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Ruth Heuertz Remmers

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Ruth Heuertz Remmers PERCEPTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF TOURISM IN THE ALTAI REPUBLIC, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION By Copyright 2017 Ruth Heuertz Remmers Submitted to the graduate degree program in Geography and Atmospheric Science and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Alexander C. Diener, Ph. D., Chair ________________________________ Stephen Egbert, Ph. D. ________________________________ Gerald E. Mikkelson, Ph. D. Date Defended: February 14, 2017 ii The Thesis Committee for Ruth Heuertz Remmers certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: PERCEPTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF TOURISM IN THE ALTAI REPUBLIC, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ________________________________ Alexander C. Diener, Ph. D., Chair Date approved: February 14, 2017 iii Abstract Although only 210,000 people reside in the Altai Republic of Western Siberia, the area received 1.8 million tourists in 2015. The overwhelming majority of visitors arrive from other areas of Russia. While tourists appreciate the landscape of the Altai Mountains and bring increased seasonal economic activity, not all of tourism’s effects benefit the local culture, economy or environment. This paper presents survey data concerning perceptions of residents and visitors about the environment and tourism. During the summer of 2015, a survey was distributed in four locations across the Altai Republic. Resident respondents included Russians, local members of Altaian clans, and Kazakhs, and visitors included Russian citizens from across the Russian Federation. Analyzing the data contributes to understanding the complex interactions between tourists, residents, indigenous peoples, the environment and the cultural landscape. Keywords Altai, Environment, Indigenous, Mountains, Perception, Russia, Siberia, Sustainability, Tourism iv Acknowledgements I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Alexander C. Diener, Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science, for his guidance and support. I also thank my committee members, Dr. Stephen Egbert, Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science, and Dr. Gerald E Mikkelson, Professor Emeritus, Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Thank you to Dr. Irina Six and Olesya Shtynko of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures for their insightful comments, and especially to Olesya for generously translating the survey and the oral agreement into the Russian language. A very special thank you goes to big-hearted colleagues and friends in the Altai Republic for their assistance in helping me to carry out the research. Natalia Iurkova acted as my intermediary with Gorno-Altaisk State University (GASU) making my research and my visit possible. Darya Kireeva interacted on my behalf with survey team members who did not speak English, reviewed the written data with me, entered the data into a spreadsheet, and helped with many other details. Evgeniy Letyagin directed the survey administration team administering the survey and transported the team to locations outside of Gorno-Altaisk. Albina Kravchenko arranged interviews during my stay. Maria Ostanina provided early feedback on the project. Current and former GASU students, and sometimes their families, helped me with errands and showed me places of interest. I thank friends from the University of Kansas community and from my larger community of friends for their help and support during the thesis research and writing process: Karen Kressin, Jennifer Castner, Jennifer Lattimore, Darin Grauberger, Don Stull, Di Shi, Po-Yi Chen, Cynthia Annett, Aoesta Mohammed, Travis White, Ron Schorr, Georgann Eglinski, MaryKay Mahoney, Pam Rooks, Paul Thomas, and others. v Thank you to the Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science for financial support in the form of a Graduate Research Assistantship through Alexander C. Diener for the summer of 2015, and a Kollmorgen Research Scholarship. Thank you to Jennifer Castner for arranging a travel fund, which allowed me to attend the 2015 Altai Alliance Conference. Thank you to a group of friends who contributed toward a travel fund, helping me to visit the Altai Republic. Thank you also to friends and to my late husband, W. W. (Bill) Remmers, for a scholarship provided by the sale of a few of his ceramic art pieces. Finally, thank you to my family and friends for their love and support. I especially want to thank my daughter, Juliet Remmers, who repeatedly affirmed, “You can do it, Mom!” my late husband, Bill, who consistently challenged me to learn more about ideas, and cultures of our world, and Anthony Ware for his always encouraging words. vi Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Keywords ....................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. xvii Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter II: Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 5 Measures of Environmental Perception ...................................................................................... 5 The New Environmental Paradigm ......................................................................................... 5 The New Ecological Paradigm Scale ...................................................................................... 6 Theories of Environmental Perception ....................................................................................... 7 The role of social status .......................................................................................................... 7 The role of gender ................................................................................................................. 10 Perceptions of Tourism ............................................................................................................. 11 Place attachment and place-protective tendencies ................................................................ 11 Influences on tourism stakeholders ....................................................................................... 13 Support of sustainable tourism facilities ............................................................................... 15 Influences on the Research Tool ............................................................................................... 16 Chapter III: History of the Altai Republic .................................................................................... 18 Geographic Setting.................................................................................................................... 19 Pre-history ................................................................................................................................. 21 vii Pre-Russian Influences.............................................................................................................. 23 Early Russian Dominance ......................................................................................................... 25 Control by Tsarist Russia, 1800-1916 ...................................................................................... 26 Early Soviet Control, 1917-1929 .............................................................................................. 31 Later Soviet Control, 1930-1991 .............................................................................................. 32 Post-Soviet Developments ........................................................................................................ 35 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 37 Chapter IV: Method ...................................................................................................................... 39 Participants ................................................................................................................................ 39 Survey ................................................................................................................................... 39 Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 45 Materials ................................................................................................................................... 45 The survey itself .................................................................................................................... 45 Training of the research team ..............................................................................................
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