DOCSLIB.ORG

The LHC Timeline: a Personal Recollection (1980–2012)?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The LHC Timeline: a Personal Recollection (1980–2012)? Eur. Phys. J. H 42, 475{505 (2017) DOI: 10.1140/epjh/e2017-80052-8 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL H Oral history interview The LHC timeline: a personal recollection (1980{2012)? Luciano Maiani1 and Luisa Bonolis2,a 1 Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy 2 Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany Received 14 August 2017 / Received in final form 12 September 2017 Published online 4 December 2017 c The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract. The objective of this interview is to study the history of the Large Hadron Collider in the LEP tunnel at CERN, from first ideas to the discovery of the Brout{Englert{Higgs boson, seen from the point of view of a member of CERN scientific committees, of the CERN Council and a former Director General of CERN in the years of machine construction. 1 The SppS¯ collider and LEP L. B. During the 1980s, at the time when LEP, the Large Electron Positron collider, was being completed, you began to be deeply involved with CERN. 1 L. M. Nicola Cabibbo had been in the Scientific Policy Committee (SPC) in the 1970s, when they had advised CERN to approve the construction of the proton{ antiproton collider proposed by Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer to search for the Intermediate Vector Bosons. It was a difficult machine and the positive recommendation of the SPC was a far-sighted decision. The pp¯-project of Rubbia, initiated in 1976, was based on the conclusion that with the unified theory of the electroweak interactions (Glashow, 1961; Weinberg, 1967; Salam, 1968) and the measurement of sin 2θ from Gargamelle, the predicted mass of the charged intermediate vector boson W was around 70 GeV, requiring a proton{antiproton collider to reach such energies. However, at FermiLab, Bob Wilson was not interested in the project. Rubbia, after strong opposition, convinced finally L´eonvan Hove and John Adams of a pp¯ collider, at the CERN SPS, based on the Stochastic Cooling project of Simon van der Meer. The Spp¯S started operation in 1981, after only 5 years of construction. An immediate outcome was the appearance of narrow jets even in a hadron machine ? The text presented here has been revised by the authors based on the original oral history interview conducted by Luisa Bonolis and recorded in Rome, Italy, 1{3 March 2016. a e-mail: [email protected] 1We are indebted to Prof. Dieter Haidt for very informative exchange on the arguments discussed in this section. 476 The European Physical Journal H (Banner et al., 1982), a possibility doubted earlier by prominent physicists and a strong confirmation of the reality of confined quarks and gluons in the hadrons. The observation of W and Z, with predicted masses and other properties followed in 1983, see e.g. Di Lella & Rubbia (2015). I was elected in the Scientific Policy Committee of CERN in 1984, after Nicola, when the Large Hadron Collider was first considered in the SPC as the next CERN large facility. In those years, during LEP construction, the discussion started about future accel- erators, beyond the SppS¯ , Tevatron and LEP. We realised that the way to go to higher energies was with p{p rather than p{¯p colliders or e+e− colliders. At energies above LEP, there are so many gluons in a proton or in an antiproton that new particle production will be dominated by gluon{gluon fusion. It was a great simplification: you would not need quark{antiquark annihilation, as was the case at the SppS¯ , and all the gymnastic around antiproton beam cooling could be avoided. Also, due to asymptotic freedom, we understood that a hadron machine could be almost as effec- tive as an electron{positron machine to disentangle the basic particle reactions. So it didn't pay to go beyond LEP with electron{positron, the next machine could be proton{proton. L. B. The years 1980s saw the realisation in Europe of two big high energy machines: HERA at DESY, and LEP at CERN. How was discussion and planning of two such large enterprises organised? L. M. The scene was set by the rising of the Standard Model in the 1970s after the discoveries of neutral weak current neutrino events and of charm, see e.g. the reconstruction presented in Maiani (2017). New particles were expected to be observed at high energy (W and Z, new quark and lepton flavours) and the theoretical progress after the discovery of asymptotic freedom called for better experiments at higher energy, to test the detailed predictions about the violations of Bjorken scaling described by the Altarelli{Parisi