1L;
POLIIICAL AND TNFORMATIVE nEVtEW / ITRANA No, 5 130) / SEPIEMBER-OCIOBER
... , As a result oJ protrocled ond persisLenl work lty comrode Enrer Hoxho, in the otnrcsphere oJ the sot'ctge loscisl tcrrot, 'lhe Conrntunist Party ol Albonia (todoy the Porty of Lobour ol ALbonio) tuos Jounded in astrtoLL house in Tirono on Notteniltcr E, I94l It led. the Albanion people successlully in the struggle lor the ltberation ol the country, and now it is leoding them botdly on the dillicult but glorious road ol the construction ol the contplete socialisr sctciety. This memoroble event hos been presented in the picture -The Porty hos been lounded- by the pointer Shobon Hysa. Controde Enyer Hoxho in the centre o! the picture
ln the struggle lor the consLruclIot1 ol sociolisrm in Albaniu logether with Lhe new projects the working closs, Loct, hos grou,n ottd becctnre stronBet Now not only is it lead.i,ng the whole lile oJ tlte country, but it is also mostering the hi1txest tetels oJ tcchnoLogy c0ltIEltTs
A greot event for the further development of the revolution in Albonio 2 lmportont steps forword in the complete construction of the sociolist society 8 ARISTOTEL PANO The relotions between the codres ond the mosses ond the struggle ogoinst bureoucrocy 13 AGIM POPA Albonion ethnogrophy ond some of its problems t8 ALEKS BUDA From the life of the country 24 The economic crisis ond the shorpening of controdictions in the copitolist-revisionist wortd 30 HEKURAN MARA (Documentsl The resolution of the meeting of the monin communist group of Albonio on lhe creotion of the Porty 38 Press review 46 A GREAT EYENT FOR THE FURTHER DEVETOPMEI{T OF THE REYOIUflOT 11{ ATBANIA
ALL THE CONGEESSES OF TIIE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA TIAVE BEEN VEBY GREAT AND IMPOETANT EVENTS IN THE I,IFE AND ACTTVITY OF 'I[IE PARTY AND THE ENTIEE COUNTRY. WITH THE PROFOUND ANA- LYSES MADE, WITH THE CORRECT MARXIST-LENINIST LTNE WORDED OUT,, WITH THE DECISIONS TAKEN AND WITH THE TASKS SET, EACH OF THEM HAS GUIDED AND INSPIRED TIIE COMMUNISTS AND ALL THE WORKING PEOPLE FOR NEW BATTLES AND VICTOEIES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR TTIE UNCEASING ADYANCE OF THE Rtr- VOLUTION, FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM, FOR THE STRENGTHENING.4,ND DEFENCE OF OUR SO' CIALIST HOMELAND. EVERY ONE OF THEM HAS SET ITS SEAL ON THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONARY MARXIST- LENINIST ROAD OF THE PARTY AND OUR PEOPLE WHICH IT LEADS, AND THE ?TTI CONGRESS OF THE PAR'TY WHICH WILL BE HELD ON TE EVE OF TTIE 35TH ANNIVERSARRY OF ITS FOUNDTNG WILL DO THE SAME' IN MAKING UP TTIE BALANCE OF TIIE VICTOEIES ACHIEVED IN TEIE FIVE YEARS THAT HAVE ELAPSED SIN- CE THE 6TH CONGRESS, IT WELL SUM UP-IHE BICTI EXPERIENCE ACCUMULATED DURING THIS PERIOD BY THE PARTY IN TTIE STBUGLE FOR, THE IMPLEMENTATIOI\ OF ITS MARXIST-LENINIST GENERAL LINE AND IST DEFENCE FROM ATTACKS AND DTSTORTIONS OF THE INTERNAI, AND EXTERNAL ENEMIES' FOR THE STRENGTHENING AND DEFENCE OF TTIE DICTATORSTIIP OF THE PROLETABIAT AND THE ENTIRE SOCIALIST SOCIO-ECONO]UIC OEDER FEOM THE DANGER OF BUREAUCRATTC AND LIBERAL DEGENERATION' FOR THE REVOI,UTIONISATION OF THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF TTIE PEOPLE AND TIIE ENTIRE LIFE OF THE COUTRY IN THE FLAMES OF THE FIERCE CLASS STRUGGLE A.GAINST ALL HANGOVERS ANI} INFLUENCES OF ALIEN BOURGEOIS' REVISIONIST IDEOLOGIES, FOR TTIE SUCCESSFUL CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM, TO CABRY FORWARD PRODUC- TION, ORGANISATION, EDUCATION, FOR THE STRENTHENING OF TTIE DEFENCE CAPACITY OF THE COUNTEY' AT THE SAME TIME, IT WILL SET THE OBJECTTVES TO BE ATTAINED AND HE MAJESTIC TASKS TO BE FULFILLED DURING THE COMING FIVE YEAES. TTIUS, THE ?TH CONGRES OF THE PAETY WILL ARM THE COMMUNISTS ANI) ALL THE WOBKING MASSES WITH NEW LESSONS AND CONCLUSIONS AND WILL SET BEFORE TEM OTHEB GREA- TER TASKS ON THE ROAD OF THE CONSISTENT AND RESOLUTE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION' TO MAKE SOCIALIST ALBANIA MORE PROSPEROUS, MORE POWERFUL, MORE INVINCIBLE. In preparing themselves for the ?th Congress of the internal enernies have createil and are stiil creating have Party, the Albanian communists look back over the course had to be facetl and overcome. The basic factors that have of the 35 years it has traversed at the heatl of the people, ensured these profound transformations antl majestic achie- in struggle for the realisation of profound political, econo- vements, the uninterruptell tlevelopment of the socialist re- mic, social, ideological transformations, for national anil so- volution in Albania, have been and are undivided' coura- cial liberation, for the