G.P. 403n, 407n Ulrich, E. 82n White, J.L. 215n, 256n Urbach, E.E. 284n Wifstrand, A. 117n,220n Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, U. 37In Vaillant, A. 15n, 35 Wiles, G. 416 Van den Broek 343n Willett, T. W. 13n Van den Hout, M. 218n Wills, L. 293n VanderKam, J. 14n, 19n, 20n, 27n, 79n, Wilson,A.M. 293n 82n, 152n Wilson, B.R. 5, 309n, 388n, 389 Van der Leeuw, G. 299n Wilson, N.G. 16n Van der Loos, H. 386n, 388n Wilson, R. McL. 2 Van der Woude, A. S. 225, 286n Wilson, R.R. 324n Vanni, U. 125n, 147, 25In, 252n, 254n Windisch, H. 303n, 394n Van Unnik, W.C. 234, 239n, 305n, 306n, Winter, E.H. 375n 325n, 355n, 362 Winter, P. 387n Vaux, R. de 85n, 304n Winterbottom, M. 228n Väzony, A. 124n Wise, M. 27n, 86n, 93n, 165n, 166, 168n, Vegas Montaner, L. 85n, 164n 172n Index of Authors All

Witherington, B. 8 Zahn, T. 256 Wolff, H.W. 326n, 328n Zandee, J. 350n Wortmann, D. 358n, 362n, 377n, 378n, Ziegler, J. 317n, 355n 393,419 Zimmerli, W. 16n Wrede, W. 397n Zobel, H.-J. 289n Wright, A. G. 287 Wünsch, R. 353n, 378n

Yadin, Y. 86n, 91n, 165n, 166n, 293n Yarbro Collins, A. 3,47n, 94n, 95n, 136, 189n, 250n, 252n, 253, 257n, 347n, 348n Index of Subjects

Abba 397n, 413 Apocalyptic imagery 81 Acclamations 109n, 111 Apocalypticism 5 Adscriptio 214-16 Apocalyptic scenarios 9 Adventus 100 Apollo-Helios 358,360 Age to come 9-10 Apollonius of Tyana 406-7 Akiba, Rabbi 303-4 Apotheosis 117 Alexander the Great 308 Applewhite, Marshall 11 Alpha and Omega 145,261,266-67, Archaism 217 361-64 Aretalogy 402-7 Anabaptist rebellion of 1535 11 Argumentum e consensus omnium 114 Anaphoric definite article 122 Artapanus 132 Angelic epiphany 130 Ascension of Isaiah 2 Angelic speech 130—31, 132n Angelus interpres 4, 6, 87-88, 124, 139, 2 Baruch 2, 15, 142, 162-67, 330 3 Baruch 15 Anguipede 360 Beginning and the end 269 Anthological style 283, 292 Behemoth 21, 137, 161-62 Antichrist 4, 9, 11, Birkat ham-minim 322n, 324 Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4, 17, 137 BuGparaklese 226 Antiphonal singing 110 Apocalypses 151 Call narratives 179-80 - Content of 62 Celibacy 68-70,96-97 - Function of 3^1, 62-64 Charismatic exegesis 280-99 - Literary form of 2-3, 41^4-9 - definition of 280-82 Apocalypse of Abraham 2 - and divine inspiration 281-82 Apocalypse of John Charismatic leader 5 - Author of 176-82 Chastity 68 - Congregations addressed 182-86 Chiasmus 53 - Genre of 39-65 Christian liturgy 101 - Hymns in 109 Chris tos 300 - Source criticism of 153-54 Commands of God 74—77 - Title of 80, 195-96 Command to write 216 Apocalypse of Paul 2-3 Commission formula 214n Apocalypse of Peter 2-3 Community prophets 186-87 Apocalyptic Congregational prophecy 334-42 - Definition of 1-2, 14, Constitutiones 227-28 - Origins of 6-7 Copyists, ancient 120-21 Apocalyptic Eschatology 40, 276 Cosmic antipathy 374 - Definition of 4-5, 80-81 Cosmic sympathy 374 Index of Subjects 479

Cult prophets 344 Gates of Hades 358,360 Curse 414 Genre criticism 39—40 Curse tablets 349,414 Gigantomachy 355 Glossolalia 412-14 David redivivus 19 God 12 Dead Sea Scrolls 5 Great tribulation 203 DeaRoma 240-49 Decalogue 74-77 Hanina ben Dosa 401 Decius 3 Healing stories 385 Deereta 227 Heavenly ascents 359 Defixionum tabellae 349, 358n, 359 Heaven's Gate community 11 Derveni papyrus 269 Heilspredigt 226 Descents from heaven 359 Hekalot literature 57 Descriptive discourse 190,194 Hekate 354-61 Deviance theory 376, 384 - Hekate trimorphis 357 Discipleship 66-78 Hekate-Persephone 360 Dispositio 214,220-21 Hellenistic kingship ideology 111 Dominus et deus 99 Heracleon 294n Domitian 3,66,99, 152 Hermekate 359n Doxology 109,126,197-98,200-1 Herod Agrippa I 106 Dreizeitenformel 125 Himmelsreise 329 Dualism 9 Hippodamus 167 Holy war 96-98 Edictum, edicta 221 Host genres 53 Egyptian mortuary literature 350 Hymns, Greco-Roman 110-11 Ekphrasis 139^0,243^5 Elijah cycle 139 Imperial court ceremonial 99-119 1 Enoch 2 Inaugural vision 179-80 2 Enoch 2, 14 Incantation bowls 409 Enthronement ritual 233-39 Inelusio 53, 139, 142 Ephesia grammata 412 Inclusive genres 53 Erotapokrisis 48, 58 Interpreting angel (see Angeles interpres) Eschatological antagonist 137 Interpretatio Graeca 308 Eschatology Interpretatio magica 358 - Definition of 4—5 Intertextuality 120^49, 240-41 Exodus 24 - Definition of 120-21 Ex opera operato 410-11 Isis 355 Exorcisms 385 Itinerant prophets 186-87 4 Ezra 15 5 Ezra 15 Jerusalem 26-31 6 Ezra 15 Jesus - and magic 385^101 - as apocalyptist 7-8, Faith 397-98 - as prophet 8 First and the Last 207, 267-69 - name of 407-11 Firstfruits 71-73 - resurrection of 10, Folklore motifs 400,404 Jesus Seminar 8 Jewish holy man tradition 401 480 Index of Subjects

