La Danca Che Cura

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La Danca Che Cura University of Helsinki ”LA DANZA CHE CURA” - DANCERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SOUTHERN ITALIAN TARANTELLA Master’s thesis Sofia Silfvast Faculty of Arts Department of World Cultures Master’s Degree Programme in Intercultural Encounters Major: Religious Studies January 2015 2 Tiedekunta Laitos Humanistinen Maailman kulttuurien laitos Tekijä Sofia Silfvast Työn nimi “La danza che cura” – Dancers’ Perceptions of Southern Italian Tarantella Oppiaine Uskontotiede – Master’s Programme in Intercultural Encounters Työn laji Aika Sivumäärä Pro Gradu Tammikuu 2015 103 Tiivistelmä Tutkielmani käsittelee Etelä-Italian perinteistä tanssia tarantellaa, jonka suosio on lisääntynyt huomattavasti viimeisen 20 vuoden aikana. Tarantella on yleisnimitys musiikille ja tansseille, joille yhteistä on 6/8 rytmi ja tamburello-rumpu. Tarantella on piirissä tai pareittain tanssittavaa. Tarantella tarkoittaa ‘pientä hämähäkkiä’. Nimi antaa viitteitä sen yhteydestä tarantismiin, musiikilla ja tanssilla parantamisen rituaaliin, jota harjoitettiin 1950-luvulle asti Etelä-Italian Salenton seudulla. Tutkimusaineistoni koostuu 11 teemahaastattelusta, jotka toteutin kahdella kenttätyömatkalla vuonna 2013. Haastattelin tanssijoita, jotka toimivat esiintyjinä, opettajina ja perinteenvälittäjinä Italiassa ja eri puolilla Eurooppaa. Haastattelujen lisäksi osallistuin tanssityöpajoihin sekä musiikki- ja tanssitapahtumiin. Tiedonhankintaani helpotti italian kielen taito ja teatteriharrastustaustani. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on tarkastella erilaisia diskursseja, joita liitetään tarantellaan nykypäivänä. Pohdin tutkimuksessani käsitystä tarantellasta parantavana tanssina. Analysoin, miten perinteen (tradizione) ja rituaalin (rituale) käsitteet ymmärretään ja miten nämä tulkinnat vaikuttavat tanssijoiden työskentelyssä. Tarkastelen, millä tavoin tanssijat vahvistavat ja haastavat sukupuolirooleja sekä historiallisia narratiiveja. Tutkimuksessani tanssi ei vain heijasta ympäröivää kulttuuria vaan myös luo sitä uudelleen. Akateemisen tutkimuksen ja tanssin välinen yhteys on tässä kontekstissa vahva, sillä tanssiperinteiden elvyttäminen lähti liikkeelle antropologi Ernesto De Martinon tarantismia käsittelevästä tutkimuksesta La terra del Rimorso (1961). Paikallisia tarantellatansseja on useita. Tarantellainnostuksen keskiössä on Salenton alueen pizzica, joka on pitkälti rekonstruoitu tanssi. Tarkastelen, miten tanssijat ymmärtävät perinteen käsitteen suhteessa omaan tanssijuuteensa. Suurin osa haastateltavistani ei ole kasvanut perinteisen tanssin ja musiikin parissa, vaan on tutustunut tarantellaan sen suosion kasvun myötä. Tarantellan tanssijoista useimmat ovat naisia, jotka joutuvat altavastaavan asemaan miesvaltaisessa kansanmusiikkikentässä. Tarantellan opettaminen on verrattain tuore ilmiö, jota ei ole aiemmin tutkittu. Kiinnitän tutkimuksessani huomiota kansainvälistyvään tarantellan harjoittamisen kenttään. Luen aineistoani narratiivisella otteella. Perehdyn kertomuksiin, joissa nousevat esille tanssille annetut henkilökohtaiset merkitykset. Haastateltavilleni tanssiminen on vuorovaikutusta, jossa perinteinen liikekieli ja sen kulttuuriset merkitykset kohtaavat autenttisen, jaetun tunneilmaisun. Ritualisoinnin käsitteen kautta analysoin, miten tanssijat kuvailevat tarantellaa rituaalina. Tanssityöpajoissa luodaan yhteisöllinen tila, jossa astutaan yhteyteen omien syvimpien tunteiden ja menneiden sukupolvien kokemusten kanssa. Tähän liittyy Etelä-Italian historiallisten todellisuuksien tiedostaminen, kuten aiempien sukupolvien naisten alistettu asema. Tarkastelen myös haastateltavien ymmärryksiä tarantismista. Tarantismi liittää Etelä-Italian Välimeren alueeseen ja Pohjois-Afrikkaan, jossa on vastaavia tanssirituaalin perinteitä. Aiemmin marginaalisessa asemassa ollut rituaali on viime vuosikymmeninä nostettu näkyväksi representaatioksi tarantella-musiikkin ja tanssin suosion myötä. Tarantismi leimattiin viime vuosisadalla häpeälliseksi, primitiiviseksi toiseudeksi, joten sen muisto on edelleen vahvasti jännitteinen. Jotkut haastateltavistani tutkivat tarantismia taiteellisesti ja rituaalisesti. Tähän työskentelyyn liitetään mm. toiseuden kohtaaminen itsessä ja erilaisten käsitteellisten vastakkainasettelujen purkaminen. Tarantismin ympärillä käytävät ristiriitaiset keskustelut heijastavat osaltaan muutosta eteläitalialaisuuden kulttuurisessa arvostuksessa. Tutkielmani osoittaa, että tarantella koetaan autenttisena vuorovaikutuksen muotona ja yhteisöllisyyttä uudelleen rakentavana toimintana. Tanssi on ruumiillinen kieli ja tapa olla yhdessä. Tarantellan kautta luodaan