establishment and strengthening of geous anrl farsightetl leatlership of the Party, the imple- the dictatorship of the proletariat, for the construction of rnentation anrl defence of its correct revolutionary Marxist- socialism and the defence of the homelantl. This has been Leninist line, the raising to an ever higher level of the great a militant anrl glorious road, 'Ihe achievements, too, have patriotism of the people, the strengthening of their steel- been majestic, but not easy to attain, Great tlifficulties of like unity around the PartY. the backwardness inherited from the past, many difficul- The periotl since the 6th Congress of the Party, during ties of growth and our advance at rapid rates, as well as which the Party has carried out and gultleit major, all-sitletl countless difficulties autl obstacles which the external and work, a fierce class struggle in all fieltls of life, constitutes 0n llovember l, 1976 the 7th Congress of the Porty of Iobour of Albqnio will convene in Tirono, It will onolyse the octivity of Centrol Commitee of the Porty from the 6th Congress up to dote, opprove the droft - directives of the 6th five - yeor plon, ond elect the new leoding orgons of the Porty
an important stage in this 35 year course of the Party" state and economic organs, the organisations of the masses Through this struggle the ranks of the Party have been fur- of every communist anrJ working man' to the need to un- ther strengthened and tempered, the socialist socio-econo- derstand and appreciate the fult gravity of the imperialist mic order and the dictatorship of the proletariat have been revisionist encirclement and its pressure on socialist Al- further strengthened antl perfected, the moral-political uni- bania, antl to cope with it practically, while living with and ty of the people round the Party with comrade Enver ltroxha always correctly assessing the internal and international si- at the head has been furthcr strengthened, the economy has tuations in which we find ourselves, and implementing the been developed and the defence of the country has become great principle of the Party, the principle of self-reliance, impregnable, the authority of socialist Albania has increased in every action anil at every step on the road of socialist and its position in the international arena has been streng- construction, year's' thened, With such a sound general situation the Party of In the new conditions created in these recent as Labour of Albania goes to its ?th Congres, preparerl to well as because of the lack of clarity that existet[ and the undertake anct fulfill greater tasks in the future. harm it brought, the Farty has stressed again with special emphasis the neetl for a correct ancl thorough understand- ,( ing of these two problems and for the fulfilment of tasks In the period since the 6th Congress, the Party has en- in conformity with the requirements stemming from them' r:ountered a number of problems of a great ideological and Comrade Enver lloxha's speech of March 15'1973, as well as political importance. It has been extensively engaged with many of his other speeches and the documents of the ple- them, And by analysing anil treating them theoretically and nums of the Central Committee of the recent times, are of practically in the plenums of the Central Committee of the a special importance in this rlirection. recent years, in broad discussions in all its organisations Of course, on the basis of the intense explanatory ideo- and organs at all levels, as well as in great popular dis- political work which the Party has carried out, there is cussions it has arrivetl at conclusions and has ilrawn impor- now a more correct understanding and more realistic assess- tant lessons. In this direction the iileas expounded in these ment of these problems, and this has letl to the taking of years by comrade Enver Hoxha in a series of speeches of many concrete rneasures and the adoption of practical stands programmatic importance constitute documents of theo- in conformity with them. But it is also a fact that what is retical anrl practical value. Delving deep in these problems, required has not been fully attaineetl as yet, that there are to penetrate into their essence, to grasp and master their still some cases of manifestations of unclarity, oI not going profound itleopolitical content antl to builtl all practical acti- ileeply into things and failure to uhderstantl with proper vity in conformity with these teachings of the Party, cons- seriousness, both the real and by no means imaginary dan- titutes one of the most important directions of the entire ger to us representeil by the imperialist-revisionist encir- preparatory