Jezebel 186-89 - missing in early apocalypses John as prophet 178 34 Joseph and Aseneth 54 Messianic banquet 141—42 Josephus 289-91,303 Messianic kingdom 4 - view of prophecy 290 Messianic prophet 388-89 Joshua ben Perahiah 409 Messianic woes 8 Jubilees 82n Millenarian movements 5-6, 389 Julius Caesar Mithras Liturgy 360 - Deification of 117 Mixtum compositum 40,213,229 Optimus Maximus 102-3,118 Mount Zion 21 Mystery (raz) 284 Kingship ideology 307 Mythos 48^19 Kingdom of God 7-8,388 Koresh, D. 11 Narratio 53n, 214, 219-20 Narrative discourse 191-94 350 Nature miracles 385n Lamb 70-71, 198-203 Nero 106 Lectors 255-56 Netherworld mythology 49 Lekanomanteia 352 Nettles, B.L. 11 Leviathan 21, 137, 161-62 New cosmology 33 Levitical singers 344 26-31, 85-90, 91-92, Lictors 108 144-45, 162-73 Liturgical dialogue 125-26, 147 Nicolaitans 186-89 Liturgical invocations 365 Nine-and-one-half tribes 22-26 Living water 33 In Novels, Greek 54 Lychnomanteia 352 Numerus iustorum 158-59

Magic 348-50,370-420 Odes of Solomon 320-46 - Magic and religion 372-74 Old Testament allusions 122 - Nature and function of 370-77 Oneiromanteia 352 Magical divination 56n Oracle of Zeus at Dodona 263-64,343 Magical letters 417 Oracles of Hystaspes 135 Magical papyri 56, 349-50 Oracle of Zeus-Ammon 308 Magical revelation (see Revelatory magic) Oracle singers 343 Mandata 227 Oracular dialogue 57 Maranatha 364 Orthodoxy and heterodoxy 323 Marduk myth 234 Marriage supper of the Lamb 141^13 Palindrome 397n, 413 Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felici- Parables 58-59 tas 47 48 Paradise tradition 341 Master story 191-94,210 Paraphrastic translation 282-83 Materia magica 349 Paratactic style 53 Merkavah 56-57,129,352 Parousia 209-10 Messenger formula 326 Passivum divinum 295 Messiah 4, 70, 9In, 198-201 Perfectumpropheticum 338, 342 - ambiguities of term 304—7 Periodic style 52-53 - as cosmic judge 19 Persecution 3 - Davidic 18-19 Pesharim 285-89 Index of Subjects 481

- continuous pesharim 285 Revelatory magic 55-58, 347-67 - isolated pesharim 285, 294 Revitalistic movements 5 - literary pattern of 287 Rewritten scripture 283, 293 - thematic pesharim 285 Ring composition 53 Phialomanteia 352 Ritual purity 69, 90-94, 169-73 Prayer, magical 414—18 Roma 248 Proclamation formula 221-22 Roman emperor 103 Proclamations 128 Ruler 106 Prophecy 5 - Early Christian 300-319,320-46 Second death 350n Prophetic eschatology 4 Selene-Hekate 361 Prophetic hymn 343-45 Self-predications 262 Prophetic letters 223-25 Sentences of holy law 326n Prophets Sep her ha-Razim 57 - Christian 257-58,296-98 Septuagint 291-92 - Israelite 257-58 Seven hills (of Rome) 139 Proskynesis 108 Seven rules of Hillel 281 Prophetic book 125 Seven vowels 267, 362-64 Prophets 186-89 Shaman 413 Prostration 108 Shepherd 70 Proto-Apocalyptic 6, 14 Shepherd of Hennas 3,44-46,51 Pseudepigraphy 9, 127 Sibylline Oracles 2,418-20 Ptolemaeus 294n Siegesruf 202 Punitive miracles 415 Simon bar Kosiba 303 Pythagoras 407 Sociological method 175-76 Pythia 414 Social-historical method 175-76 Son of David 387 Q (Sayings Souce) 259 Son of God 306 Quest for the historical Jesus 7-8 19, 20n, 306, 316 Qumran community 5 Symbolic action 140 Syncretism 380-81 Reading aloud 50-51 Realistic narrative 193, 211 Tabulae execrationum 378,414 1,324,345 Tade legei formula 214,217-18 Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 370 Teacher of Righteousness 286n, 287 Rescripta 227-28 Temple 26-31,94-97 Restoration 13-38 Temporary messianic kingdom 20 - concepts of 276 Ten tribes 22-26 - in Apocalypse of John 275-78 Tetragrammaton 267 - of creation 34-36, 38 Theocracy 19 - of Israel 22-26,37 Theologia crucis 73 - of Jerusalem 37 Theologia gloriae 13 - of kingship 18-22,36-37 Therapeutic touch 395 - of the land 16-18,36 2 Thessalonians 9 - of Paradise 31-34,37-38 Theudas 5 - of Temple 37 - 13 rules of Ishmael 281 Reveal/conceal motif 59, 63 - 32 rules of R. Eliezer ben Jose Ha- Revelation schema 295-96 Gelili 281 482 Index of Subjects

Three-tiered universe 129 Vanni, U. 125 Throne visions 128-9,131 Vespasian 139, 242-43, 303 Time 270-75 Vision reports 61 Title 124 Voces magicae 396,412-14 Torah 25,74-77 Trajan 152, 160 War, eschatological 94-98 31-34 Water of life 33 In Trivia 356 Twelve 104-5 Zealot prophecy 290-91 Twenty four 108 Zeus 365 Twenty-four elders 104—5 Zion 68 Zodiac 106 Unction of king 304 Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Alphabetical Index of the First and Second Series

Ädna, Jostein: Jesu Stellung zum Tempel. - Volume II 1997. Volume 91. 2000. Volume U/119. Bash, Anthony: Ambassadors for Christ. 1997. Ädna, Jostein (Ed.): The Formation of the Volume 11/92. Early Church. 2005. Volume 183. Bauernfeind, Otto: Kommentar und Studien - and Kvalbein, Hans (Ed.): The Mission of zur Apostelgeschichte. 1980. Volume 22. the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles. Baum, Armin Daniel: Pseudepigraphie und 2000. Volume 127. literarische Fälschung im frühen Christen- Alkier, Stefan: Wunder und Wirklichkeit in tum. 2001. Volume 11/138. den Briefen des Apostels Paulus. 2001. Bayer, Hans Friedrich: Jesus' Predictions of Volume 134. Vindication and Resurrection. 1986. Anderson, Paul N.: The Christology of the Volume 11/20. Fourth Gospel. 1996. Volume 11/78. Becker, Eve-Marie: Das Markus-Evangelium Appold, Mark L.: The Oneness Motif in the im Rahmen antiker Historiographie. Fourth Gospel. 1976. Volume 11/1. 2006. Volume 194. Arnold, Clinton E.: The Colossian Becker, Eve-Marie and Peter Pilhofer (Ed.): Syncretism. 