equations (Altarelli & Parisi, 1977; Dokshitzer, 1977; Gribov & Lipatov, 1972). Large projects unavoidably entail long and international consultations and preparatory steps. The natural forum for these discussions was ECFA.2 The politics was not restricted to a single laboratory. DESY, under the leadership of Herwig Schop- per, had become a fully European Laboratory, competing with CERN for dimensions and scientific results. At the beginning of the 1980s, Schopper left DESY to become Director General at CERN and Volker Soergel became director of DESY. Both laboratories had running machines: 1. DESY: PETRA was running since 1978 (until 1986) and the next step had to be discussed; 2. CERN: SPS running since 1976 and Spp¯S started 1981 and the next step had to be discussed. It was an option for DESY to build an e+e− machine near to Hamburg, since there was a long tradition of electron colliders at DESY, just as was for hadron accelerators at CERN. The decision eventually went at CERN in favour of (the future) LEP. Instead, an electron{proton machine was proposed (1983/4) for DESY, which became HERA under the leadership of Soergel and of Bjorn Wiik, who later, in 1993, succeeded Soergel as director of DESY.3 2European Committee for Future Accelerators. 3HERA (Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator) was built in a tunnel located under the DESY site around 15{30 m underground with a circumference of 6.3 km. Inside this tunnel, leptons and protons L. Maiani and L. Bonolis : The LHC Timeline: a personal recollection 477 The construction of the Large Electron{Positron collider at CERN started in September 1983, under the direction of Emilio Picasso, with Schopper Director Gen- eral. The first collisions were observed on July 4th, 1989, and the first Z0 on August 23 of the same year. At the time, the direction of CERN had passed to Carlo Rubbia.4 L. B. Which were the main goals of LEP? L. M. Initially, LEP was to be focused at the Z0 mass (that is at a total center-of-mass energy of about 90 GeV), to study the neutral mediator of the weak interactions discovered at the SppS¯ , which was expected to be abundantly produced in electron{positron annihilation. This phase was called LEP I, to be followed by a second phase, LEP II, where the energy would be increased to around 200 GeV. Aim of LEP II was to study the triple interactions W +W −γ and W +W −Z0, the latter being the salient aspect of the Yang{Mills interaction on which the unified electroweak theory was based (Glashow, 1961; Weinberg, 1967; Salam, 1968). These interactions are crucial for the consistency of the unified theory and had never been seen before. The production of W +W − pairs, at LEP, goes via two independent channels (a): e+e− ! γ ! W +W − and (b): e+e− ! Z0 ! W +W − The first is a purely electromagnetic process, already predicted in QED, while the second is the genuine signal of the Yang{Mills nature of the electroweak interaction. At LEP, the two amplitudes could be distinguished and studied separately from the kinematic characteristics of the overall reaction. L. B. At that time, which were the reasons to go for higher energies after LEP? L. M. The studies I just mentioned did not exhaust the possible verifications of the Standard Theory. For one, besides the intermediate bosons, there was one crucial particle missing, the Brout{Englert{Higgs boson (Englert & Brout, 1964; Higgs, 1964) responsible for the breaking of the electroweak symmetry, which is the source of the masses of quarks, leptons and of the intermediate bosons. The search and the consequent study of the Higgs boson5 in the full range of masses indicated by theory was one of the objectives | actually the most pressing one | of a high energy machine after LEP. In addition, there was the possibility of entirely new particles at higher mass, for which theoretical ideas were developed in the 1980s (see Box 1). In the mid-1980s, the need of a higher energy collider seemed so pressing as to lead Carlo Rubbia to suggest that perhaps one could dismiss LEP construction altogether and jump directly to make a Large Hadron Collider in the LEP tunnel. The idea met with a strong opposition in CERN and was fortunately dismissed by the CERN Management. were stored in two independent storage rings on top of each other. HERA began operating in 1992, with four large experiments: H1, ZEUS, HERMES and HERA-B. Electrons or positrons were collided with protons at a centre of mass energy of 318 GeV. It was the only lepton{proton collider in the world while operating. HERA was closed down on 30 June 2007. 4LEP was located in a tunnel at about 100 m underground, with a circumference of around 27 km, located near CERN, in the region between the Geneva Airport and the Jura mountain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future
    Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future International Symposium 30 October - 2 November 2011 – The purpose of the Symposium is to discuss the origin, the status and the future of the new frontier of Physics, the Subnuclear World, whose first two hints were discovered in the middle of the last century: the so-called “Strange Particles” and the “Resonance #++”. It took more than two decades to understand the real meaning of these two great discoveries: the existence of the Subnuclear World with regularities, spontaneously plus directly broken Symmetries, and totally unexpected phenomena including the existence of a new fundamental force of Nature, called Quantum ChromoDynamics. In order to reach this new frontier of our knowledge, new Laboratories were established all over the world, in Europe, in USA and in the former Soviet Union, with thousands of physicists, engineers and specialists in the most advanced technologies, engaged in the implementation of new experiments of ever increasing complexity. At present the most advanced Laboratory in the world is CERN where experiments are being performed with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most powerful collider in the world, which is able to reach the highest energies possible in this satellite of the Sun, called Earth. Understanding the laws governing the Space-time intervals in the range of 10-17 cm and 10-23 sec will allow our form of living matter endowed with Reason to open new horizons in our knowledge. Antonino Zichichi Participants Prof. Werner Arber H.E. Msgr. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Prof. Guido Altarelli Prof. Ignatios Antoniadis Prof. Robert Aymar Prof. Rinaldo Baldini Ferroli Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 VISPA Newsletter
    Physics and Astronomy VISPA 2016 NEWSLETTER VICTORIA SUBATOMIC PHYSICS AND ACCELERATOR RESEARCH CENTRE Photo credit: CERN ATLAS candidate event for the production of a Higgs boson decaying into two Z bosons that each decay into a muon-antimuon pair. In this issue: ATLAS and the Higgs Discovery ......2 ARIEL and the Accelerator Physics The Future is Here: Research Graduate Program at VISPA ..........8 Training in VISPA. .10 VISPA members of T2K awarded 2016 Breakthrough Prize in Dark Energy and ALTAIR: Experimental Remembering Alan Astbury and Fundamental Physics ................4 Particle Astrophysics in VISPA ........9 the Inaugural Astbury Lecture ......11 Flavour Physics in VISPA ..............6 Research Computing in High Perspectives on New Physics Energy Physics. .10 at the Intensity Frontier .............12 MEMBER LIST FACULTY Name Research Area Justin Albert Experimental particle and astroparticle physics Dean Karlen Experimental particle physics ATLAS and the Higgs Discovery Richard Keeler Experimental particle physics Pavel Kovtun Theoretical physics Robert Kowalewski Experimental particle physics The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN laboratory is the highest energy particle Michel Lefebvre Experimental particle physics collider in operation. The ATLAS detector is one of two multipurpose detectors Robert McPherson Experimental particle physics designed to record high energy collisions at the LHC. The UVic ATLAS group has been Maxim Pospelov Theoretical physics Adam Ritz Theoretical physics a member of the ATLAS Collaboration since its foundation in 1992, and contributed J. Michael Roney Experimental particle physics to the design and construction of the ATLAS detector. The LHC started operation in Randy Sobie Experimental particle physics 2010 with proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV centre of mass energy; the energy was EMERITUS FACULTY increased to 8 TeV in 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Muon Bundles As a Sign of Strangelets from the Universe
    Draft version October 19, 2018 Typeset using LATEX default style in AASTeX61 MUON BUNDLES AS A SIGN OF STRANGELETS FROM THE UNIVERSE P. Kankiewicz,1 M. Rybczynski,´ 1 Z. W lodarczyk,1 and G. Wilk2 1Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland 2National Centre for Nuclear Research, Department of Fundamental Research, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland Submitted to ApJ ABSTRACT Recently the CERN ALICE experiment, in its dedicated cosmic ray run, observed muon bundles of very high multiplicities, thereby confirming similar findings from the LEP era at CERN (in the CosmoLEP project). Originally it was argued that they apparently stem from the primary cosmic rays with a heavy masses. We propose an alternative possibility arguing that muonic bundles of highest multiplicity are produced