work to the ?th Congress of the PLA. clement, the economic blockade and their ideological pressu- The Central Committee of the PLA and comrade re, up to the danger of their armed aggression against so- Enver Hoxha have continually drawn the attention of the cialist ,A.lbania, as well as the necessity of relying strongly Party branches and the leatling organs of the Party, the on our own forces in every field and at every step we take, 4 o s (30), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY to face these dangers and carry forward the revolution, The- Remaining loyal to the Marxist-Leninist theory about the refore, the demand for intense allround work in these cli- class struggle and the state of the dictatorship of the pro- rections remains on the agenda for to-Iay and for the letariat, defending it in practice from the revisionist distor- future. tions and implementing it consistently and wisely in the con- The Party wants people to live every hour and every crete conditions, the Party of Labour of Albania has deve- moment with the development of situations not only inside loperl and lecl this struggle with success. At the same time, profound the country, but also outside it, to see the political and mi- through a class analysis of the development of events litary events, the economic and financial crises, as well as on a national and international scale, it has arrivetl at irnportant principle cons- the itleological and spiritual crises which are developing a series of conclusions of which titute a further development enrichment of the Marxist- and have seriously afflicterl the capitalist-revisionist world, and Leninist theory and revolutionary practice about these two not as events which have nothing to do with Albania, but issues so vital to the fate of the revolution and socialist cons- as situations which, in one way or another, directly or truction. indirectly, exert their influence on Albania, too, creating Life has fully confirmed the falsity of the revisionist so- tlifficulties and increasing the dangers. And since it has been called theories about *the general softening,> 6f the class antl will be the Albanian people themselves that have tro fa- struggle at the present time and particularly about its trend ce and overcome these difficulties and obstacles, what is towarrls ..clying out> in the socialist countries following the required is that more and more each rlay, the working mas- construction of the economic basis of socialism. Life has also ses, should make their own the concern of the Party for a confirmecl the falsity of the revisionist socalled theory about more profound understanding implementa- and a broader ..the state of the eutire peopleo. The counterrevolutionary tion of the great principle self-reliance fieltls. is of in all It aim of these socalled theories is now clear. They aim to not the situations passing only we are through, that demand give the old bourgeoisie and the new revisionist bourgeoisie this, but also the greater opportunities that have been creat- the possibility of success from their point of views, in wag- etl with strengthening base, the of the material-technical ing the class struggle to overturn the dictatorship of the with the many cadres that have been trained, with the co- proletariat and restore capitalism. The theoretical and prac- lossal experience has that been accumulated, with the rais- tical conclusions which the Party of Labour of Albania has ing of the level of the socialist conscience of the working reached in these directions constitute a sharp weapon in the people, etc. struggle against these revisionist theories. The has pointetl Party constantly out that only on the In many documents of the Party and in many speeches profound basis of the creation of correct concepts and con- of comrade Enver Hoxha during these recent years it has prqblems, victions about these two only on the basis of the bcen pointed out that even in the conditions of the complete formation general of a and sound opinion about them, will construction of socialist society, the class struggle is an practice the way be barred in to any case of under-estima- objective phenomenon and a main motive force of society, tion, sometimes, of the one and sometimes of the other which also sets the tone and content for its other motive aspect of the imperialist-revisionist encirclement manifesteo forces, that it always goes on fiercely between tlying capital- people, on some occasions by communists and working to ism and socialism to which the future belongs, between the put any case of failure to savings and sacrifice on the agen- capitalist road and the socialist road of develoypment, that