1995. Volume 11/77. Biographie und Persönlichkeit des Paulus. Ascough, Richard S.: Paul's Macedonian 2005. Volume 187. Associations. 2003. Volume 11/161. Becker, Michael: Wunder und Wundertäter Asiedu-Peprah, Martin: Johannine Sabbath im früh-rabbinischen Judentum. 2002. Conflicts As Juridical Controversy. 2001. Volume 11/144. Volume 11/132. Becker, Michael and Markus Ohler (Ed.): Aune, David E.: Apocalypticism, Prophecy Apokalyptik als Herausforderung and Magic in Early Christianity. 2006. neutestamentlicher Theologie. 2006. Volume 199. Volume 11/214. Avemarie, Friedrich: Die Tauferzählungen der Bell, Richard H. : The Irrevocable Call of God. Apostelgeschichte. 2002. Volume 139. 2005. Volume 184. Avemarie, Friedrich and Hermann - No One Seeks for God. 1998. Volume 106. Lichtenberger (Ed.): Auferstehung - - Provoked to Jealousy. 1994. Volume 11/63. Ressurection. 2001. Volume 135. Bennema, Cornells: The Power of Saving - Bund und Tora. 1996. Volume 92. Wisdom. 2002. Volume 11/148. Baarlink, Heinrich: Verkündigtes Heil. 2004. Bergman, Jan: see Kieffer, René Volume 168. Bergmeier, Roland: Das Gesetz im Römerbrief Bachmann, Michael: Sünder oder Übertreter. und andere Studien zum Neuen Testament. 1992. Volume 59. 2000. Volume 121. Bachmann, Michael (Ed.): Lutherische Betz, Otto: Jesus, der Messias Israels. 1987. und Neue Paulusperspektive. 2005. Volume 42. Volume 182. - Jesus, der Herr der Kirche. 1990. Volume 52. Back, Frances: Verwandlung durch Offenba- Beyschlag, Karlmann: Simon Magus und die rung bei Paulus. 2002. Volume 11/153. christliche Gnosis. 1974. Volume 16. Baker, William R.: Personal Speech-Ethics in Bittner, Wolf gang J. : Jesu Zeichen im Johan- the Epistle of James. 1995. Volume 11/68. nesevangelium. 1987. Volume 11/26. Bakke, OddMagne: 'Concord and Peace'. Bjerkelund, CarlJ.: Tauta Egeneto. 1987. 2001. Volume II/143. Volume 40. Baldwin, Matthew C.: Whose Acts of Peter? Blackburn, Barry Lee: Theios Ane- r and the 2005. Volume 11/196. Markan Miracle Traditions. 1991. Balla, Peter: Challenges to New Testament Volume 11/40. Theology. 1997. Volume 11/95. Bock, Darreil L.: Blasphemy and Exaltation in - The Child-Parent Relationship in the New Judaism and the Final Examination of Je- Testament and its Environment. 2003. sus. 1998. Volume U/106. Volume 155. Bockmuehl, Markus N.A.: Revelation and Bammel, Ernst: Judaica. Volume I 1986. Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Volume 37. Christianity. 1990. Volume 11/36. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

B0e, Sverre: Gog and . 2001. Colpe, Carsten: Iranier - Aramäer - Hebräer - Volume II/135. Hellenen. 2003. Volume 154. Böhlig, Alexander: Gnosis und Synkretismus. Crump, David: Jesus the Intercessor. 1992. Volume 1 1989. Volume 47-Volume 2 Volume 11/49. 1989. Volume 48. Dahl, Nils Alstrup: Studies in Ephesians. 2000. Böhm, Martina: Samarien und die Samaritai Volume 131. bei Lukas. 1999. Volume II/1U. Deines, Roland: Die Gerechtigkeit der Tora Böttrich, Christfried: Weltweisheit - Mensch- im Reich des Messias. 2004. Volume 177. heitsethik - Urkult. 1992. Volume 11/50. - Jüdische Steingefäße und pharisäische Bolyki, Jänos: Jesu Tischgemeinschaften. Frömmigkeit. 1993. Volume U/52. 1997. Volume 11/96. - Die Pharisäer. 1997. Volume 101. Bosman, Philip: Conscience in Philo and Deines, Roland and Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr Paul. 2003. Volume 11/166. (Ed.): Philo und das Neue Testament. Bovon, François: Studies in Early Christiani- 2004. Volume 172. ty. 2003. Volume 161. Dennis, JohnA.: Jesus' Death and the Gather- Brocke, Christoph vom: Thessaloniki - Stadt ing of True Israel. 2006. Volume 217. des Kassander und Gemeinde des Paulus. Dettwiler, Andreas and Jean Zumstein (Ed.): 2001. Volume U/125. Kreuzestheologie im Neuen Testament. Brunson, Andrew: Psalm 118 in the Gospel of 2002. Volume 151. John. 2003. Volume 11/158. Dickson, John P: Mission-Commitment in Büchli, Jörg: Der Poimandres - ein pagani- Ancient Judaism and in the Pauline siertes Evangelium. 1987. Volume U/27. Communities. 2003. Volume 11/159. Bühner, Jan A.: Der Gesandte und sein Weg im Dietzfelbinger, Christian: Der Abschied des 4. Evangelium. 1977. Volume U/2. Kommenden. 1997. Volume 95. Burchard, Christoph: Untersuchungen zu Jo- Dimitrov, IvanZ., James D.G. Dunn, Ulrich seph und Aseneth. 1965. Volume 8. Luz and Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr (Ed.): Das - Studien zur Theologie, Sprache und Um- Alte Testament als christliche Bibel in or- welt des Neuen Testaments. Ed. by D. Sän- thodoxer und westlicher Sicht. 2004. ger. 1998. Volume 107. Volume 174. Burnett, Richard: Karl Barth's Theological Dobbeler, Axel von: Glaube als Teilhabe. 1987. Exegesis. 2001. Volume U/145. Volume II/22. Byron, John: Slavery Metaphors in Early Dryden, J. de Waal: Theology and Ethics in 1 Judaism and Pauline Christianity. 2003. Peter. 2006. Volume U/209. Volume 11/162. Du Toit, David S.: Theios Anthropos. 1997. Byrskog, Samuel: Story as History - History Volume U/91. as Story. 2000. Volume 123. Dübbers, Michael: Christologie und Existenz Cancik, Hubert (Ed.): Markus-Philologie. im Kolosserbrief. 