IGU-LUCC Conference 2010

POST SOVIET PROCESSES OF LAND USE TRANSFORMATION IN SIBERIA

Bella Krasnoyarova, Sofia Sharabarina Institute for Water and Environmental Problems SB RAS Barnaul, Russia

1 Geographical location of Siberian Federal District in the Russian Federation

Moscow

Siberia - nearly 40 % of the Russian territory, 13,8 % of population and 23 % of farming lands where 13 % grain,18 % potatoes, 12 % vegetables, 8 % fruits and berries,15 % meat, 18 % milk, 15 % eggs are produced (mostly in south-western regions, i.e. Altai Krai, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo) 2 The dynamics of farming lands in 1990-2006th Extensive reduction in farming thousand ha 12000 Republic of Altai Republic of Buryatia lands and arable lands 10000 Republic of Tuva Republic of Khakasia (particularly in the border 8000 Altai krai Krasnoyarski krai 6000 mountainous regions - Altai, Irkutskaya oblast Kemerovskaya oblast 4000 Tuva, Buryatia and Zabaikale) Novosibirskaya oblast

2000 Omskaya oblast is observed. Tomskaya oblast 0 Chitinskaya oblast 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006

Area of farming and arable lands (thousand ha) in 1990th Area of farming and arable lands (thousand ha) in 2006th 18000

16000 16000

14000 14000

12000 12000

10000 10000 arable lands 8000 8000 farming lands 6000 6000 arable lands 4000 4000 farming lands 2000 2000

0 0

Altai krai Altai

Buryatia

Khakasia

Altaikrai

oblast

oblast

Republic of Republic of Republic

Kemerovskaya

Novosibirskaya

Omskayaoblast

Republic of Altai of Republic

Republic of Tuva of Republic Irkutskayaoblast Tomskayaoblast

Krasnoyarskikrai

Chitinskaya oblast Chitinskaya

RepublicAltai of

Omskaya oblastOmskaya

RepublicTuva of

Irkutskaya oblastIrkutskaya

Tomskayaoblast

Krasnoyarskikrai

Chitinskayaoblast

RepublicBuryatia of

RepublicKhakasia of

Kemerovskayaoblast Novosibirskayaoblast 3 -38 % +3% -24 % -23 % -19 % -22 % -43 % -38 % -34 % -20 % -68 %

-29 %

4 The share of an area under crops from the arable lands 1990 2006 Siberian federal district 86 % 75 % Republic of Altai 98 99 Republic of Buryatia 80 42 Republic of Tuva 65 44 Republic of Khakasia 82 78 Altai krai 90 85 Krasnoyarski krai 88 57 Irkutskaya oblast 86 65 Kemerovskaya oblast 91 85 Novosibirskaya oblast 88 72 Omskaya oblast 86 78 Tomskaya oblast 92 88 Chitinskaya oblast 69 51

In the 1990-2006th the share of unused arable lands has increased practically in all regions of Siberia and in some it compile about 50 %, for example, in Tuva, Buryatiya, Krasnoyarsk krai the area under crops share is equal 44, 42 and 57 % from the arable land area, accordingly. 5 The dynamics of area under crops in regions of Siberia thousand ha 7000 Republic of Altai

6000 Republic of Buryatia Republic of Tuva 5000 Republic of Khakasia Altai krai 4000 Krasnoyarski krai

3000 Irkutskaya oblast Kemerovskaya oblast 2000 Novosibirskaya oblast Omskaya oblast 1000 Tomskaya oblast 0 Chitinskaya oblast 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006

There were changes in structure of areas under crops. As a whole in Siberia the areas of grain, sugar-beet were reduced, crops of sunflower, long-fibred flax, potato and vegetables (in comparison with 1990) have increased. 6 With reduction of absolute values of areas under crops their shares from the all- Siberian indicators in southern agricultural regions of Siberia (Altai Krai, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo Oblasts, Republic of Altai) have increased.