da always and everywhere, to any attitude of insufficient it includes all fields-political, economic, ideological, mili- struggle to cut imports and increase exports, to any case of tary, administrative, etc; tirat it is waged not only with the under-rating manifestations of the hangovers and influence declared or disguised class enemies, old or new, internal of alien ideology and struggle against them only in fits and or external, but also in the ranks of the people even within starts, etc, the ranks of the Party; that in this struggle the internal The five years of work and efforts for the fulfilment front is closely interwoven ancl alternatetl with the exiernal of the tasks set by the 6th Congress of the Party have been front, etc, These documents of the Party and speeches of years of a fierce and allround class struggle in all fields. ccmrade Enver Hoxha also stress a series of issues dealing For the working class and the other working masses the with the preservation and strengthening of the tlictatorship problem key of this struggle has been and remains the pre- of the proletariat as the fundamental problem of the class servation and strengthening of the dictatorship of the pro- struggle, such as the neetl for the ceaseless strengthening of letariat, in struggle against bureaucracy and liberalism, whe- the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat with a power- reas for the class enemies, internal and external, the key {ul democratic centralism; the need for the uninterruptecl problem has been and remains the efforts to liberalise it, waging of the struggle against liberalism and self-admi- weaken it antl cause its degeneration with the ultimate nistration as well as against bureaucracy and bureaucratic objective of overturning it antl replacing it with the bour- centralism; the ever greater extension of socialist demo- geois-revisionist tlictatorship, cracy, by tlrawing the broad working masses actively into ALBANIA TODAY s (30), L976 o 5
the work of the state, strengthening and perfecting the to weaken and Iiquidate them. The whole period dividing us direct worker and peasant control, and constantly impro- from the 6th Congress of the pLA gives extensive evidence ving the work of the organs and people electeat to power; of this, Therefore, all the plenums of the Central Committee the continuos strengthening of the defence of the coun- of the Party of the recent years, in surnming up the expe- try and the enhancing of revolutionary vigilance, etc. rience of the struggle to smash and expose any anti-party On the basis of these eonclusions, a great deal of theoreti- and hostile activity, have laid the stress on the fact that the cal and practical rvork has been carried out about these pro- ceaseless strengthening and perfecting of the undivicled lea- blems. A heavy blow has been dealt to bureaucracy anal li- ding role antl control of trhe party in every field and in beralism, the manifestations of alien influences, to various every link of the activity, over every one and for everything, enemies and saboteurs. Of great help in grasping these pro- constitutes one of the key problems of the Marxist-Leninist blems have been the study in the Party and among the mas- theory and revolutionary practice for the uninterrupted and ses of the theory of the state of the ttictatorship of the pro- successful development of the revolution and socialist cons- letariat, the popular discussion on the Draft-Constitution of truction. the PSRA, as well as all the work and the allround, practical The Albanian communists have gained a deep understan- struggle which has been carried out uncler the leadership ding of this principle r.vhich will become even more profountl of the Party about these problems. However it is necessary in the future, and they will carry further the process of in- for the communists and all the working people of Albania creasing, strengthening and perfecting the leacling role of today, and for a long time to come to return again and the Party, on the basis of the rich revolutionary experience again party to the basic teachings and conclusions of the on of major theoretical and practical importance summed up questions, these fundamental not only because the class anil concretised in these recent years by the Central Com- struggle is still going on and will do so up to the construc- mittee of the Party and cornrade Enver Hoxha. tion of communism, but also because, from a correct and Comractre Enver Hoxha has stresserl first of all that the profound understanding of these teachings, they will ensure Party does not share its leading role in the whole life of that this struggle is always wagecl