Index

Adriatic, 123-134 Authigenic iron, 95-106 Age, 1-22,23-46,47-69,95-106, 107-122, 123-134, Aven D'Organc, 199-226 135-175, 177-197, 243-256, 257-272, 313-322 Age concordance, 177-197 Backswamp facies, 1-22 Air flow, 243-256, 273-302 Bacteria, 23-46 Air-filled chamber, 227-241 Bacterial authigenesis, 47-69 Allegheny Front, 71-81 Bacterial transport, 23-46 Allochthonous sediment, 23-46 Bahamas, 135-175, 177-197 Allogenic, 23-46 Bahamian Platform, 135-175 Allogenic basins, 1-22 Baker's Cave, 199-226 Alluvial features, 123-134 Banding, 135-175 Alphine Twister Cave, 107-122 Bank facies, 1-22 Alpine karst, 107-122, 243-256, 257-272 Barton Springs, 23-46, 83-93 ALTA, 199-226 Barton Springs Aquifer, 23-46, 83-93 Alternating phases, 123-134 Base flow, 199-226 Amber deposits, 313-322 Base-level back-flushing, 1-22 Amorphous silica, 303-311 Bath County, 1-22 Amblyrhiza inundata , 313-322 Bathers Cave, 95-106 Anaerobic pond, 95-106 Bauxite, 123-134 Analytical errors, 177-197 Bedding, 1-22 Andros Island, 135-175 Belden Formation, 107-122 Anguilla, 313-322 Belgium, 135-175 Animals, 107-122 Benzo[a]pyrene, 23-46 Anjohibe Cave, 135-175 Bermuda , 135-175, 199-226 Antarctica, 273-302 Bias, 199-226 Appalachian, 1-22 Biogenic activity, 257-272 Appalachian Plateau, 71-81 Biogenic matter, 199-226 Applications , 177-197 Blair County, 1-22 Aquifers, 1-22 Bonanza King Formation, 227-241 Aragonite, 135-175 Bone breccia, 313-322 Aragonite crusts, 303-311 Bones, 47-69 Arctic Circle, 257-272 Bonnies Hall, 107-122 Argentina, 303-311 Botryoidal opalline coatings, 303-311 Aridity, 47-69, 135-175 Botswana, 135-175 Armstrong County, 1-22 Bradshaw and Thompson plot, 47-69 Arsenic, 23-46, 83-93 Breakdown, 1-22, 107-122 Ash Meadows, 227-241 Britain, 135-175 Ash Meadows Springs, 135-175 British Columbia, 199-226 Asphalt seeps, 313-322 Brown, 135-175 Aureole flowstone, 123-134 Browns Folly, 135-175 Australia, 47-69, 135-175, 199- 226 Bubbles, 135-175 Austria, 243-256 Buchan Caves, 47-69 Authigenesis , 303-311 Buchan Caves Limestone, 47-69

323 324 Index

Buda Limestone, 83-93 Coastal caves, 135-175 Burnt Mountain, 107-122 Cobbles, 71-81, 95-106, 107-122, 243-256, 313-322 Burnt soil, 47-69 Coburn Formation, 71-81 Butler Cave, 135-175 Coercivity, 47-69 Butler Cave-Sinking Creek System, 1-22 Cold Air Cave, 135-175 Cold-vapor atomic adsorption, 23-46 Cable Cave, 107-122 Coldwater Cave, 135-175, 199-226 Calcite, 23-46, 83-93, 135-175 Collapse, 95-106 Calcite deposition, 273-302 Color, 135-175 Calcite raft, 227-241 Colorado, 107-122 Calcite-cemented pockets, 107-122 Colorado Mineral Belt, 107-122 Canada, 135-175, 199-226 Colorado River, 83-93 Cango Cave, 199-226 Columbian Avenue, 1-22 Carbon 14 dating, 135-175 Comb,227-241 Carbon dioxide, 135-175,227-241,243-256,273-302 Conglomerates, 123-134 Carbon isotopes, 199-226,227-241 , 243-256, 257- Contaminant transport, 23-46 272 Contaminants, 83-93 Carlsbad Caverns, 199-226, 303-311 Cooler, 257-272 Cascade Cave, 199-226 Corals, 177-197 Castleguard Cave, 