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The Beginning of the End: the Eschatology of Genesis By

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The Beginning of the End: the Eschatology of Genesis By The Beginning of the End: The Eschatology of Genesis by Jonathan Luke Huddleston Graduate Program of Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Stephen B. Chapman, Supervisor ___________________________ Carol Meyers ___________________________ Ellen Davis ___________________________ Anathea Portier-Young ___________________________ Julie Tetel Andresen Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT The Beginning of the End: The Eschatology of Genesis by Jonathan Luke Huddleston Graduate Program of Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Stephen B. Chapman, Supervisor ___________________________ Carol Meyers ___________________________ Ellen Davis ___________________________ Anathea Portier-Young ___________________________ Julie Tetel Andresen An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Jonathan Luke Huddleston 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the book of Genesis as a functioning literary whole, orienting post-exilic Persian-era Judeans toward their ideal future expectations. While many have contrasted Genesis’ account of origins with the prophetic books’ account of the future, this work argues that Genesis narrates Israel’s origins (and the world’s) precisely in order to ground Judean hopes for an eschatological restoration. Employing a speech-act linguistic semiotics, this study explores the temporal orientation of Genesis and its indexical pointing to the lives and hopes of its Persian-era users. Promises made throughout Genesis apply not only to the characters of traditional memory, but also to those who preserved/ composed/ received the text of Genesis. Divine promises for Israel’s future help constitute Israel’s ongoing identity. Poor, sparsely populated, Persian-ruled Judea imagines its mythic destiny as a great nation exemplifying (and spreading) blessing among the families of the earth, dominating central Palestine in a new pan- Israelite unity with neighboring Samaria and expanding both territory and population. Genesis’ narrative of Israel’s origins and destiny thus dovetails with the Persian-era expectations attested in Israel’s prophetic corpus—a coherent (though variegated) restoration eschatology . This prophetic eschatology shares mythic traditions with Genesis, using those traditions typologically to point to Israel’s future hope. Taken together, Genesis and the prophetic corpus identify Israel as a precious seed, carrying forward promises of a yet-to-be-realized creation fruitfulness and blessing . Those who used this literature identify their disappointments and tragedies in terms of the mythic destruction and cursing that threaten creation but never extinguish the line of promise. The dynamic processes of Genesis’ usage (its composition stretching back to the pre-exilic period, and its reception stretching forward to the post-Persian era) have made Genesis an etiology of Israel’s expected future—not of its static present. Because iv this future will be fully realized only in the coming divine visitation, Genesis cannot be attributed to an anti-eschatological, hierocratic establishment. Rather, it belongs to the same Persian-era Judean synthesis which produced the restoration eschatology of the prophetic corpus. This account of Genesis contributes to a canonical understanding of Second Temple Hebrew literature; prophetic scrolls and Pentateuchal (Torah) scrolls interact to form a textually based Israelite identity, founded on trust in a divinely promised future. v Dedication Dedicated to my wife Adrienne Huddleston, whose encouragement made this project possible. vi Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xiii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xiv 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Beginning at the End: The Question of Genesis’ Eschatology ........................................... 1 1.2 Between Linguistic Semiotics and Biblical Studies ............................................................ 7 1.2.1 Bridging the Gap between Historical and Literary Readings ....................................... 7 1.2.2 Texts as Living Artifacts: Andresen and Constructivist Linguistics ........................... 17 1.2.3 Signs and Their Usage: Peirce and Nonstructuralist Semiotics .................................. 25 1.3 Overview and Working Hypotheses .................................................................................. 33 1.3.1 The Nature of My Study ............................................................................................. 33 1.3.2 First Hypothesis: A Composite Pentateuch in the Persian Period .............................. 34 1.3.3 Second Hypothesis: Prophetic Eschatology in the Persian Period .............................. 40 1.3.4 Ending at the Beginning: Previewing My Argument ................................................. 45 2. Future Orientation in Genesis .................................................................................................... 48 2.1 Bridging Story-World time and Users’ Time .................................................................... 48 2.1.1 The Importance of User-World Cues ........................................................................... 48 2.1.2 From Narrative Time to Narrator’s Time to Users’ Time ............................................ 50 2.2 Genre as a Guide to Genesis’ Temporal Orientation ......................................................... 56 2.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 56 2.2.2 Etiology ........................................................................................................................ 58 2.2.3 Myth: Narrative of Orientation, Family Story, and Utopia .......................................... 60 vii 2.2.3.1 Myth as Narrative of Orientation .......................................................................... 60 2.2.3.2 Myth as Orienting Family Story ........................................................................... 64 2.2.3.3 Myth and Utopia ................................................................................................... 65 2.2.4 Scripture ....................................................................................................................... 68 2.2.4.1 Textual and Extratextual God ............................................................................... 68 2.2.4.2 Torah and Legal Instruction .................................................................................. 70 2.2.4.3 Human Response to Scripture ............................................................................... 73 2.3 Reading through Genesis as Etiology: Genesis 1-11......................................................... 76 2.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 76 2.3.2 Genesis 1:1-2:3: The Cosmogonic Preface and Sabbath-Etiology ............................... 77 2.3.3 Genesis 2:4-4:26: The First Humans and the Etiology of Marriage, Exile, and Yhwh- Worship ................................................................................................................................. 78 2.3.4 Genesis 5:1-6:8: Seth’s Line and the Etiology of Yhwh’s Favor ................................. 82 2.3.5 Genesis 6:9-9:29: The Flood, Its Aftermath, and the Etiology of Covenant ................ 83 2.3.6 Genesis 10:1-11:9: Table of Nations, Tower of Babel, and the Etiology of Peoples ... 87 2.3.7 Genesis 11:10-26: Shem’s Line and the Etiology of Abraham .................................... 88 2.3.8 Preliminary Conclusions on Genesis 1-11 ................................................................... 89 2.4 Etiological Patterns in the Ancestral Narratives ................................................................ 90 2.4.1 Etiological Focusing on Israel and Its Land ................................................................. 90 2.4.2 Etiological Connections between Israel and the Nations ............................................. 94 2.4.3 Naming Characters and Naming Users ........................................................................ 95 2.5 From Past to Present to Future ........................................................................................ 101 2.5.1 Past Fulfillment as Proleptic ....................................................................................... 101 2.5.2 Present Fulfillment as Partial ..................................................................................... 105 viii 2.5.3 Genesis as Users’ Future ...........................................................................................
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