correctly, consistently the country with anyone, that the entire activity of every ancl unerringly, without weakening it or forgetting it for a organism, organ, cadre or working man must be developed single moment, 'rvithout wavering from opportunist to sec- completely in conformity with the party's ideology, with its tarian stands, as not infrequently happens in practice. This proleiarian general political line and. its directives, and be is how we should tight any manifestation of bureaucracy and subject to its control, that the leadership of the party, is, liberalism, too without underestimating these typical ex- in the first place, political and ideological leadership, that pressions of the class struggle, in order to preserve anct to put these ideas into practice it is necessary to combat any strengthen proletariat. the dictatorship of the bureaucratic, technocratic, intellectualist or liberal concept The Party Labour of of Albania has consistenily uphelct which threatens or diminishes this role in the least. The the Marxist-Leninist principle that its leading role in the struggle to explain, understand, analyse, concretise, and revolution and socialist construction constantly increases, organise the putting into practice of and check up on the that the way to increase this role is through the streng- precise implementation of the line, directives, principles and thening and the constant revolutionisation of its ranks and norms of the Party by everybody and in all fields, constitu- activity, which protect it and keep it always vigorous and tes the essence of this question. Practice has shown that dynamic, militant and closely linked with the masses. The any shortcoming and weakness in this dir.ection, any view 35 years of existence of the Party of Labour of Albania and handling of the matter only or simply on the narrow have fully confirmed the correctness of this principle and organisational plane, as well as any identification of the line the need to defend an-[ implement it at every stage of de- with the organising around it or of the organisation with its velopment anrl in every step. secretary or bureau, of the cadre of whatever rank with the Life itself has shorvn that the existence of the Marxist- Party, creates favourable soil for deviation from the line of -Leninist party anrl its leading role under the system of the the Party, weakens its leadership and leaves the way open dictatorship of the proletariat is the main source of the for the activity of the class enemy. strength and invicibility of this dictatorship, of ensuring In practice the Party realises its undivided and complete the uninterrupted development of the revolution, of ,the so- leadership over the whole life of the country through its cialist construction and the defence of the homeland. The branches in which all the communists militate and where communists and all the working people of Albania knor.v all, without exception, have the same rights and duties, de- this rvell; we must appreciate this fact and realise it better mand the rendering of account from everyone and render day by day, Our enemies also know and aDpreciate this fact, account to the letter about their implementation of the line and with their aims of causing the degeneration of the tlic- and decisions of the Party. l'heir main duty is to lead and tatorship of the proletariat, they have always directed their check up to see that the activity of ev€ry cell of the li{e main lnw against the Par(y tnel i[s leacling role, in ortler of the country, every sector of the state power, the economy. 6o (30), 1e76 AI.BANIA TODAY
administration army, c.rli,ure, organisations of thc masses, clals strugglc, wagcd and crowned with success by the wor- etc., is guided, based on, ancl inspirecl by the general line, the king class, the cooperativist peasantry and the people's in- policy anrt directives of the Parly. Also linked with the in- telligentsia, under the leadership of the Party, constitutes it crease of the leatting role of the branches ancl orgaus of trhe great source of theoretical and practical lessons with whiclt tsrrty is the increase of the leailing role of all the com- thc Party and the people must be educaterl and ternpered rnunists, by striving for their Marxist-Leninist eclucation in to develop their revolutionary stand. Durins the 5th five- the class struggle and their revolutionary ternpering lvith the year plan the Albanian people had to cope rvith the unrelen- lofty qualities of cornmunists, ready and capable of mili- ting pressure of the imperialist-revisionist encirclement, of tating everywhere, anel alr,vays as revolutionaries, agitators, their general economic blockade and