2005. Volume U/191. 1984. Volume 33. Dunn, James D.G.: The New Perspective on Capes, David B.: Old Testament Yaweh Texts Paul. 2005. Volume 185. in Paul's Christology. 1992. Volume 11/47. Dunn, James D.G. (Ed.): Jews and Christians. Caragounis, Chrys C.: The Development of 1992. Volume 66. Greek and the New Testament. 2004. - Paul and the Mosaic Law. 1996. Volume 89. Volume 167. - see Dimitrov, Ivan Z. - The Son of Man. 1986. Volume 38. -, Hans Klein, Ulrich Luz and Vasile Mihoc - see Fridrichsen, Anton. (Ed.): Auslegung der Bibel in orthodoxer und Carleton Paget, James: The Epistle of westlicher Perspektive. 2000. Volume 130. Barnabas. 1994. Volume II/64. Ebel, Eva: Die Attraktivität früher christli- Carson, D.A., O 'Brien, Peter T. and Mark cher Gemeinden. 2004. Volume U/178. Seifrid (Ed.): Justification and Variegated Ebertz, MichaelN.: Das Charisma des Gekreu- Nomism. zigten. 1987. Volume 45. Volume 1 : The Complexities of Second Eckstein, Hans-Joachim: Der Begriff Temple Judaism. 2001. Volume 11/140. Syneidesis bei Paulus. 1983. Volume 11/10. Volume 2: The Paradoxes of Paul. 2004. - Verheißung und Gesetz. 1996. Volume 86. Volume 11/181. Ego, Beate: Im Himmel wie auf Erden. 1989. Chae, Young Sam: Jesus as the Eschatological Volume 11/34. Davidic Shepherd. 2006. Volume U/216. Ego, Beate, Armin Lange and Peter Pilhofer Ciampa, Roy E. : The Presence and Function (Ed.): Gemeinde ohne Tempel — Commu- of Scripture in Galatians 1 and 2. 1998. nity without Tempie. 1999. Volume 118. Volume 11/102. - and Helmut Merkel (Ed.): Religiöses Ler- Classen, Carl Joachim: Rhetorical Criticsm of nen in der biblischen, frühjüdischen und the New Testament. 2000. Volume 128. früh-christlichen Überlieferung. 2005. Volume 180. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Eisen, Ute E.: see Paulsen, Henning. Gäckle, Volker: Die Starken und die Schwachen Elledge, C.D.: Life after Death in Early in Korinth und in Rom. 2005. Volume 200. Judaism. 2006. Volume 11/208. Garlington, Don B.: 'The Obedience of Ellis, E. Earle: Prophecy and Hermeneutic in Faith'. 1991. Volume 11/38. Early Christianity. 1978. Volume 18. - Faith, Obedience, and Perseverance. 1994. - The Old Testament in Early Christianity. Volume 79. 1991. Volume 54. Garnet, Paul: Salvation and Atonement in the Endo, Masanohu: Creation and Christology. Qumran Scrolls. 1977. Volume II/3. 2002. Volume 149. Gemünden, Petra von (Ed.): see Weissenrieder, Ennulat, Andreas: Die 'Minor Agreements'. Annette. 1994. Volume 11/62. Gese, Michael: Das Vermächtnis des Apostels. Ensor, Peter W.: Jesus and His 'Works'. 1996. 1997. Volume 11/99. Volume 11/85. Gheorghita, Radu: The Role of the Septua- Eskola, Timo: Messiah and the Throne. 2001. gint in Hebrews. 2003. Volume 11/160. Volume 11/142. Grübe, Petrus J.: The Power of God in Paul's - Theodicy and Predestination in Pauline Letters. 2000. Volume 11/123. Soteriology. 1998. Volume 11/100. Größer, Erich: Der Alte Bund im Neuen. 1985. Fatehi, Mehrdad: The Spirit's Relation to the Volume 35. Risen Lord in Paul. 2000. Volume 11/128. - Forschungen zur Apostelgeschichte. 2001. Feldmeier, Reinhard: Die Krisis des Gottes- Volume 137. sohnes. 1987. Volume 11/21. Green, JoelB.: The Death of Jesus. 1988. - Die Christen als Fremde. 1992. Volume 64. Volume 11/33. Feldmeier, Reinhard and Ulrich Heckel (Ed.): Gregg, Brian Han: The Historical Jesus and Die Heiden. 1994. Volume 70. the Final Judgment Sayings in Q. 2005. Fletcher-Louis, Crispin H.T.: Luke-Acts: An- Volume 11/207. gels, Christology and Soteriology. 1997. Gregory, Andrew: The Reception of Luke and Volume 11/94. Acts in the Period before Irenaeus. 2003. Förster, Niclas: Marcus Magus. 1999. Volume 11/169. Volume 114. Grindheim, Sigurd: The Crux of Election. Forbes, Christopher Brian: Prophecy and 2005. Volume 11/202. Inspired Speech in Early Christianity and Gundry, Robert H.: The Old is Better. 2005. its Hellenistic Environment. 1995. Volume 178. Volume 11/75. Gundry Volf, Judith M. : Paul and Persever- Fornberg, Tord: see Fridrichsen, Anton. ance. 1990. Volume 11/37. Fossum, Jarl E. : The Name of God and the Häußer, Detlef: Christusbekenntnis und Jesus- Angel of the Lord. 1985. Volume 36. überlieferung bei Paulus. 2006. Volume 210. Foster, Paul: Community, Law and Mission in Hafemann, Scott J. : Suffering and the Spirit. Matthew's Gospel. Volume 11/177. 1986. Volume U/19. Fotopoulos, John: Food Offered to Idols in - Paul, Moses, and the History of Israel. Roman Corinth. 2003. Volume 11/151. 1995. Volume 81. Frenschkowski, Marco: Offenbarung und Hahn, Ferdinand: Studien zum Neuen Testa- Epiphanie. Volume 1 1995. Volume 11/79- ment. Volume I: Grundsatzfragen, Jesus- Volume 2 1997. Volume 11/80. forschung, Evangelien. 2006. Volume 191. Frey, Jörg: Eugen Drewermann und die bibli- - Volume II: Bekenntnisbildung und Theolo- sche Exegese. 1995. Volume II/71. gie in urchristlicher Zeit. 2006. Volume 192. - Die johanneische Eschatologie. Volume I. Hahn, Johannes (Ed.): Zerstörungen des Jeru- 1997. Volume 96. - Volume II. 1998. salemer Tempels. 