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Symposium Celebrating CERN's Discoveries and Looking Into the Future

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Symposium Celebrating CERN's Discoveries and Looking Into the Future CERN–EP–2003–073 CERN–TH–2003–281 December 1st, 2003 Proceedings Symposium celebrating the Anniversary of CERN’s Discoveries and a Look into the Future 111999777333::: NNNeeeuuutttrrraaalll CCCuuurrrrrreeennntttsss 111999888333::: WWW±±± &&& ZZZ000 BBBooosssooonnnsss Tuesday 16 September 2003 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Editors: Roger Cashmore, Luciano Maiani & Jean-Pierre Revol Table of contents Table of contents 2 Programme of the Symposium 4 Foreword (L. Maiani) 7 Acknowledgements 8 Selected Photographs of the Event 9 Contributions: Welcome (L. Maiani) 13 The Making of the Standard Model (S. Weinberg) 16 CERN’s Contribution to Accelerators and Beams (G. Brianti) 30 The Discovery of Neutral Currents (D. Haidt) 44 The Discovery of the W & Z, a personal recollection (P. Darriulat) 57 W & Z Physics at LEP (P. Zerwas) 70 Physics at the LHC (J. Ellis) 85 Challenges of the LHC: – the accelerator challenge (L. Evans) 96 – the detector challenge (J. Engelen) 103 – the computing challenge (P. Messina) 110 Particle Detectors and Society (G. Charpak) 126 The future for CERN (L. Maiani) 136 – 2 – Table of contents (cont.) Panel discussion on the Future of Particle Physics (chaired by Carlo Rubbia) 145 Participants: Robert Aymar, Georges Charpak, Pierre Darriulat, Luciano Maiani, Simon van der Meer, Lev Okun, Donald Perkins, Carlo Rubbia, Martinus Veltman, and Steven Weinberg. Statements from the floor by: Fabiola Gianotti, Ignatios Antoniadis, S. Glashow, H. Schopper, C. Llewellyn Smith, V. Telegdi, G. Bellettini, and V. Soergel. Additional contributions: Comment on the occasion (S. L. Glashow) 174 Comment on Perturbative QCD in early CERN experiments (D. H. Perkins) 175 Personal remarks on the discovery of Neutral Currents (A. Pullia) 177 Appendix Symposium poster 180 List of participants 181 Press Release (English and French versions) 183 – 3 – – 4 – – 5 – – 6 – Foreword The discoveries of neutral currents and of the W and Z bosons marked a watershed in the fortunes of CERN. Over the 20 years that CERN had existed before the neutral current discovery in 1973, the experimental groups here had carried out some remarkable and beautiful experiments – for example, the precision measurements of the (g-2) value of the muon. The stage was set for the great discoveries to come from 1973 onwards, that would transform our views of the fundamental particles and their interactions, and establish CERN as a leading high-energy laboratory. The significance of these discoveries is hard to overestimate. Not only did they put CERN truly "on the map" and establish the validity of the electroweak theory, but for the first time convinced everyone of the importance of renormalisable non-Abelian gauge theories of the fundamental interactions. This in turn paved the way for the precision experiments to be carried out at the LEP collider, which would establish the Standard Model and test its predictions in exhaustive detail. After this interval of time, it is important not only to celebrate these discoveries, but also to view them from today's perspective. Indeed, as we see them now, the implications of these discoveries are even more profound than we thought at the time they were made. We are fortunate that some of the main contributors to the making of the Standard Model are with us today, so that we can hear from them directly how such achievements were made possible, and perhaps extract some wisdom relevant to the future of our field. The discoveries in particle physics which we are recalling today were testimony not only to the greatly increasing experience and know-how of the experimental groups using CERN, but also to the long-established technical excellence of the CERN laboratory. The neutral current discovery depended not only on the existence of the large heavy liquid bubble chamber Gargamelle, developed and built at Saclay, but also on the greatly improved neutrino beam intensity, provided by the fast-cycling PS booster and the new two-component magnetic horn. And the discovery of the W and Z bosons was only possible as a result of the technical tour de force of the proton-antiproton collider staff, based on an idea of Simon van der Meer and the experience gained in the previous programme of beam cooling at the ISR, combined with the determination and enthusiasm of Carlo Rubbia who made the proposal. The idea of the hermetic detector pioneered by UA1 at the Spp S collider was taken up in the LEP detectors and became a driving concept in the design of the LHC detectors, while the UA1 collaboration was the “prototype” of the now well accepted very large international scientific collaborations. Towards the end of this meeting, we shall look forward to the future programme of