savage irleological ag- propaganilists, organisers ancl leatlers for the implementation gresion, not sirnply as before, but in the conditions of the of the line antl directives of the Farty. deepening of the grave general political, economic, and fi- 'I'he Party of l,abour of Albania will go to its ?th Congress nancial crisis of the capitalist and rcvisionist world, a crisis n.iih a balance of political victories in,the international field which could not fail to exert an influence and create certain tco. Thanks to the wise poiicy of the Farty, the Fcople's Re- new difficulties. Liker,vise the iliversioirist, conspiratorial and public of Albania has emergetl in the international arena sabotage aciivity of the international enemies was coped with rtignity antl an honourecl name, with rnany frientls with successfutrly. and supporters, in uncompromising struggle against im- In spi{e of these clifficulties, in general the 5th five-year lrerialism and sooial imperialism, The fierce waves, plan was well fulfiilecl, the imperialist-revisionist blochades and pressures have But it is also a fact that, in comparison with the targets been broken and becorne polverfuless in face of tl1€ set by the 6th Congress oI the Farty, cleficits were created streel-like unity of our people arounil the Party and its vi- in some branches. In rnaking a thorough critical and self- gilalce, The entire people are working, learning ancl defen- critical analysis of these deficits, the 9th Pienum of 1,he cling their victories lvith a daerntless spirit of heroisrn, like a Central Comittee of the Farty which convened in July this brigatle in encirclement. The voice of Albania echoes, throug- year, pointed out that the rnain causes of them are weak- hout the world today as the voice of the truth. What is hap- nesses and shortcomings of a subjective character. Hence, it peaing in the capitalisi-revisiouist world is completely dif- is essential that the very imporlant general lessons the Party [etcnt. I'here, the antagonistic contradictions ]rave becoroe has drawn should bo kept in mind today and in the future, extrernely acute, and the dcep, allround erisis is erocling it to serve the fulfitrment of the targets of the 6th five-year and shaking it to its foundations: inflatior, rrrass unemploy- plan" Thus, the Plenum gave the instruction that the inter- rnent, skyrocketing prices and clegeneration. Whereas the nal and external circurnstances must be kept well in mind Albanian reality is futrl of ligkt. In Albania there is economic in order to be always vigiiant, to prevent anyone from doing stability, increasing wellebing. All these things once again the slightest darnage, to combat any erroneous concept or verify in practice the correctness of the decisions and the practice which inhibi{s or hinders our advance. The great scientific preilictions which the Farty of Labour of .Albania principle of self-reliance must be implemented in every made at its 6th Congress. In its struggle, Allrania has a step, the many internal reserves rnust be discovered and put faithful ally, great People's China, the powerful fortress ot to use, the fight against any manifestation of liberalism and the revolution and socialim; it has as its frientls, many peo- bureaucracy must go on ceaselessly, the organisation, ma- ples and revolutionaries in all parts of the world. nagement, cliscipline and control over the complete fulfil- The other rnain pivot of the work of the Congress will be ment of the targets, on time and with good quality, must be the discussion anal approval of the draft-directives of the strengthened anC perfectecl everywhere by working with a 6th five-year plan (1976-1980) for the development of the high lcvel of ccnsciousness and mastering and applying economy antl culture of the tsR of Albania. science and the great wealih of aclvanced expclidncb which At thc 9th Flenum of the CC of the Party comrade is to be founcl evcrywhere. llnver Hoxha gave the instruction that, through sturly of the tlraft-ilirectives with greatest attention, mastering their rleep political, iileological, economio and social content, antl considering the targets envisagecl in them as the minimum limit oI the forecast, the creativc energies of every working man and every working collective shoultl burst out as never before to advance these targets, to draw up a five year ptran as studied, realistic, mobilising and revolutionary as possible, basetl on their own forces. The experience gained during the past five-year pian in fulfiUing the trrgets in the heat of a very fierce and ollrountl The Alltania working people are exten,sittely discussing tlte draft-clirectiues oJ th,e five-ycar plan.