199-226 Core, 135-175 Catastrophic flood events, 123-134 Cottonwood Cave, 303-311 Cathodoluminescence imaging, 135-175 Crevice Cave, 135-175, 177-197 Cave fragments, 123-134 Crusts, 303-311 Cave maps, v-viii Crystal Cave, 199-226 Cave sediment mapping, 107-122 Crystal growth, 135-175 Cave Springs Cave, 1-22 Crystallites, 227-241 Cave stream facies, 1-22 Cuba, 313-322 Cave temperature effect, 273-302 Cueva del Aleman, 313-322 Centre County, 1-22 Cueva el Mora, 313-322 Cerkniscica River, 123-134 Cueva Nay, 313-322 Channel facies, 1-22 Culture, v-viii Charcoal, 107-122, 257-272 Cumberland Plateau, 1-22 Cheat River Canyon, 1-22 Czech Republic, 135-175 Cheat River Gorge, 1-22 Chemical sediments, 135-175, 177-197,227-241, Dating, 243-256, 257-272, 313-322 243-256, 257-272, 273-302, 303-311 Dave's Gallery, 1-22 Chemical separation of uranium and thorium, 177-197 Day plot, 47-69 Chert, 123-134 Debris, 227-241 Chert fragments, 1-22" Del Rio Clay, 23-46, 83-93 Chihuahuan Desert, 135-175 Demagnetization, 47-69 China, 135-175 Demanova Valley, 135-175 Chronology, 273-302 Denudation rate, 123-134 Classical karst, 123-134 Denuded caverns, 123-134 Clastic dike, 313-322 Depositional environment, 227-241 Clastic sediment, 107-122 Detrital drape, 257-272 Clastic sediments, 1-22 ,23-46,47-69,71- 81, 83­ Devils Hole, 135-175,227-241. 257-272, 273-302 93,95-106, 123-134,243-256 Diamicton facies, 1-22 Clay, 1- 22, 23-46,47-69, 71-81, 95-106, 107-122, Diesel fuels, 23-46 123-134, 227-241, 303-311, 313-322 Dining Room, 71-81 Clay clasts, 95-106 Discharge, 23-46 Clay mineralogy, 1-22 ,83-93,95-106 Discontinuities, 273-302 Climate, 199-226, 273-302, 313-322 Divaca Cave, 199-226 Climate evolution, 47-69 Doerner-Hoskins equation, 135-175 Clints, 123-134 Dolebury Levy Mine, 135-175 Closed-system behavior, 177-197 Dolomite, 83-93, 303-311 Index 325

Dominican Republic, 313-3 22 Fossil bacteria. 303-311 Draining, 95-106 Fossil speleothems. 243-256 Drip water, 135-175, 199-226 Fractionation effect. 199-226 Drying horizon, 257-272 France. 23-46. 135-175. 199-226 Dukes system, 47-69 Frankencombe Cave, 199-226 Dust, 47-69, 199-226 Free-floating bacteria. 23-46 Dyer Dolomite, 107-122 Freshwater Cave, 199- 226 Fryingpan River, 107-122 Eagle County, 107-122 Fulvic acids. 135-175 East Gippsland, 47-69 Edwards Aquifer, 23-46 Gasoline, 23-46 Edwards Limestone, 23-46, 83-93 Geochemistry, 95-106. 135-175 EI Nino events, 135-175 Georgetown Limestone, 23-46, 83-93 EI Sotano de Soyate, 199-226 Georgia. 135-175 Electron paramagnetic resonance, 135-175 Geothite, 135-175 Electron spin resonance, 135-175 Germany. 135- 175 Emission spectra, 135-175 GISP2, 135-175, 273-302 Endangered species, 23-46 Glacial deposits, 107-122 Energy dispersive X-ray, 303-311 Glacial quarrying, 107-122 Environment, 227-241 Glacial tills, 1- 22 Eocene flysch territory, 123-134 Glacially-influenced, 107-122 Epifluorescence microscopy, 243- 256 Glaciations. 135-175 Epikarst, 1-22 Glacier. 257-272 Episodic high flow, 95-106 Glen Rose Limestone, 83- 93 Erosion, 107-122 Gneiss. 