2002. Volume 147. Volume 110. - Volume III. 2000. Volume 117. Hamid-Khani, Saeed: Relevation and Con- Frey, Jörg and Udo Schnelle (Ed. ): Kontexte cealment of Christ. 2000. Volume U/120. des Johannesevangeliums. 2004. Volume 175. Hannah, Darrel D.: Michael and Christ. 1999. - and Jens Schröter (Ed.): Deutungen des Volume 11/109. Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament. 2005. Harrison: James R.: Paul's Language of Grace Volume 181. in Its Graeco-Roman Context. 2003. Freyne, Sean: Galilee and Gospel. 2000. Volume 11/172. Volume 125. Hartman, Lars: Text-Centered New Testa- Fridrichsen, Anton: Exegetical Writings. ment Studies. Ed. von D. Hellholm. 1997. Edited by C.C. Caragounis and T. Fornberg. Volume 102. 1994. Volume 76. Hartog, Paul: Polycarp and the New Testa- Gabel, Georg: Die Kulttheologie des Hebräer- ment. 2001. Volume 11/134. briefes. 2006. Volume 11/212. Heckel, Theo K.: Der Innere Mensch. 1993. Volume U/53. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

- Vom Evangelium des Markus zum vierge- - Neutestamentliche Studien. 2000. staltigen Evangelium. 1999. Volume 120. Volume 132. Heckel, Ulrich: Kraft in Schwachheit. 1993. - Paulusstudien II. 2002. Volume 143. Volume 11/56. - and Hans-Christian Kammler: - Der Segen im Neuen Testament. 2002. Johannesstudien. 1996. Volume 88. Volume 150. Holtz, Traugott: Geschichte und Theologie des - see Feldmeier, Reinhard. Urchristentums. 1991. Volume 57. - see Hengel, Martin. Hommel, Hildebrecht: Sebasmata. Volume 1 Heiligenthal, Roman: Werke als Zeichen. 1983. Volume 31 - Volume 2 1984. 1983. Volume II/9. Volume 32. Hellholm, D.: see. Hartman, Lars. Horbury, William: Herodian Judaism and New Hemer, Colin J.: The Book of Acts in the Testament Study. 2006. Volume 193. Setting of Hellenistic History. 1989. Horst, Pieter W. van der: Jews and Christians in Volume 49. Their Graeco-Roman Context. 2006. Hengel, Martin: Judentum und Hellenismus. Volume 196. 1969,31988 .Volume 10. Hvalvik, Reidar: The Struggle for Scripture - Die johanneische Frage. 1993. Volume 67. and Covenant. 1996. Volume 11/82. - Judaica et Hellenistica. Jauhiainen, Marko: The Use of Zechariah in Kleine Schriften I. 1996. Volume 90. Revelation. 2005. Volume 11/199. - Judaica, Hellenistica et Christiana. Jensen, Morten H.: Herod Antipas in Galilee. Kleine Schriften II. 1999. Volume 109. 2006. Volume 11/215. - Paulus und Jakobus. Johns, Loren L.: The Lamb Christology of the Kleine Schriften III. 2002. Volume 141. Apocalypse of John. 2003. Volume 11/167. - and Anna Maria Schwemer: Paulus zwi- Joubert, Stephan: Paul as Benefactor. 2000. schen Damaskus und Antiochien. 1998. Volume 11/124. Volume 108. Jungbauer, Harry: „Ehre Vater und Mutter". - Der messianische Anspruch Jesu und 2002. Volume 11/146. die Anfänge der Christologie. 2001. Kühler, Christoph: Jesu Gleichnisse als Poesie Volume 138. und Therapie. 1995. Volume 78. Hengel, Martin and Ulrich Heckel (Ed.): Kamiah, Ehrhard: Die Form der Paulus und das antike Judentum. 1991. katalogischen Paränese im Neuen Testa- Volume 58. ment. 1964. Volume 7. - and Hermut Lohr (Ed.): Schriftauslegung Kammler, Hans-Christian: Christologie und im antiken Judentum und im Urchristen- Eschatologie. 2000. Volume 126. tum. 1994. Volume 73. - Kreuz und Weisheit. 2003. Volume 159. - and Anna Maria Schwemer (Ed.): Königs- - see Hofius, Otfried. herrschaft Gottes und himm-lischer Kult. Kelhoffer, James A.: The Diet of John the 1991. Volume 55. Baptist. 2005. Volume 176. - Die Septuaginta. 1994. Volume 72. - Miracle and Mission. 1999. Volume 11/112. -, Siegfried Mittmann and Anna Maria Kelley, Nicole: Knowledge and Religious Schwemer (Ed.): La Cité de Dieu / Die Stadt Authority in the Pseudo-Clementines. Gottes. 2000. Volume 129. 2006. Volume H/213. Hernández Jr„ Juan: Scribal Habits and Kieffer, René and Jan Bergman (Ed.): La Main Theological Influence in the Apocalypse. de Dieu / Die Hand Gottes. 1997. Volume 94. 2006. Volume 11/218. Kim, Seyoon: The Origin of Paul's Gospel. Herrenbrück, Fritz: Jesus und die Zöllner. 1981,21984. Volume H/4. 1990. Volume 11/41. - Paul and the New Perspective. 2002. Herzer, Jens: Paulus oder Petrus? 1998. Volume 140. Volume 103. - "The 'Son of Man'" as the Son of God. Hill, Charles E.: From the Lost Teaching of 1983. Volume 30. Polycarp. 2005. Volume 186. Klauck, Hans-Josef: Religion und Gesellschaft Hoegen-Rohls, Christina: Der nachösterliche im frühen Christentum. 2003. Volume 152. Johannes. 1996. Volume 11/84. Klein, Hans: see Dunn, James D. G. Hoffmann, Matthias Reinhard: The Destro- Kleinknecht, Karl Th.: Der leidende Gerecht- yer and the Lamb. 2005. Volume H/203. fertigte. 1984,21988. Volume 11/13. Hofius, Otfried: Katapausis. 1970. Volume 11. Klinghardt, Matthias: Gesetz und Volk Gottes. - Der Vorhang vor dem Thron Gottes. 1972. 1988. Volume 11/32. Volume 14. Kloppenborg, John S.: The Tenants in the - Der Christushymnus Philipper 2,6-11. Vineyard. 2006. Volume 195. 1976,21991. Volume 17. Koch, Michael: Drachenkampf und Sonnen- - Paulusstudien. 1989,21994. Volume 51. frau. 2004. Volume 11/184. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Koch, Stefan: Rechtliche Regelung von Kon- Lierman, John: The New Testament Moses. flikten im frühen Christentum. 2004. 2004. Volume 11/173. Volume 11/174. Lieu, SamuelN.C.: Manichaeism in the Later Köhler, Wolf-Dietrich: Rezeption des Roman Empire and Medieval China. Matthäusevangeliums in der Zeit vor 21992. Volume 63. Irenaus. 1987. Volume 11/24. Lindgärd, Fredrik: Paul's Line of Thought in Köhn, Andreas: Der Neutestamentier Ernst 2 Corinthians 4:16-5:10. 2004. Lohmeyer. 2004. Volume 11/180. Volume 11/189. Kooten, George H. van: Cosmic Christology Loader, William R.G.: Jesus' Attitude Towards in Paul and the Pauline School. 2003. the Law. 1997. Volume 11/97. Volume 11/171. Lohr, Gebhard: Verherrlichung Gottes durch Korn, Manfred: Die Geschichte Jesu in verän- Philosophie. 1997. Volume 97. derter Zeit. 1993. Volume 11/51. Lohr, Hermut: Studien zum frühchristlichen Koskenniemi, Erkki: Apollonios von Tyana in und frühjüdischen Gebet. 2003. Volume 160. der neutestamentlichen Exegese. 1994. - see Hengel, Martin. Volume 11/61. Lohr, Winrich Alfried: Basilides und seine Schu- - The Old Testament Miracle-Workers in le. 1995. Volume 83. Early Judaism. 2005. Volume U/206. Luomanen, Petri: Entering the Kingdom of Kraus, Thomas J.: Sprache, Stil und histori- Heaven. 1998. Volume 11/101. scher Ort des zweiten Petrusbriefes. 2001. Luz, Ulrich: see Dunn, James D.G. Volume 11/136. Mackay, lan D.: John's Raltionship with Kraus, Wolfgang: Das Volk Gottes. 1996. Mark. 2004. Volume U/182. Volume 85. Maier, Gerhard: Mensch und freier Wille. Kraus, Wolf gang and Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr 1971. Volume 12. (Ed.): Frühjudentum und Neues Testament - Die Johannesoffenbarung und die Kirche. im Horizont Biblischer Theologie. 2003. 1981. Volume 25. Volume 162. Markschies, Christoph: Valentinus Gnosticus? - see Walter, Nikolaus. 1992. Volume 65. Kreplin, Matthias: Das Selbstverständnis Jesu. Marshall, Peter: Enmity in Corinth: Social 2001. Volume 11/141. Conventions in Paul's Relations with the Kuhn, Karl G.: Achtzehngebet und Vaterunser Corinthians. 1987. Volume U/23. und der Reim. 1950. Volume 1. Mayer, Annemarie: Sprache der Einheit im Kvalbein, Hans: see Ädna, Jostein. Epheserbrief und in der Ökumene. 2002. Kwon, Yon-Gyong: Eschatology in Galatians. Volume 11/150. 2004. Volume 11/183. Mayordomo, Moisés: Argumentiert Paulus Laansma, Jon: I Will Give You Rest. 1997. logisch? 2005. Volume 188. Volume 11/98. McDonough, Sean M.: YHWH at Patmos: Labahn, Michael: Offenbarung in Zeichen und Rev. 1:4 in its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Wort. 2000. Volume U/117. Setting. 1999. Volume 11/107. Lambers-Petry, Doris: see Tomson, Peter J. McDowell, Markus: Prayers of Jewish Lange, Armin: see Ego, Beate. Women. 2006. Volume 11/211. Lampe, Peter: Die stadtrömischen Christen in McGlynn, Moyna: Divine Judgement and den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten. 1987, Divine Benevolence in the Book of 21989. Volume 11/18. Wisdom. 2001. Volume 11/139. Landmesser, Christof: Wahrheit als Grundbe- Meade, David G: Pseudonymity and Canon. griff neutestamentlicher Wissenschaft. 1986. Volume 39. 1999. Volume 113. Meadors, Edward P.: Jesus the Messianic - Jüngerberufung und Zuwendung zu Gott. Herald of Salvation. 1995. Volume 11/72. 2000. Volume 133. Meißner, Stefan: Die Heimholung des Ketzers. Lau, Andrew: Manifest in Flesh. 1996. 1996. Volume 11/87. Volume II/86. Meli, Ulrich: Die „anderen" Winzer. 1994. Lawrence, Louise: An Ethnography of the Volume 77. . 2003. Volume II/165. - see Sänger, Dieter. Lee, Aquila H.I.: From Messiah to Preexistent Mengel, Berthold: Studien zum Philipperbrief. Son. 2005. Volume 11/192. 1982. Volume 11/8. Lee, Pilchan: The New Jerusalem in the Book Merkel, Helmut: Die Widersprüche zwischen of Relevation. 2000. Volume 11/129. den Evangelien. 1971. Volume 13. Lichtenberger, Hermann: Das Ich Adams und - see Ego, Beate. das Ich der Menschheit. 2004. Volume 164. Merklein, Helmut: Studien zu Jesus und Paulus. - seeAvemarie, Friedrich. Volume 1 1987. Volume 43. - Volume 2 1998. Volume 105. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Metzdorf, Christina: Die Tempelaktion Jesu. Park, Joseph S.: Conceptions of in 2003. Volume U/168. Jewish Insriptions. 2000. Volume H/121. Metzler, Karin: Der griechische Begriff des Ver- Pate, C. Marvin: The Reverse of the Curse. zeihens. 1991. Volume II/44. 2000. Volume 11/114. Metzner, Rainer: Die Rezeption des Matthäus- Peres, Imre: Griechische Grabinschriften und evangeliums im 1. Petrusbrief. 1995. neutestamentliche Eschatologie. 2003. Volume 11/74. Volume 157. - Das Verständnis der Sünde im Johannes- Philip, Finny: The Origins of Pauline evangelium. 2000. Volume 122. . 2005. Volume II/194. Mihoc, Vasile: seeDunn, James D.G.. Philonenko, Marc (Ed.): Le Trône de Dieu. Mineshige, Kiyoshi: Besitzverzicht und Almo- 1993. Volume 69. sen bei Lukas. 2003. Volume 11/163. Pilhofer, Peter: Presbyteron Kreitton. 1990. Mittmann, Siegfried: see Hengel, Martin. Volume II/39. Mittmann-Richert, Ulrike: Magnifikat und - Philippi. Volume 1 1995. Volume 87. - Benediktus. 