by strangelets, hypothetical stable lumps of strange quark matter infiltrating our Universe. We also address the possibility of additionally deducing their directionality which could be of astrophysical interest. Significant evidence for anisotropy of arrival directions of the observed high multiplicity muonic bundles is found. Estimated directionality suggests their possible extragalactic provenance. Keywords: astroparticle physics: cosmic rays: reference systems arXiv:1612.04749v2 [hep-ph] 17 Mar 2017 Corresponding author: M. Rybczy´nski [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Kankiewicz et al. 1. INTRODUCTION Cosmic ray physics is our unique source of information on events in the energy range which will never be accessible in Earth-bound experiments Dar & De Rujula(2008); Letessier-Selvon & Stanev(2011). This is why one of the most important aspects of their investigation is the understanding of the primary cosmic ray (CR) flux and its composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Trigger and Data Acquisition
    Trigger and data acquisition N. Ellis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract The lectures address some of the issues of triggering and data acquisition in large high-energy physics experiments. Emphasis is placed on hadron-collider experiments that present a particularly challenging environment for event se- lection and data collection. However, the lectures also explain how T/DAQ systems have evolved over the years to meet new challenges. Some examples are given from early experience with LHC T/DAQ systems during the 2008 single-beam operations. 1 Introduction These lectures concentrate on experiments at high-energy particle colliders, especially the general- purpose experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1]. These experiments represent a very chal- lenging case that illustrates well the problems that have to be addressed in state-of-the-art high-energy physics (HEP) trigger and data-acquisition (T/DAQ) systems. This is also the area in which the author is working (on the trigger for the ATLAS experiment at LHC) and so is the example that he knows best. However, the lectures start with a more general discussion, building up to some examples from LEP [2] that had complementary challenges to those of the LHC. The LEP examples are a good reference point to see how HEP T/DAQ systems have evolved in the last few years. Students at this school come from various backgrounds — phenomenology, experimental data analysis in running experiments, and preparing for future experiments (including working on T/DAQ systems in some cases). These lectures try to strike a balance between making the presentation accessi- ble to all, and going into some details for those already familiar with T/DAQ systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Physics – It Matters a Forward Look at UK Research Into the Building Blocks of the Universe and Its Impact on Society
    Particle physics – it matters A forward look at UK research into the building blocks of the Universe and its impact on society In partnership with CONTENTS 3 Foreword 4 Advancing human progress through basic knowledge 5 Why does it matter? 6 New frontiers in basic science 6 The experiments 8 How particle physics benefi ts society 8 Particle physics and healthcare 10 Communications 10 Manufacturing and business 11 Global challenges 12 Helping industry 13 Underpinning the knowledge-based economy 14 Particle physics in the UK 15 Further information 2 Foreword Particle physics – it matters Foreword This report summarises the science questions confronting particle-physics research in the next 20 years, what advances in technology are being pursued and the cross-disciplinary benefi ts to be accrued. It is predominantly an interest in curiosity-driven science, of which particle physics is a major part, that often attracts students to study physics and which drives the technological innovation; neither can proceed in isolation. WHAT IS PARTICLE PHYSICS? Particle physics seeks to understand the evolution of the Universe in the fi rst fraction of a second after its birth in the Big Bang in terms of a small number of fundamental particles and forces. The processes involved ultimately resulted in the creation of atoms and the complex molecules that led to our existence. The intellectual curiosity embodied in particle physics is also at the foundation of philosophy, art and other scientifi c disciplines which, together, have shaped the modern world. Without such innate curiosity, the modern world would not exist. The study of particle physics challenges our preconceptions, inspires and seeks to move human knowledge forward at a basic level – wherever that may lead.