243- 256 Estimates of chemical dissolution, 243- 256 Godarville Tunnel, 135-175 Eurycea sosorum, 23-46, 83- 93 Grab samples, 23-46 Evaporation, 199-226 Graded bedding. 123-134 Exit Tunnel Cave, 273-302 Grain size, 1-22 Extreme events, 313-3 22 Graphite furnace atomic adsorption, 23-46 Grasses, 135-175 Facies. 1-22 Gravel. 47-69, 107-122, 243- 256 Fairy Cave, 47-69 Gravity deposit facies, 1-22 Fecal coliform, 23-46 Great Basin, 227-241 Ferrihydrite, 135-175 Greece, v-viii Fibers, 23-46, 83-93. 303-311 Green River. 1-22 Filaments, 83-93 Greenland, 273-302 Films. 303-311 Greenland ice core, 135-175 Fire, 257-272 GRIP, 273-302 Fissure, 71-81 Grotte de Villars. 135-175 Flashy drainage systems, 1-22 Grotte Pere Noel, 135-175 Flint Ridge, 1-22 Grotto Bay Cave, 199-226 Flood deposits, 313-322 Groundwater freezing. 273-302 Flood events. 83-93 Grovers Den. 107-122 Flood hydrographs, 1-22 Growth. 273-302 Flood plain, 1-22 ,95-106 Growth modelling. 273-302 Flowstone, 123-134. 135-175 . 199-226,227-241, Growth rate. 135-175,227-241, 273-302 243-256, 257-272, 273-302. 313-322 Guadalupe Mountains, 135-175. 303-311 Fluid inclusion. 135-175, 199- 226. 227-241 Guano, 313-322 Flushing, 95-106 Gunsight Cave, 303- 311 Fluviokarst, 1-22 Gypsum, 243-256 Flysch gravel. 123-134 Folia, 227-241 Half-lives, 177-197 Foraminfera, 135-175 Hawkins River, 1-22 Forest fire. 107-122 Heavy rainfall. 23- 46 326 Index

Hekla 3 volcanic eruption, 135- 175 Jerusalem Cave, 199- 226 Helderberg Plateau, 135- 175 Jumbled, 95-106 Hell Below Cave, 303-311 Hematite, 47-69, 135- 175 Kalahari Desert, 135-1 75 Hendy tests, 273-302 Kangaroo, 47-69 Henry's law, 135-175 Kaolinite, 83-93 Herbies Deli, 107- 122 Katouche Cave, 313-322 Hidden Cave, 303-311 Kents Cavern, 135-175 Hineman Cave, 1- 22 Kentucky, 1- 22, 23-46, 135-1 75, 199-226 Hintertux Glacier, 243-256 Kerolite, 303-311 Hispaniola, 313-322 Kerolite-like silicates, 303-311 History, v-viii, 107- 122 Klamath Mountains, 273-302 Hochstegen Marble, 243-256 Knickpoints, 47- 69 Hollow box, 83-93 Kooken Cave, 71-81 Holocene, 135-175 Humic material, 135-175 Lab methods, 23-46 Humidity, 243- 256, 273-302 Labatse II Cave, 199- 226 Huntingdon County, 71- 81 Lake Cave, 303-311 Huntite, 303-311 Laminated sandstone, 123- 134 Hurricane activity, 313-322 Laminated sedimentation, 123-1 34 Hurricane Camille, 1- 22 Land use problems, v-viii Hydrology, 71-81 Landscape evolution, 47-69 Hydromagnesite, 303-311 Lapphullet Cave, 135- 175,257-272 Hydrophobic contaminants, 23-46 Laramide, 135-175 Hysteresis, 47-69 Laramide Orogeny, 107-122 Large-volume filtration, 23-46 Ice cores, 273-302 Laser, 135-175 Ice palace, 107-122 Laski Ravnik, 123-134 Ice-volume effect, 199- 226, 273-302 Last interglacial, 313- 322 Idria fault, 123-1 34 Lead, 23-46, 83- 93 Igloo Cave, 199-226 Lead-21O dating, 135- 175 Illite, 83-93 Leadville Limestone, 107- 122 Incision rates, 95- 106 Lechuguilla Cave, 303-31 1 Indian Echo Cave, 199- 226 Length-slow calcite, 227-241 