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The Higgs Boson Discovery

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The Higgs Boson Discovery The Higgs Boson Discovery Michel Lefebvre University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium 27-28 April 2015 The Higgs boson discovery The Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism The search for the Higgs boson • LEP, Tevatron, early LHC Discovery at the LHC LHC performance • One discovery leads to another...! • ATLAS Individual channels Combinations • properties Future Prospects I will focus on ATLAS results, and will include some CMS results Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 2 Matter and forces the proton: three bound quarks Forces: Matter: mediated spin 1/2 by spin 1 fermions bosons and Antimatter Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 3 Gauge invariance We wish to generate the EM, weak, and strong forces from a gauge invariance of the type U(1) SU(2) SU(3) Standard Model Y L C gauge ⇥ ⇥ u ⌫e u e− 0 1 ✓ ◆ u @ A But ALL masses violate this assumption! gauge boson fermion mass terms mass terms because of SU(2)L µ MZ Zµ m ¯ = m ¯L R + ¯R L We need a gauge invariant mechanism Higgs mechanism! R. Brout, F. Englert, P. Higgs, G.S. to generate mass Guralnik, C.R. Hagen, and T.W.B. Kibble Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 4 Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism The Higgs mechanism V(φ) postulates the existence of a Higgs field φ • with its potential, and couplings to fermions 2 2 V (φ)= µ φ†φ + λ φ†φ λ > 0 − Im(φ) The equilibrium state is φ ≠ 0 Re(φ) and not unique! • nature makes a choice, partially hiding the gauge invariance • gauge bosons W+,W-, Z acquire mass • all fermions acquire mass • prediction of one neutral H0 scalar Higgs boson particle: F. Englert and P. Higgs at CERN July 4th 2012 Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 5 The Standard Model complex doublet scalar Higgs field Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 6 Higgs interactions (2) 2 µ⌫ 2 µ⌫ im /v 2iMWg /v 2iMZg /v − f Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 7 Higgs decays Higgs branching ratios prediction Higgs width 4.1 MeV @ 125 GeV Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 8 Higgs boson mass? Nucl. Phys. B 106, 292 (1976). Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 9 Higgs boson mass: input from theory Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 10 Higgs search at LEP The Large Electron-Positron collided electrons-positrons • √s ~ 206 GeV in 2000 Higgs coupling to electron too weak • dominant production through Z and Higgsstrahlung • search sensitivity up to √s - MZ ~ 115 GeV Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 11 Higgs search at LEP ALEPH reported a small excess at ~115 GeV • not confirmed by DELPHI, L3, OPAL MH > 114.4 GeV at 95% CL Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 12 Higgs production at hadron colliders proton - (anti)proton cross sections Partons carrying only part of the 9 http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/~wjs/ 9 energy 10 10 8 8 10 σσσ 10 tot CM energy of hard scatter not 7 7 • known a priori event-by-event 10 Tevatron LHC 10 6 6 requires good detector coverage 10 10 5 5 • 10 10 -1 s and missing transverse σσσ -2 b momentum capability 104 104 cm 3 3 10 10 33 Hadronic environment σσσ (E jet > √√√s/20) jet T 102 102 ) ) ) ) = 10 = far less clean than at LEP L 1 1 nb σσσ 10 W 10 • ( ( ( ( σσσ Z 0 0 σ σ Higgs production cross section σ σ 10 σσσ (E jet > 100 GeV) 10 jet T is small! 10-1 10-1 • improves with energy 10-2 10-2 σσσ -3 WW -3 10 σσσ 10 but beware of pileup of inelastic for / sec events • σσσ t -4 ZZ -4 events 10 σσσ 10 ggH -5 M =125 GeV σσσ -5 10 H { WH 10 σσσ VBF 10-6 10-6 WJS2012 10-7 10-7 0.1 1 10 √√√s (TeV) Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 13 Proton-(anti)proton collisions Hard scatter “underlying event” soft scatter M. Dobbs and J.B. Hansen, Comp. Phys. Comm. 134 p p (2001) 41-46. Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 14 Higgs production at hadron colliders JHEP 1010 (2010) 064 JHEP 1103 (2011) 055 Different production channels in association gluon-gluon fusion vector boson fusion Higgsstrahlung with q-qbar ggF VBF VH ttH Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 15 Higgs search at the Tevatron Phys. Rev. D 88, 052014 (2013) Collided proton-antiproton at √s = 1.96 TeV • stopped on 30 Sep 2011 + - For MH > 130 GeV, H → W W dominates For lower MH, best option was HW and HZ final states with leptonic decay of W/Z and • H → b bbar Huge effort • deployment of MVA techniques Excluded 149 < MH < 182 GeV at 95% CL ~3σ excess in 115 < MH < 140 GeV Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 16 Higgs search at the Tevatron Phys. Rev. D 88, 052014 (2013) CDF D0 Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 17 Precision measurements Precise Standard Model measurements put constraints on the Higgs mass • Higgs couples to mass... look at heavy particles! Higgs mass constraints 114 < MH < 161 GeV 95%CL Direct Indirect: searches precision measurements. Assumes SM Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 18 CERN and the LHC ATLAS CMS CERN PhotoLab CERN-MI-0807031 7 to 14 TeV pp collisions also Pb-Pb and p-Pb Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 19 ATLAS and Canada ATLAS celebrated its 22th anniversary on 1 Oct 2014 Over 150 Canadian scientists Evian March ATLAS Canada Collaboration 1992 with Alan! • Founded in 1992 ML Spokesperson, UVic • Spokesperson (07-) Rob McPherson, UVic/IPP Deputy Manuella Vincter, Carleton Alberta • Physics Coordination Andreas Warburton, McGill Carleton • McGill • Computing Coordination Reda Tafirout, TRIUMF Montréal Contributions to the ATLAS detector construction SFU • Calorimetry, cryogenics, electronics, trigger, radiation Toronto • Now much more: trigger, tracking, muon, beam monitor TRIUMF Contributions to the LHC construction (TRIUMF) UBC Many ATLAS roles including now Victoria ATLAS Deputy Spokesperson Rob McPherson York • • Higgs working group co-convener Pierre Savard • Top working group co-convener Alison Lister Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 20 Canada and the LHC Canada made important contributions to the LHC machine: warm insertions and injector upgrades, with TRIUMF engineering 48 + 4 warm twin-aperture quadrupoles for cleaning insertions Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 21 The ATLAS detector length ~ 46 m very large detector... radius ~ 12 m to look for very weight ~ 7000 tonnes small things! ~ 108 electronic channels ~ 3000 km of cables Emphasis on hermetic acceptance; measurements of jets, electrons, muons Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 22 ATLAS calorimetry • LAr system: 182,468 cells Fe-Scintillator Tile system: 10,364 cells |η| < 1.7 • Segmented in depth and in pseudorapidity η and Cu-LAr azimuthal angle ϕ 1.5 < |η| < 3.2 ✓ ⌘ = ln tan − 2 ✓ ◆ Pb-LAr 1.375 < |η| < 3.2 ATLAS Experiment © 2012 CERN ATLAS Cu/W-LAr 3.2 < |η| < 4.9 Pb-LAr photon pointing! |η| < 1.4 σ 10% EM: = 0.7% e/γ/jet trigger, E E[GeV] ⊕ identification, σ p 50% E measurement Had: = 3% E E[GeV] ⊕ Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 23 p LAr cryogenics feedthrough production at UVic, 2002 Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 24 Trigger system Three-level trigger system designed to reduce the data rate • from 40 MHz to ~200 Hz Menu now optimized for 7×1033 cm-2 s-1 improvement of object selections • and trigger algorithms Good performance in 2012! Superb performance of Canadian Tier1 computing centre at TRIUMF C72 (2012) 1849 Eur.Phys.J. Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 25 Particle identification in ATLAS Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 26 LHC luminosity, pp collisions Superb LHC performance!! Peak luminosity: 7.73 × 1033 cm-2 s-1 https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/LuminosityPublicResults 20M collisions per second! A challenge for the experiments to keep up! Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 27 LHC integrated luminosity, pp Superb LHC performance!! https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/LuminosityPublicResults Ldt Z -1 23.3 fb 8 TeV -1 5.6 fb 7 TeV -1 48.9 pb 7 TeV Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria Alan Astbury Memorial Symposium, 27-28 April 2015 28 Cross sections and event rates proton - (anti)proton cross sections http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/~wjs/ 15 2 109 109 σ 115 mb 3.4 10− m tot 8 8 10 σσσ 10 ⇠ ⇠ ⇥ tot 33 -2 -1 7 7 @ 7 × 10 cm s 10 Tevatron LHC 10 6 6 process σ(nb) R(Hz) 10 10 5 5 10 10 -1 s σσσ -2 7 9 4 b 4 inelastic ~7.5x10 0.53x10 10 10 cm 3 3 10 10 33 σσσ (E jet > √√√s/20) jet T 102 102 ) ) Z ~35 250 ) ) = 10 = 1 1 L nb σσσ 10 W 10 ( ( ( ( σσσ Z 0 0 σ σ ttbar ~0.24 1.7 σ
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