yhteyttä perinteisiin ja luontoon. Tanssijat arvostavat ensikäden kokemuksia perinteisistä tavoista tanssia ja painottavat tiedon lisäämisen tärkeyttä. Kun tuntee perinteen, on oikeus taiteelliseen kokeiluihin. Tarantellaan liitetään taiteellisia ja terapeuttisia mahdollisuuksia ja se koetaan universaaliksi kieleksi, joka yhdistää ihmisiä yli kulttuurirajojen. Haastateltavani suhtautuvat tarantellaan taiteellisella kunnianhimolla ja haluavat edistää tarantellan asemaa ei-kulttuurisidonnaisena tanssitaiteena. Tarantellassa rakennetaan suhdetta menneisyyteen sekä luodaan uusia kulttuurisia kertomuksia eteläitalialaisuudesta. Tarantismin muisto elää tietoisuutena tanssin ja musiikin parantavasta voimasta, joka on vahvasti läsnä tanssijoiden kertomuksissa. Avainsanat Italia, Etelä-Italia, tanssi, tarantella, tarantismi, perinne, rituaali, parantaminen, yhteisö, hyvinvointi Säilytyspaikka Maailman kulttuurien laitos 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 2. Theoretical framework ..................................................................................... 6 2.1 Research on dance in religious studies ........................................................................................... 6 2.2 Central conceptualizations: tradition and ritual ......................................................................... 8 2.3 Previous research on southern Italian popular music and dance .................................... 11 2.4 Research question ................................................................................................................................. 13 3. Field research: ‘The tarantella tour’ ................................................................ 14 4. A history of tarantella and tarantism .............................................................. 18 4.1 The context: southern Italy ................................................................................................................ 19 4.2 Tarantella, the dance of the little spider ...................................................................................... 20 4.3 Tarantism, a healing ritual ................................................................................................................. 22 4.4 The revival of southern Italian traditional music and dance .............................................. 29 5. Analysis .......................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Analyzing narratives on dancing ..................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Encountering the tarantella ............................................................................................................... 35 5.3 Dancing as communication ................................................................................................................ 41 5.3.1 Can the tarantella be taught? ....................................................................................................... 43 5.4 Perceptions of tarantism .................................................................................................................... 46 5.4.1 Cultural interruption: the decline of traditional dancing ................................................. 51 5.5 ‘Betraying tradition’: perceptions of the contemporary situation ................................... 54 5.5.1 Representations of femininity: conformity and resistance ............................................... 60 5.5.2 Tarantism on stage? .......................................................................................................................... 66 5.6 Southern Italy and beyond: intercultural understandings .................................................. 67 5.7 Perceptions of ritual ............................................................................................................................. 74 5.8 Dancing, healing and wellbeing ....................................................................................................... 79 6. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 85 Glossary .............................................................................................................. 91 Research questions ............................................................................................. 93 Presentations of the interviewees ...................................................................... 93 Secondary sources .............................................................................................. 96 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 98 4 1. Introduction “Some things can be said with words, other with movements.
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