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The Contribution of Condensation-Corrosion in the Morphological Evolution of Caves in Semi-Arid Regions : Preliminary Investigations in the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus

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The Contribution of Condensation-Corrosion in the Morphological Evolution of Caves in Semi-Arid Regions : Preliminary Investigations in the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus The contribution of condensation-corrosion in the morphological evolution of caves in semi-arid regions : preliminary investigations in the Kyrenia range, Cyprus. Didier Cailhol, Philippe Audra, Carole Nehme, Fadi Nader, Mladen Garašić, Vasile Heresanu, Salih Gucel, Iris Charalambidou, Lauren Satterfield, Hai Cheng, et al. To cite this version: Didier Cailhol, Philippe Audra, Carole Nehme, Fadi Nader, Mladen Garašić, et al.. The contribution of condensation-corrosion in the morphological evolution of caves in semi-arid regions : preliminary investigations in the Kyrenia range, Cyprus.. Acta Carsologica, Scientific Research Centre Publishing, 2019, 48 (1), 10.3986/ac.v48i1.6782. hal-02150296 HAL Id: hal-02150296 https://hal-ifp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02150296 Submitted on 7 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License COBISS: 1.01 THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONDENSATION-CORROSION IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF CAVES IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS IN THE KYRENIA RANGE, CYPRUS PRISPEVEK KONDENZACIJSKE KOROZIJE PRI RAZVOJU JAM V POLSUHIH OBMOČJIH: PREDHODNI REZULTATI V JAMAH KIRENIJSKEGA GOROVJA, CIPER Didier CAILHOL1, Philippe AUDRA2,*, Carole NEHME3, Fadi Henri NADER4, Mladen GARAŠIĆ5, Vasile HERESANU6, Salih GUCEL7, Iris CHARALAMBIDOU8, Lauren SATTERFIELD9, Hai CHENG10 & R. Lawrence EDWARDS11 Abstract UDC 551.435.84(393.7) Izvleček UDK 551.435.84(393.7) Didier Cailhol, Philippe Audra, Carole Nehme, Fadi Henri Didier Cailhol, Philippe Audra, Carole Nehme, Fadi Henri Nader, Mladen Garašić, Vasile Heresanu, Salih Gucel, Iris Ch- Nader, Mladen Garašić, Vasile Heresanu, Salih Gucel, Iris Ch- aralambidou, Lauren Satterfield, Hai Cheng & R. Lawrence aralambidou, Lauren Satterfield, Hai Cheng & R. Lawrence Edwards: The contribution of condensation-corrosion in the Edwards: Prispevek kondenzacijske korozije pri razvoju jam v morphological evolution of caves in semi-arid regions: pre- polsuhih območjih: predhodni rezultati v jamah Kirenijskega liminary investigations in the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus gorovja, Ciper The condensation-corrosion process occurs when airflow cools Kondenzacijska korozija se pojavi ob stiku vlažnega zračnega at the contact with colder cave walls. Condensed water becomes toka s hladnimi jamskimi stenami. Pri tem na jamsko steno iz aggressive for soluble rocks and corrodes the walls. This process zraka kondenzira film vode, ki kemično korodira vodotopno is particularly active close to cave entrances in high thermal gra- kamnino. Proces je najbolj izrazit v bližini jamskih vhodov, dient zones where external air enters caves. Condensation ap- kjer ob visokem temperaturnem gradientu zunanji zrak vs- 1 EDYTEM, University of Savoy - Mont-Blanc - CNRS, Pôle Montagne, 5 bd de la mer Caspienne F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac cedex, France, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Polytech’Lab EA 7498, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 930 route des Colles, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France, e-mail: [email protected] 3 UMR 6266 IDEES, University of Rouen - CNRS, 7 rue Thomas Becket, 76781 Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex, France, e-mail: carole. [email protected] 4 Union Internationale de Spéléologie, IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 & 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France, e-mail: [email protected] 5 Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, University of Zagreb, Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 6 CINaM, CNRS - Aix-Marseille University, Campus de Luminy, case 913, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France, e-mail: heresanu@ cinam.univ-mrs.fr 7 Environmental Research Center, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus, e-mail: [email protected] 8 Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus, e-mail: [email protected] 9 School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA, e-mail: [email protected] 10 Xi’an Jiaotong University, Qujiang Campus, No.28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049, P.R. China, e-mail: cheng021@ xjtu.edu.cn 11 University of Minnesota, Department of Earth Sciences, Newton Horace Winchell School of