1996. Volume 11/90. Volume 2 2000. Volume 119. Mournet, Terence C.: Oral Tradition and - Die frühen Christen und ihre Welt. 2002. Literary Dependency. 2005. Volume 11/195. Volume 145. Mußner, Franz: Jesus von Nazareth im Umfeld - see Becker, Eve-Marie. Israels und der Urkirche. Ed. von M. Theo- - see Ego, Beate. bald. 1998. Volume 111. Pitre, Brant: Jesus, the Tribulation, and the Mutschier, Bernhard: Das Corpus Johanneum End of the Exile. 2005. Volume U/204. bei Irenaus von Lyon. 2005. Volume 189. Plümacher, Eckhard: Geschichte und Ge- Niebuhr, Karl-Wilhelm: Gesetz und Paränese. schichten. 2004. Volume 170. 1987. Volume 11/28. Pöhlmann, Wolfgang: Der Verlorene Sohn - Heidenapostel aus Israel. 1992. Volume 62. und das Haus. 1993. Volume 68. - see Deines, Roland Pokorny, Petr and Josef B. Souèek: Bibelausle- - see Dimitrov, Ivan Z. gung als Theologie. 1997. Volume 100. - see Kraus, Wolfgang Pokorny, Petr and Jan Roskovec (Ed.): Nielsen, Anders E.: "Until it is Fullfilled". Philosophical Hermeneutics and Biblical 2000. Volume II/126. Exegesis. 2002. Volume 153. Nissen, Andreas: Gott und der Nächste im an- Popkes, Enno Edzard: Die Theologie der Lie- tiken Judentum. 1974. Volume 15. be Gottes in den johanneischen Schriften. Noack, Christian: Gottesbewußtsein. 2000. 2005. Volume 11/197. Volume II/116. Porter, Stanley E.: The Paul of Acts. 1999. Noormann, Rolf: Irenäus als Paulusinterpret. Volume 115. 1994. Volume 11/66. Prieur, Alexander: Die Verkündigung der Novakovic, Lidija: Messiah, the Healer of the Gottesherrschaft. 1996. Volume H/89. Sick. 2003. Volume U/170. Probst, Hermann: Paulus und der Brief. 1991. Obermann, Andreas: Die christologische Er- Volume II/45. füllung der Schrift im Johannesevangelium. Räisänen, Heikki: Paul and the Law. 1983, 1996. Volume II/83. 21987. Volume 29. Ohler, Markus: Barnabas. 2003. Volume 156. Rehkopf, Friedrich: Die lukanische - see Becker, Michael Sonderquelle. 1959. Volume 5. Okure, Teresa: The Johannine Approach to Rein, Matthias: Die Heilung des Blindgebore- Mission. 1988. Volume II/31. nen (Joh 9). 1995. Volume II/73. Onuki, Takashi: Heil und Erlösung. 2004. Reinmuth, Eckart: Pseudo-Philo und Lukas. Volume 165. 1994. Volume 74. Oropeza, B. J.: Paul and Apostasy. 2000. Reiser, Marius: Syntax und Stil des Markus- Volume U/115. evangeliums. 1984. Volume 11/11. Ostmeyer, Karl-Heinrich: Kommunikation Rhodes, James N.: The Epistle of Barnabas mit Gott und Christus. 2006. Volume 197. and the Deuteronomic Tradition. 2004. - Taufe und Typos. 2000. Volume 11/118. Volume II/188. Paulsen, Henning: Studien zur Literatur und Richards, E. Randolph: The Secretary in the Geschichte des frühen Christentums. Ed. Letters of Paul. 1991. Volume U/42. von Ute E. Eisen. 1997. Volume 99. Riesner, Rainer: Jesus als Lehrer. 1981,31988. Pao, David W.: Acts and the Isaianic New Exo- Volume H/7. dus. 2000. Volume U/130. - Die Frühzeit des Apostels Paulus. 1994. Park, Eung Chun: The Mission Discourse in Volume 71. Matthew's Interpretation. 1995. Rissi, Mathias: Die Theologie des Hebräer- Volume 11/81. briefs. 1987. Volume 41. Roskovec, Jan: see Pokorny, Petr. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Röhser, Günter: Metaphorik und Personifika- Simon, Marcel: Le christianisme antique tion der Sünde. 1987. Volume II/25. et son contexte religieux I/II. 1981. Rose, Christian: Die Wolke der Zeugen. 1994. Volume 23. Volume H/60. Snodgrass, Klyne: The Parable of the Wicked Rothschild, Clare K.: Baptist Traditions and Tenants. 1983. Volume 27. Q. 2005. Volume 190. Söding, Thomas: Das Wort vom Kreuz. 1997. - Luke Acts and the Rhetoric of History. Volume 93. 2004. Volume U/175. - see Thüsing, Wilhelm. Rüegger, Hans-Ulrich: Verstehen, was Markus Sommer, Urs: Die Passionsgeschichte des erzählt. 2002. Volume H/155. Markusevangeliums. 1993. Volume 11/58. Rüger, Hans Peter: Die Weisheitsschrift aus Soueek, Josef B.: see Pokorny, Petr. der Kairoer Geniza. 1991. Volume 53. Spangenberg, Volker: Herrlichkeit des Neuen Sänger, Dieter: Antikes Judentum und die My- Bundes. 1993. Volume H/55. sterien. 1980. Volume U/5. Spanje, T.E. van: Inconsistency in Paul? - Die Verkündigung des Gekreuzigten und 1999. Volume U/110. Israel. 1994. Volume 75. Speyer, Wolfgang: Frühes Christentum im an- - see Burchard, Christoph tiken Strahlungsfeld. Volume I: 1989. - and Ulrich Meli (Hrsg.): Paulus und Johan- Volume 50. nes. 2006. Volume 198. - Volume II: 1999. Volume 116. Salier, Willis Hedley: The Rhetorical Impact of Stadelmann, Helge: Ben Sira als Schriftge- the Se-meia in the Gospel of John. 2004. lehrter. 1980. Volume II/6. Volume 11/186. Stenschke, Christoph W.: Luke's Portrait of Salzmann, Jorg Christian: Lehren und Er- Gentiles Prior to Their Coming to Faith. mahnen. 1994. Volume 11/59. Volume U/108. Sandnes, Karl Olav: Paul - One of the Sterck-Degueldre, Jean-Pierre: Eine Frau na- Prophets? 1991. Volume H/43. mens Lydia. 2004. Volume II/176. Sato, Migaku: Q und Prophetie. 1988. Stettier, Christian: Der Kolosserhymnus. Volume 11/29. 2000. Volume U/131. Schäfer, Ruth: Paulus bis zum Apostelkonzil. Stettier, Hanna: Die Christologie der Pastoral- 2004. Volume H/179. briefe. 