Indian monsoon, 135-175 Lez Basin, 23- 46 Initial 23O'fh and 231 pa, 177-1 97 Lift tube, 1- 22 Inner Space Cavern, 199- 226 Lime Creek Cave, 107-122 Inorganic-isotope, 227-241 Lime Creek Karst, 107- 122 Inputs, 1-22 Limits, 177-197 Insoluble residue, 1-22 Linear growth rates, 273-302 Interglacial periods, 107-122 Lithofacies, 1- 22 Iowa, 135-175, 199-226 Little Ice Age, 135-175 , 243-256 Ireland, 273- 302 Little Juniata River, 71- 81 Iron, 95- 106 Little Trimmer Cave, 135-175 , 199-226 Iron extraction, 95- 106 Loam, 123- 134 Iron oxides/hydroxides, 243- 256 Lobatse II Cave, 135- 175 Isla de Mona, 313-322 Loesses, 47-69 Isochron technique, 177-1 97 Logsdon River, 1-22 Isothermal remanence demagnetization, 47- 69 Loysburg Formation, 71-81 Isotope, 135-175, 199-226, 243- 256, 257- 272, Luminescence, 135- 175 273-302 Lynd's Cave, 199- 226 Israel, 135-175, 199-226 Mackova Cave, 199- 226 Jack Mountain, 1- 22 Madagascar, 135-175 Jamaica, 135- 175, 313-322 Maghemite, 47-69 Index 327

Magnesium, 135-175,243-256 Ocean temperature effect, 273-302 Magnetic grain size, 47-69 Oman, 199-226 Magnetite, 47-69 Onion Creek, 23-46 Makapansgat Valley, 135-175 Oolitic bauxite pebbles, 123-134 Mammillary calcite, 227-241 Opal, 303-311 Mammoth Cave, 1-22 Oregon, 273-302 Mammoth-Fl int Ridge, 199-226 Oregon Caves National Monument, 273-302 Manganese , 95-106 Organic acids, 199-226 Manganese banding, 135-175 Organic carbon, 23-46, 95-106 Marble, 243-256, 257-272, 273-302 Organic compounds, 135-175 Marsupials, 47-69 Organic material, 303-311 Maury River, 95-106 Organic matter, 23-46, 95-106, 107-122 Maze caves, 1-22 Organochlorine compounds, 23-46 McFail's Cave, 199-226 Outcrop- scale discontinuities, 273-302 Medieval warming, 135-175 Overbank facies, 1-22 Mediterranean , 135-175 Oxygen isotope, 135-175, 199-226, 227-241, 257­ Megaboulder, 313-322 272, 273-302 Meltwaters, 243-256 Ozark Highlands, 135-175 Metamorphic, 243-256, 257-272 Meteorology , 243-256 Pack rat nests, 107-122 Methods, 23-46 Paleoclimate, 95-106, 227-241 Mexico, 199-226 Paleoclimate records, 135-175 Midden, 107-122 Paleoenvironments, 135-175 Milankovitch forcing, 257-272 Paleomagnet ic, 71-81, 313-322 Mineralogy, 23-46, 135-175, 273-302 Paleomagnetic analysis, 47-69, 257-272 Minnesota, 177-197 Paleomagnetic reversal, 95-106 Miocene, 135-175 Paleomagnetism, 135-175 Missouri, 135-175, 177-197, 199-226 Paleotemperature proxies, 273-302 Mitchell's Chamber, 313-322 Paleothermometer, 135-175 Mixed-layer illite/smecti te, 83-93 Parker Cave, 1-22 Mobility of sediment in karst, 23-46 Particle size, 1-22 Moisture conditions, 135-175 Pebbles, 123-134 Montpellier, 23-46 Pedogenic , 47-69 Moon's Cave, 199-226 Pedogenic magnetite, 47-69 Moonmilk, 243-256 Pendleton County, 1-22 Moraines, 107-122 Pennsylvania, 1-22, 71-81, 199-226 Moravian karst, 135-175 Perchloroethene, 23-46 Morphology, 227-241 Periglacial caves, 107-122 Murrindal Limestone, 47-69 Periglacial conditions, 273-302 Mystic Cave, 1-22 Pesticides, 23-46, 83-93 Petrography , 273-302 Najdena Jama-Vranja lama-lama Kloka Cave Petroleum hydrocarbons, 23-46, 83-93 System, 123-134 Petrology, 227-241 Natural Bridge Cavern, 199-226 Phantom Caves, 123-134 Near-infrared spectra, 135-175 Phosphorescent , 135-175 Neotectonic activity, 123-134 Pitchapple Hole, 313-322 Nepal, 135-175 Planinsko Polje, 123-134 Nevada, 135-175, 227-241, 257-272 Plants, 135-175 New Mexico, 135-175, 199- 226, 303- 311 Platelets, 303-311 New York, 135-175, 199-226 Plugging , 71- 81 New Zealand, 135-175, 177-197, 199-226 Pollen, 135-175, 199-226, 257-272 Norman-Bone Cave, 199-226 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , 23-46 Northern Calcareous Alps, 243-256 Popcorn, 227-241 Norway, 135-175, 257-272, 273-302 Pothole s, 243-256 Nullarbor, 135-175 Potomac River Valley, 1-22 328 Index

Pre-late Pleistocene, 47-69 Sea level, 47-69 Precipitation, 273-302 Secular variation, 135-175 Precision, 177-197 Sediment, 1-22, 23-46 Predjama Cave, 199-226 Sediment accumulation rates, 71-81 Preface, v-viii Sediment budget, 1-22 Probability of deposition and/or preservation, 313- Sediment cycles, 107-122 322 Sediment facies, 1-22 Proposed facies, 1-22 Sediment geochemistry, 23-46 Protactinium dating, 177-197 Sediment supply, 23-46 Provenance, 83-93 Sediment-associated Bacteria, 23-46 Puerto Rico, 313-322 Sedimentology, 95-106 Pyrite, 243-256 Seepage waters, 199-226 Shenandoah Valley, 95-106 Quartz, 1-22 ,47-69, 83-93, 303-311 Shihua Cavern, 135-175 Quartz silt, 95-106 Shrubs, 135-175 Quaternary, 47-69 Siddha Baba Cave, 135-175 Quick flow, 199-226 Silicates, 303-311 Silicified fossils, 1-22 Radiocarbon, 313-322 Silt, 95-106 Rafts, 227-241 Silty-clay, 243-256 Rain events, 23-46 Sinkhole, 95-106 Rainfall, 83-93, 199-226 Sinkhole Plain, 1-22 Rainwater composition effect, 273-302 Sinking Valley, 1-22 Raman Spectrometer, 135-175 Slackwater Facies, 1-22 Recharge, 107-122 Slice, 135-175 Red earths, 47-69 Slope of cave passages, 107-122 Red Spider Cave, 135-175 Slovakia, 135-175 Red unctuous clays, 1-22 Slovenia, 123-134, 199-226 Regolith, 1-22 SMOW of meteoric waters, 199-226 Reliquiae diluvianae alter, 313-322 Snowmelt, 107-122 Response, 23-46 Soda straws, 243-256 Reversed polarity, 47-69 Soil, 1-22, 83-93, 257-272 Rhyolitic Volcanics, 47-69 Soil erosion processes, 23-46 Rimstones, 303-311 Soil formation, 47-69 Ripple cross-lamination, 47-69 Somali-Chalbi Desert, 135-175 Rock Spring, 1-22 Sonicated, 23-46 Rodent, 313-322 Soreq Cave, 135-175, 199-226 Romania, 199-226 Sorting, 1-22 Roofless caves, 123-134 Sotano de la Tinaja, 199-226 Royal Cave, 47-69 South Africa, 135-175, 199-226 Rubble, 95-106, 123-134 South Dakota, 199-226 Rusticles, 303-311 Spain, v-viii, 199-226 Spannagel Cave, 243-256 Salamander, 23-46, 83-93 SPECMAP, 273-302 Sampling, 177-197 Speleogenesis, 107-122 Sand, 47-69, 71-81, 107-122, 123-134, 243-256 Speleothem, 107-122, 135-175, 177-197, 199-226, Sand Canyon, 1-22 227-241 , 243-256, 257-272, 273-302, 303­ Sand Cave, Kentucky, v-viii 311 Sangamonian interglacial, 313-322 Speleothem color, 135- 175 Saturation magnetization parameters, 47-69 Speleothem luminescence, 135-175 Sawatch quartzite, 107-122 Spring, 23-46 Sawatch Range, 107-122 Spring Valley Caverns, 177-197 Scanning electron microscopy, 303-311 Sr, 243- 256 Scotland, 135-175 Stab Cave, 199-226 SCUBA,I-22 Stages, 123-134 Index 329