Earth Sciences, 3 Morrill Hall 100 Church St. S.E. Minneapolis MN 55455, USA, e-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Received/Prejeto: 09.09.2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i1.6782 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 48/1, 5-27, POSTOJNA 2019 DIDIER CAILHOL, PHILIPPE AUDRA, CAROLE NEHME, FADI HENRI NADER, MLADEN GARAŠIĆ, VASILE HERESANU, SALIH GUCEL, IRIS CHARALAMBIDOU, LAUREN SATTERFIELD, HAI CHENG & R. LAWRENCE EDWARDS pears to be important where bat colonies are also present. Bat topa v jamo. Kondenzacijo in kondenzacijsko korozijo lahko metabolism and guano decomposition release heat, vapour, and pomembno povečajo kolonije netopirjev. Metabolizem ne- acids. Hence, bat colonies contribute to the increase of conden- topirjev in razpadanje gvana sproščata toploto, vlago in kis- sation-corrosion, especially by providing permanent moisture line. Kondenzacijska korozija iz konvekcijskih tokov vlažnega and chemical aggressiveness. Corrosive air convections produce zraka ustvarja zaobljene skalne oblike, kot so kupole, stropni rounded morphologies, such as ceiling channels, cupolas, and kanali in korodirana siga. Kirenijsko gorovje na Cipru ima corroded older flowstones. This process has been overlooked in polsuho podnebje. Večina jam v tej raziskavi so odprte razpoke previous research, since related morphologies were often con- v prekristaljenem karbonatu (apnenec in dolomit) ali v sadri. fused with those produced by early phreatic flow. Kyrenia Range Poleg teh obravnavamo tudi blodnjake v sadri, ki so se obliko- in Cyprus has a semi-arid climate. All the studied caves devel- vali v freatični coni in so v preteklosti delovali kot izviri. V njih oped along open-fractures. They are located both in recrystal- najdemo stenske zajede, ki so nastale v epifreatični fazi. Ker je lized carbonates (limestone and dolostone, such as Smoky and zrak poleti zelo suh, je kondenzacija omejena na zimski čas, ko Pigeons Caves), or in gypsum (First Day and Angry Bat Caves). se intenzivno izmenjuje zrak med jamsko in zunanjo atmosfero. We also studied a maze cave that acted as a spring in gypsum Poleti prevladuje izhlapevanje, kar omogoča razvoj cvetačastih that initially developed under phreatic conditions, followed by an oblik v karbonatnih jamah ter sadrinih skorij, stalagmitov in epiphreatic phase that allowed the development of notches (Fig stranskih obrob v jamah v sadri. Kolonija netopirjev v eni od Tree Cave, also named İncirli Show Cave). Due to the semi-arid polzaprtih dvoran v jami Smoky Cave verjetno vzdržuje visoko climate, external air is very dry in summer, thus condensation vlago tudi poleti. Posledica so močno izražene oblike konden- seems to occur mainly in winter, when cave atmosphere instabil- zacijske korozije (kupole) in stalna aktivna rast sige. V eni od ity allows large air exchanges between caves and surface atmo- jam smo izmerili visoko vsebnost SO2 in radona, ki je verjetno sphere. In summer, evaporation prevails, allowing the develop- povezana z aktivno narivno tektoniko. Pet obravnavanih jam ment of popcorn lines in carbonate caves and massive gypsum je tektonskega izvora in so verjetno nastale v kratkem obdobju crusts, stalagmites, and sidewalk rims in gypsum caves. How- hitrega dvigovanja v pleistocenu ter bile kasneje preoblikovane ever, the presence of a bat colony in a semi-confined chamber in s kondenzacijsko korozijo. Nekatere jame v sadri so nastale Smoky Cave is probably the origin of the permanent moisture, skoraj izključno s kondenzacijsko korozijo, ki je preoblikovala also during the dry season, leading to a strong development of prvotne majhne razpoke. Ciper je izjemno območje za podobne condensation-corrosion features such as ceiling cupolas, and študije, saj lahko zaradi odsotnosti freatične faze večino zao- possibly to the permanent activity of flowstones. In addition, we bljenih jamskih oblik pripišemo kondenzacijski koroziji. detected high concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ra- Ključne besede: Vzhodno Sredozemlje, kondenzacijska koro- don (Rn) in Fig Tree Cave, possibly related to the activity of the zija, gvano, Kirenijsko gorovje, jame v odprtih razpokah, hitri neighbouring overthrust. Based on the five studied caves in the tektonski dvig, sadra, jamska mikroklima, pleistocen. Kyrenia Range and surroundings, the open-fracture caves in car- bonates and gypsum have not undergone the typical initial phre- atic stage, but have formed in a short time during Pleistocene as a result of the fast uplift of the range and were later reshaped by condensation-corrosion morphologies. Some gypsum caves may have formed entirely by this latter process, after initial minor fracture development. Cyprus is an outstanding area for studying the condensation-corrosion
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