1998. Volume U/105. Schaper, Joachim: Eschatology in the Greek Stökl Ben Ezra, Daniel: The Impact of Yom Psalter. 1995. Volume II/76. Kippur on Early Christianity. 2003. Schimanowski, Gottfried: Die himmlische Li- Volume 163. turgie in der Apokalypse des Johannes. Strobel, August: Die Stunde der Wahrheit. 2002. Volume II/154. 1980. Volume 21. - Weisheit und Messias. 1985. Volume U/17. Stroumsa, Guy G.: Barbarian Philosophy. Schlichting, Günter: Ein jüdisches Leben Jesu. 1999. Volume 112. 1982. Volume 24. Stuckenbruck, Loren T.: Angel Veneration and Schnabel, Eckhard J.: Law and Wisdom from Christology. 1995. Volume II/70. Ben Sira to Paul. 1985. Volume II/16. Stuhlmacher, Peter (Ed.): Das Evangelium und Schnelle, Udo: see Frey, Jörg. die Evangelien. 1983. Volume 28. Schröter, Jens: see Frey, Jörg. - Biblische Theologie und Evangelium. Schutter, William L.: Hermeneutic and Com- 2002. Volume 146. position in I Peter. 1989. Volume 11/30. Sung, Chong-Hyon: Vergebung der Sünden. Schwartz, Daniel R.: Studies in the Jewish 1993. Volume II/57. Background of Christianity. 1992. Tajra, Harry W.: The Trial of St. Paul. 1989. Volume 60. Volume 11/35. Schwemer, Anna Maria: see Hengel, Martin - The Martyrdomof St.Paul. 1994. Scott, lan W.: Implicit Epistemology in the Volume 11/67. Letters of Paul. 2005. Volume 11/205. Theißen, Gerd: Studien zur Soziologie des Ur- Scott, James M.: Adoption as Sons of God. christentums. 1979,31989. Volume 19. 1992. Volume 11/48. Theobald, Michael: Studien zum Römerbrief. - Paul and the Nations. 1995. Volume 84. 2001. Volume 136. Shum, Shiu-Lun: Paul's Use of Isaiah in Ro- Theobald, Michael: see Mußner, Franz. mans. 2002. Volume 11/156. Thornton, Claus-Jürgen: Der Zeuge des Zeu- Siegert, Folker: Drei hellenistisch-jüdische gen. 1991. Volume 56. Predigten. Teil I 1980. Volume 20-Teil II Thüsing, Wilhelm: Studien zur neutestamentli- 1992. Volume 61. chen Theologie. Ed. von Thomas Söding. - Nag-Hammadi-Register. 1982. Volume 26. 1995. Volume 82. - Argumentation bei Paulus. 1985. Volume 34. Thuren, Lauri: Derhethorizing Paul. 2000. - Philon von Alexandrien. 1988. Volume 46. Volume 124. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Tolmie, D. Francois: Persuading the Galatians. Weissenrieder, Annette: Images of Illness in the 2005. Volume 11/190. Gospel of Luke. 2003. Volume 11/164. Tomson, Peter J. and Doris Lambers-Petry -, Friederike Wendt and Petra von (Ed.): The Image of the Judaeo-Christians Gemünden (Ed.): Picturing the New Testa- in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. ment. 2005. Volume 11/193. 2003. Volume 158. Welck, Christian: Erzählte .Zeichen'. 1994. Trebilco, Paul: The Early Christians in Ephesus Volume 11/69. from Paul to Ignatius. 2004. Volume 166. Wendt, Friederike (Ed.): see Weissenrieder, Treloar, Geoffrey R.: Lightfootthe Historian. Annette. 1998. Volume 11/103. Wiarda, Timothy: Peter in the Gospels. 2000. Tsuji, Manabu: Glaube zwischen Vollkommen- Volume U/127. heit und Verweltlichung. 1997. Volume 11/93. Wifstrand, Albert: Epochs and Styles. 2005. Twelftree, Graham H.: Jesus the Exorcist. Volume 179. 1993. Volume 11/54. Wilk, Florian: see Walter, Nikolaus. Urban, Christina: Das Menschenbild nach dem Williams, Catrin H.: I am He. 2000. Johannesevangelium. 2001. Volume 11/137. Volume U/113. Visotzky, Burton L.: Fathers of the World. Wilson, Walter T.: Love without Pretense. 1995. Volume 80. 1991. Volume II/46. Vollenweider, Samuel: Horizonte neutesta- Wischmeyer, Oda: Von Ben Sira zu Paulus. mentlicher Christologie. 2002. Volume 144. 2004. Volume 173. Vos, Johan S.: Die Kunst der Argumentation Wisdom, Jeffrey: Blessing for the Nations and bei Paulus. 2002. Volume 149. the Curse of the Law. 2001. Volume 11/133. Wagener, Ulrike: Die Ordnung des „Hauses Wold, Benjamin G: Women, Men, and Angels. Gottes". 1994. Volume 11/65. 2005. Volume 11/2001. Wahlen, Clinton: Jesus and the Impurity of Wright, Archie T.: The Origin of Evil Spirits. Spirits in the Synoptic Gospels. 2004. 2005. Volume 11/198. Volume 11/185. Wucherpfennig, Ansgar: Heracleon Walker, Donald D.: Paul's Offer of Leniency Philologus. 2002. Volume 142. (2 Cor 10:1). 2002. Volume 11/152. Yeung, Maureen: Faith in Jesus and Paul. Walter, Nikolaus: Praeparatio Evangélica. Ed. 2002. Volume 11/147. von Wolfgang Kraus und Florian Wilk. Zimmermann, Alfred E.: Die urchristlichen 1997. Volume 98. Lehrer. 1984,21988. Volume 11/12. Wander, Bernd: Gottesfürchtige und Sympa- Zimmermann, Johannes: Messianische Texte thisanten. 1998. Volume 104. ausQumran. 1998. Volume 11/104. Watts, Rikki: Isaiah's New Exodus and Mark. Zimmermann, Ruben: Christologie der Bilder 1997. Volume U/88. im Johannesevangelium. 2004. Volume 171. Wedderburn, A.J.M.: Baptism and - Geschlechtermetaphorik und Gottesver- Resurrection. 1987. Volume 44. hältnis. 2001. Volume 11/122. Wegner, Uwe: Der Hauptmann von Zumstein, Jean: see Dettwiler, Andreas Kafarnaum. 1985. Volume 11/14. Zwiep, Arie W.: Judas and the Choice of Matthias. 2004. Volume U/187.

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