Stalactites, 135- 175, 199-226,243-256,303-311 Tytoona Cave, 1-22 Stalagmites, 135-1 75, 199- 226, 243-256, 303-311 Tyuyamunite, 303- 311 Start-stop model, 273-302 Stevensite, 303-31 1 Uamh An Tartair Cave, 135-175 Stillstand,47-69 Ultrafine magnetite, 47-69 Sthenurus sp., 47-69 Uncertainties, 177-197 Stokes Law, 1- 22 United Kingdom, 135-175, 199-226 Storm, 23- 46 Unusual fossil assemblage, 313-322 Storm events, 95- 106 Unusual sediments, 313-322 Storm flow, 1-22 Uranium-series dating, 47-69, 135- 175, 177-197, Storm-emplacement, 313- 322 243-256, 257-272, 273-302 Stripe karst, 257-272 Uranyl vanadates, 303-311 Strontium isotopes, 135-175 Stump Cross Caverns, 135-175 Valley and Ridge, 71-81 Sub-arctic, 199-226 Vancouver Island, 135- 175, 257-272 Sub-samples, 177-197 Variability, 199- 226 Super-interglacial, 257-272 Vegetation, 199-226 Supersaturation, 135-1 75 Vertebrate record, 313-322 Surface sediments, 23-46 Victoria, 47-69, 199- 226 Susceptibility, 71- 81 Victoria Fossil Cave, 135-175 Suspended particulates, 23-46 Virginia, 1-22, 95- 106, 135-1 75 Suspended sediment, 23-46, 83-93 Viscous remanence, 47-69 Syncline, 1-22 Volcanic Ash, 1-22,257-272 Synclinorium, 47- 69 Volcanic Caves, 303-311 Vortexed, 23-46 Tasmania, 135-1 75, 199- 226 Techniques, 47-69, 177-197 Wallingford Roadside Cave, 313-322 Temperature, 135-1 75, 199- 226, 227- 241, 257- 272, Water effect, 199-226 273- 302 Water film thickness, 273-302 Terra rossa, 83-93 Water quality, 23-46 Terraces, 47-69 Weathering residuum, 1-22 Terrieu Creek, 23-46 Well field, 23-46 Texas, 23-46, 83-93, 199-226 West Indies, 313-322 Textures, 135-1 75 West Virginia, 1- 22, 135-175, 199-226 Thalweg facies, 1-22 White Arch Cave, 135- 175 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry, 177-197, White Rock Lake, 23-46 243-256, 273-302 White Scar Cave, 199- 226 Thermoluminescence, 135-175 Whole-water analysis. 23-46 Tidal range, 227-241 Williamson Creek, 23-46 Tiered caves, 135-175 Wind Cave, 199-226 TIMS, 257-272 Wind-blown dust, 135-175 Total maximum daily loads, 23- 46 Wind-blown material, 47- 69 Total suspended solids, 23-46 Winnats Head Cave. 135- 175 Trace element, 23- 46, 135-175 Wisconsinan, 135- 175 Transmission electron microscopy, 303-3 11 Woody organic matter, 83- 93 Transport, 1-22 Worthy Park I Cave, 313-322 Travel time, 23-46 Travertine facies, 1-22 X-ray. 1- 22. 83-93.95-106.273-302,303-311 Trees, 135-175 Trichloroethane, 23-46 Yorkshire, 199-226 Trinidad, 313- 322 Yorkshire Pot, 199-226 Trioctahedral smectite, 303- 311 Younger Dryas, 135- 175, 199-226 Tumbling Creek, 199- 226 Yucatan, 135-17 5 Turnhole Spring, 1-22 Tussey Mountain, 1- 22 Zillertal Alps, 243-256