    [Show full text]
  • Date: To: September 22, 1 997 Mr Ian Johnston©
    22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 4& 8 6603847 SID 01 NOBELSTIFTELSEN The Nobel Foundation TELEFAX Date: September 22, 1 997 To: Mr Ian Johnston© Company: Executive Office of the Secretary-General Fax no: 0091-2129633511 From: The Nobel Foundation Total number of pages: olO MESSAGE DearMrJohnstone, With reference to your fax and to our telephone conversation, I am enclosing the address list of all Nobel Prize laureates. Yours sincerely, Ingr BergstrSm Mailing address: Bos StU S-102 45 Stockholm. Sweden Strat itddrtSMi Suircfatan 14 Teleptelrtts: (-MB S) 663 » 20 Fsuc (*-«>!) «W Jg 47 22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 B S603847 SID 02 22-SEP-1997 16:35 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 03 Professor Willis E, Lamb Jr Prof. Aleksandre M. Prokhorov Dr. Leo EsaJki 848 North Norris Avenue Russian Academy of Sciences University of Tsukuba TUCSON, AZ 857 19 Leninskii Prospect 14 Tsukuba USA MSOCOWV71 Ibaraki Ru s s I a 305 Japan 59* c>io Dr. Tsung Dao Lee Professor Hans A. Bethe Professor Antony Hewlsh Department of Physics Cornell University Cavendish Laboratory Columbia University ITHACA, NY 14853 University of Cambridge 538 West I20th Street USA CAMBRIDGE CB3 OHE NEW YORK, NY 10027 England USA S96 014 S ' Dr. Chen Ning Yang Professor Murray Gell-Mann ^ Professor Aage Bohr The Institute for Department of Physics Niels Bohr Institutet Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology Blegdamsvej 17 State University of New York PASADENA, CA91125 DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA D anni ark USA 595 600 613 Professor Owen Chamberlain Professor Louis Neel ' Professor Ben Mottelson 6068 Margarldo Drive Membre de rinstitute Nordita OAKLAND, CA 946 IS 15 Rue Marcel-Allegot Blegdamsvej 17 USA F-92190 MEUDON-BELLEVUE DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 Frankrike D an m ar k 599 615 Professor Donald A.
    [Show full text]
  • A BOINC-Based Volunteer Computing Infrastructure for Physics Studies At
    Open Eng. 2017; 7:379–393 Research article Javier Barranco, Yunhai Cai, David Cameron, Matthew Crouch, Riccardo De Maria, Laurence Field, Massimo Giovannozzi*, Pascal Hermes, Nils Høimyr, Dobrin Kaltchev, Nikos Karastathis, Cinzia Luzzi, Ewen Maclean, Eric McIntosh, Alessio Mereghetti, James Molson, Yuri Nosochkov, Tatiana Pieloni, Ivan D. Reid, Lenny Rivkin, Ben Segal, Kyrre Sjobak, Peter Skands, Claudia Tambasco, Frederik Van der Veken, and Igor Zacharov LHC@Home: a BOINC-based volunteer computing infrastructure for physics studies at CERN https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0042 Received October 6, 2017; accepted November 28, 2017 1 Introduction Abstract: The LHC@Home BOINC project has provided This paper addresses the use of volunteer computing at computing capacity for numerical simulations to re- CERN, and its integration with Grid infrastructure and ap- searchers at CERN since 2004, and has since 2011 been plications in High Energy Physics (HEP). The motivation expanded with a wider range of applications. The tradi- for bringing LHC computing under the Berkeley Open In- tional CERN accelerator physics simulation code SixTrack frastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) [1] is that enjoys continuing volunteers support, and thanks to vir- available computing resources at CERN and in the HEP tualisation a number of applications from the LHC ex- community are not sucient to cover the needs for nu- periment collaborations and particle theory groups have merical simulation capacity. Today, active BOINC projects joined the consolidated LHC@Home BOINC project. This together harness about 7.5 Petaops of computing power, paper addresses the challenges related to traditional and covering a wide range of physical application, and also virtualized applications in the BOINC environment, and particle physics communities can benet from these re- how volunteer computing has been integrated into the sources of donated simulation capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Detectors Lecture Notes