The dynamics of share of area under crops in regions from area under crops in Siberia (1990-2006)

7 Structure of grain's production in farm's categories in Siberia in 1995

6% 0% In 1990th years there agricultural organizations were considerable changes in agricultural personal subsidiary plots production on 94% farmers categories of farms: the role of farmers and

2007 personal subsidiary plots has increased, the importance of the 28% agricultural organizations has

1% decreased. 71%

8 Structure of cattle and chicken farming for Cattle-breeding production slaughter in Siberia in 1995 for years of reorganization 2% was displaced in personal agricultural 49% organizations subsidiary plots. personal subsidiary 49% plots Structure of milk production in Siberia in 1995 farmers

agricultural 2% organizations 2007 44% personal subsidiary plots

54% 3% farmers

42%

55% 2007

3% 39%

58%

9 Qualitative state of farming lands in Siberia in 2006th

waterlogging

dampening Along with reduction of the areas worsen the qualitative state of lands owing to deflation decrease in volume of agrochemical works: the erosion share eroded, deflation lands have increased, and total area processes of salinization of soil, a bush have amplified. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 thousand ha

10 Degradation processes of lands in Altai krai

11 Use of chemical fertilizers kg 90 Republic of Altai 80 Republic of Buryatia

70 Republic of Tuva Republic of Khakasia For 1990th years 60 Altai krai application of 50 Krasnoyarski krai Irkutskaya oblast 40 fertilizers has Kemerovskaya oblast considerably 30 Novosibirskaya oblast 20 Omskaya oblast decreased. So, Tomskaya oblast 10 entering of chemical Chitinskaya oblast 0 fertilizers into 2006 1990 1995 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 does not exceed 10 % of level of 1990 in Use of organic fertilizers Republic Khakasia, ton Novosibirsk, Omsk 7 Republic of Altai Oblasts, and in other 6 Republic of Buryatia regions of Siberia – no Republic of Tuva more than 40 %. The 5 Republic of Khakasia Altai krai same situation and 4 Krasnoyarski krai with entering of Irkutskaya oblast 3 organic fertilizers. Kemerovskaya oblast

2 Novosibirskaya oblast Omskaya oblast 1 Tomskaya oblast Chitinskaya oblast 0 12 1990 1995 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Geographical location of Altai regions

Altai krai

Republic of Altai

Kazakhstan

Mongolian Republic

13 During 1990-2007 processes of change of structure of land use passed in areas of Altai Krai not equally. In the majority of districts there was a reduction of the area of farmland, the greatest – in districts of a forest-steppe zone of Krai. In 15 districts the area of farmland has increased: basically it is districts of a steppe zone of Krai. But the greatest increase (more than 5 thousand in hectare) was observed in foothill and mountain districts.

14 1990th years in Republic of Altai are characterized by disorder economically not effective from positions of mountain territories of branches and methods of managing, basically it is -12 % -50 % connected with liquidation of the large agricultural enterprises, reduction of a -40 % livestock of cattle, mainly, -8 % sheep and goats, and -55 % production of forages. The -9 % area of farming lands was reduced for 1990-2007 to 408 thousand in hectare, -29 % -19 % croplands – on 22 thousand in hectare. Reduction of farming land has occurred

-11 % in all districts of Republic Altai, the greatest – in 6 districts, it is less reduction in north-western districts of republic (Majminsky, Ust- -33 % Koksinsky, Ust-Kansky, Shebalinsky), more suitable for agricultural development. 15 Dynamics of a cattle head in Republic of Altai

thousand head 1400 Livestock population in 1200 economy of all categories 1000 cattle was reduced for 1990-2007

800 sheeps to 21 thousand head – the horses 600 livestock of sheep and goats marals was especially hardly 400 reduced to 634,2 thousand 200 head (in 2,2 times). The 0 livestock of marals, on the 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 contrary, has increased: in thousand head 2,6 times – 54,4 thousand 200 goals. There is an integration 180 160 and formation of new parks 140 for the contents of marals. 120 cattle 100 horses Also it is completely not 80 marals positive tendency. In many 60 40 areas the situation is close to 20 an upper limit on size of 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 ecological loads of cattle.

16 Special economic zone of tourist type in Republic of Altai «Altai valley»

17 Special economic zone of tourist type in Altai krai «Birysovaya Katun»

18 Mountain Altai

19 Steppe Altai

20 Thanks for attention!

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