CERN. We are able to do so with the confidence engendered by our discoveries of long ago. Luciano Maiani (CERN Director General) – 7 – Acknowledgements The organizers would like to thank Carnita Hervet, Valeria Pietropaolo, Susan Maio, Wendy Korda, Stephanie Molinari, Isabelle Billod, David Dallman, Robert Cailliau, Renilde Vanden Broeck, Christine Sutton, Susan Leech O’Neale, Christine Vanoli, Jeannine Muffat Joly, Chantal Brodier, Catherine Cart, Dominique Sanchez, Vittorio Frigo, Catherine Decosse, Ulla Genoud Prachex, Michelle Connor, Karel Safarik, Maximilien Brice and several others, for their precious help in the organization of this symposium. They all contributed to the success of this important event, which recalled significant scientific landmarks in the history of CERN. We would also like to thanks Carnita Hervet and Michelle Connor who helped with the preparation of these proceedings and in particular Jose Galvez who devoted much of his time to preparing the Latex files. – 8 – Selected photographs of the event Photograph taken in the CERN main auditorium. Front row, from left to right: D. H. Perkins, S. Weinberg, L. Maiani, M. Veltman, D. Haidt; second row, from left to right: R. Aymar, P. Messina, G. Brianti, L. Evans, J. Engelen; Third row, from left to right: I. Antoniadis, J. Ellis, F. Gianotti, P. Zerwas, P. Darriulat; fourth row: A. Pullia. Photograph taken in the CERN main auditorium. From left to right: C. Rubbia, G. Charpak, S.C.C. Ting. – 9 – Photograph taken at CERN, in the Salle des Pas Perdus. From left to right: R. Cashmore, P. Messina, C. Rubbia, G. Brianti, L. Evans, L. B. Okun, F. Gianotti, J. Ellis, S. Weinberg, S. Glashow, L. Maiani, S. van der Meer, M. Veltman, P. Zerwas, P. Darriulat, A. Pullia, J. Engelen, R. Aymar, D. Haidt. Photograph taken during lunch at the CERN Glass Box. From left to right: P. Zerwas (partially hidden), G. Bellettini, S. Glashow, S. Weinberg, V. Telegdi. – 10 – Photograph taken in the CERN main auditorium: S. Weinberg and L. Maiani in conversation during a break. Some of the participants in the panel discussion on the Future of Particle Physics, from left to right: R. Aymar, L. B. Okun, L. Maiani, C. Rubbia (Chair), S. Weinberg. – 11 – From left to right: Pierre Darriulat, Roger Cashmore and John Ellis enjoying the lunch break. Jean-Pierre Revol and Georges Charpak during the lunch break. – 12 – Welcome Luciano Maiani (CERN) Welcome everybody. We are very glad to have so many people here today and see so much interest in this Symposium which intends to recall two important discoveries of the past: neutral currents in 1973 and intermediate vector bosons in 1983. There is of course regret for the people who are no longer with us. Above all, I want to mention André Lagarrigue who was really the driving force behind Gargamelle and Paul Musset, one of the main protagonists in the neutral current discovery. Coming back to memories, I want to just recall the wonderful workshop in Rome, back in January 1983 (see Fig. 1), when UA1 first announced that, well, perhaps… they were seeing W bosons. I have a very good memory of this workshop because, in fact, I wasn’t there: I was supposed to give a talk but I was confined to my bed with a bad backache and I was furiously listening to the telephone about the news. UA1 were very cautious in the Workshop, but more – 13 – explicit in the proceedings. In any case, that was really the time when everybody understood that they had made it. Figure 1: Front page of the proceedings of the 3rd Topical Workshop on Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics; Rome, Italy, 12-14 Jan. 1983; CERN Report 83-04. The success of particle physics is built on future challenges more than on past glories: that’s why we decided to dedicate the afternoon of the Symposium to the LHC. As you have seen in the programme, there will be a discussion of various aspects of this very exciting project which will keep us occupied for the next 20 years, I guess. Also, we wanted to take advantage of the presence of so many distinguished colleagues, many former members of the Scientific Policy Committee which met yesterday, and we have organized a panel on the future of CERN and of Particle Physics. I hope this will be a good occasion to discuss what can be done at CERN and in Europe beyond the Large Hadron Collider. – 14 – We have made a special effort to find all the authors of the neutral current discovery with Gargamelle, and of the W & Z discoveries with UA1 and UA2, and many of them are here. It’s a very nice occasion to see so many of our friends at the same time. If any of you desire, you can see some elements of Gargamelle, UA1 and UA2 in the Microcosm exhibit. We have received many nice messages, in particular from Fred Bullock, Peter Kalmus, Peter Jenni and many others, who could not be with us today for various reasons, and we would like to thank them for their interest in this event.
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