    Lecture Notes Heidelberg, Summer Term 2011 The Physics of Particle Detectors Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik Introduction Historical Developments Historical Development γ-rays First 1896 Detection of α-, β- and γ-rays 1896 β-rays Image of Becquerel's photographic plate which has been An x-ray picture taken by Wilhelm Röntgen of Albert von fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium salt. Kölliker's hand at a public lecture on 23 January 1896. Historical Development Rutherford's scattering experiment Microscope + Scintillating ZnS screen Schematic view of Rutherford experiment 1911 Rutherford's original experimental setup Historical Development Detection of cosmic rays [Hess 1912; Nobel prize 1936] ! "# Electrometer Cylinder from Wulf [2 cm diameter] Mirror Strings Microscope Natrium ! !""#$%&'()*+,-)./0)1&$23456/)78096$/'9::9098)1912 $%&!'()*+,-.%!/0&1.)%21331&10!,0%))0!%42%!56784210462!1(,!9624,10462,:177%&!(2;! '()*+,-.%2!<=%4*1;%2%)%:0&67%0%&!;1&>!Victor F. Hess before his 1912 balloon flight in Austria during which he discovered cosmic rays. ?40! @4)*%! ;%&! /0%)),-.&1(8%! A! )1,,%2! ,4-.!;4%!BC;%2!;%,!D)%:0&67%0%&,!(7!;4%! EC2F,1-.,%!;%,!/0&1.)%21331&10,!;&%.%2G!(7!%42%!*H&!;4%!A8)%,(2F!FH2,04F%!I6,40462! %42,0%))%2! J(! :K22%2>! L10&4(7! =4&;! M%&=%2;%0G! (7! ;4%! E(*0! 47! 922%&%2! ;%,! 9624,10462,M6)(7%2!M62!B%(-.04F:%40!*&%4!J(!.1)0%2>! $%&!422%&%G!:)%42%&%!<N)42;%&!;4%20!;%&!O8%&3&H*(2F!;%&!9,6)10462!;%,!P%&C0%,>!'4&;!%&! H8%&! ;4%! BC;%2! F%,%2:0G! ,6! M%&&42F%&0! ,4-.!;1,!1:04M%!9624,10462,M6)(7%2!1(*!;%2!
    [Show full text]
  • De Nobelprijzen Komen Eraan!
    De Nobelprijzen komen eraan! De Nobelprijzen komen eraan! In de loop van volgende week worden de Nobelprijswinnaars van dit jaar aangekondigd. Daarna weten we wie in december deze felbegeerde prijzen in ontvangst mogen gaan nemen. De Nobelprijzen zijn wellicht de meest prestigieuze en bekende academische onderscheidingen ter wereld, maar waarom eigenlijk? Hoe zijn de prijzen ontstaan, en wie was hun grondlegger, Alfred Nobel? Afbeelding 1. Alfred Nobel.Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was de grondlegger van de Nobelprijzen. Volgende week is de jaarlijkse aankondiging van de prijswinnaard. Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel was een belangrijke negentiende-eeuwse Zweedse scheikundige en uitvinder. Hij werd geboren in Stockholm in 1833 in een gezin met acht kinderen. Zijn vader, Immanuel Nobel, was een werktuigkundige en uitvinder die succesvol was met het maken van wapens en stoommotoren. Immanuel wou dat zijn zonen zijn bedrijf zouden overnemen en stuurde Alfred daarom op een twee jaar durende reis naar onder andere Duitsland, Frankrijk en de Verenigde Staten, om te leren over chemische werktuigbouwkunde. In Parijs ontmoette bron: https://www.quantumuniverse.nl/de-nobelprijzen-komen-eraan Pagina 1 van 5 De Nobelprijzen komen eraan! Alfred de Italiaanse scheikundige Ascanio Sobrero, die drie jaar eerder het explosief nitroglycerine had ontdekt. Nitroglycerine had een veel grotere explosieve kracht dan het buskruit, maar was ook veel gevaarlijker om te gebruiken omdat het instabiel is. Alfred raakte geinteresseerd in nitroglycerine en hoe het gebruikt kon worden voor commerciele doeleinden, en ging daarom werken aan de stabiliteit en veiligheid van de stof. Een makkelijk project was dit niet, en meerdere malen ging het flink mis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmic-Ray Studies with Experimental Apparatus at LHC
    S S symmetry Article Cosmic-Ray Studies with Experimental Apparatus at LHC Emma González Hernández 1, Juan Carlos Arteaga 2, Arturo Fernández Tellez 1 and Mario Rodríguez-Cahuantzi 1,* 1 Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur, Edif. EMA3-231, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570 Puebla, Mexico; [email protected] (E.G.H.); [email protected] (A.F.T.) 2 Instituto de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana, 58040 Morelia, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 15 October 2020 Abstract: The study of cosmic rays with underground accelerator experiments started with the LEP detectors at CERN. ALEPH, DELPHI and L3 studied some properties of atmospheric muons such as their multiplicity and momentum. In recent years, an extension and improvement of such studies has been carried out by ALICE and CMS experiments. Along with the LHC high luminosity program some experimental setups have been proposed to increase the potential discovery of LHC. An example is the MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles detector (MATHUSLA) designed for searching of Ultra Stable Neutral Particles, predicted by extensions of the Standard Model such as supersymmetric models, which is planned to be a surface detector placed 100 meters above ATLAS or CMS experiments. Hence, MATHUSLA can be suitable as a cosmic ray detector. In this manuscript the main results regarding cosmic ray studies with LHC experimental underground apparatus are summarized. The potential of future MATHUSLA proposal is also discussed. Keywords: cosmic ray physics at CERN; atmospheric muons; trigger detectors; muon bundles 1.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF) Submittals Are Preferred) and Information Particle and Astroparticle Physics As Well As Accelerator Physics
    CERNNovember/December 2019 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the November/December 2019 issue of CERN Courier. The Extremely Large Telescope, adorning the cover of this issue, is due to EXTREMELY record first light in 2025 and will outperform existing telescopes by orders of magnitude. It is one of several large instruments to look forward to in the decade ahead, which will also see the start of high-luminosity LHC operations. LARGE TELESCOPE As the 2020s gets under way, the Courier will be reviewing the LHC’s 10-year physics programme so far, as well as charting progress in other domains. In the meantime, enjoy news of KATRIN’s first limit on the neutrino mass (p7), a summary of the recently published European strategy briefing book (p8), the genesis of a hadron-therapy centre in Southeast Europe (p9), and dispatches from the most interesting recent conferences (pp19—23). CLIC’s status and future (p41), the abstract world of gauge–gravity duality (p44), France’s particle-physics origins (p37) and CERN’s open days (p32) are other highlights from this last issue of the decade. Enjoy! To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier KATRIN weighs in on neutrinos Maldacena on the gauge–gravity dual FPGAs that speak your language EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING CCNovDec19_Cover_v1.indd 1 29/10/2019 15:41 CERNCOURIER www.
    [Show full text]
  • Liverpool's Place at the Heart of Cern
    insight LIVERPOOL’S PLACE AT THE HEART OF CERN The University’s 60-year role in the most important physics laboratory on the planet Blackboard to red carpet Making my heart bleed Cemented in history Educating Yorkshire’s Michael Steer The UK’s Information Commissioner on How the University’s expertise infl uenced adapts to life in the limelight tackling online fraud the world during WWI THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL ALUMNI MAGAZINE 2014/15 EDITION CONTENTS 04 - University news 24 - Summer in the city 36 - Volunteering Rounding up an eventful year Some familiar faces return in a Alumni Ambassador for for the University round-up of city news Beijing, Jason Han insight The Excellence In history: In touch 09 - 26 - 37 - Scholarships University life during the Following alumni from across A new programme for the First World War the decades 16 most talented students The University’s contribution Hello and welcome to your STILL to the war effort 40 - In memoriam new-look magazine! ACCELERATING 10 - Faculty news Including alumni, staff, AT 60 Tofu, Ebola treatment and 30 - Changing lives students, Friends of the I joined the University at the terrorism in the latest Faculty across the globe University and honorary beginning of the year and what a The University’s updates Online postgraduates’ impact graduates year it has been! contribution to six in Pakistan, Germany, Africa We have held events across the incredible decades 22 - Legacies and the Gulf 42 - Alumni travel guide globe and welcomed our Class of discovery at the Former English Literature Focusing on Hong Kong, of 2014 graduates to our alumni CERN laboratory lecturer, Brian Nellist’s 34 - Building a healthier home to Liverpool’s oldest network.
    [Show full text]