a'#:: : "4"':::11*.i2 IMPORTAITT STEPS FORWARD IN IHE COMPTETE c01{sTRucTl0l{ OF SOCIALIST SOCIETY by ARISTOTEL PANO
gth OF THE PARTY OF plonned THE PLENUM OF THE CENTEAL COMMITTEE The LABOUR OF ALBANIA WHICH WAS HELD IN JULY THIS YEAR UNDEB THE development ol the CHAIRMANSHIP OF THE FIRST SECRETARY, COMRADE ENVER HOXHA, economy is one ALONG WITH THE DECISION TO SUMMON THE ?th CONGRESS OF THE greot superiorities PARTY, APPEOVED FOR PUBLICATION ANOTHER DOCUMENT IMPORTANT ol the TO THE FUTUBE OF SOCIALIST ALBANIA: THE DRAFT DIRECTIVES FOR ol sociolism which THE 6th FIVE-YEAB PLAN OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY AND ensures the country high CULTUBE. LIKE THE SUMMONING OF THE ?th CONGEESS OF THE PARTY, rotes of development THIS IMPORTANT DOCUMENT INCREASED EVEN FURTHER THE REVOLU- productive TIONARY ENTHUSIASM WHICH HAS SWEPT THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE ON of the forces, THE OCCASION OF THE APROACH OF NOVEMBER 8, THE 35th ANNIVER- e the ceoseless SABY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE PAETY OF LABOUIi OF ALBANIA, THE perlecting ol sociolist LEADER AND OEGANISER OF ALL THEIE VICTORIES; IT HAS ADDED TO relotions in production, the THE EMULATION AT WORK TO ARBIVE AT THIS GLORIOUS JUBILEE WITH MAXIMUM SUCCESSES, .dND HAS GIVEN A NEW IMPULSE TO THE REVO- strengthening ol the LUTIONARY INITIATIVES TO RELY MORE AND MORE ON THEIR OWN economic independence FORCES IN THE EFFOETS TO BUILD TIIE COMPLETE SOCIALIST SOCIETY ond the delence of the IN ALBANIA AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. perfect- the constont The planned development of the eco- productive forces, the ceaseless country, nomy is one of the objective econonic ing of socialist relations in production, improvement Laws of the socialist ecorlomy which finds the strengthening of the economic inde- ol the moteriol its expression in the annual and five- pendence and the defence of the country, ond culturol situotion -year state pIans. On the basis of these the constant improvement of the mate- pIans, drawn up scientifically lvith the rial and cultural situation of the work- of the working mosses participation working masses of the ing masses. Thanks to the superiority themselves, all the branches of the eco- of the socialist relations of production, nomic and culture are developed and the planned development of the econo- the desired objetives in all lields oI life my, and the implementation of the far- are set and attained. policy This planned development of the eco- sighted economic of the Party of nomy is one of the great superiorities Labour of A1bania, our country knows of socialism which ensures the country none of the economic crises, inflation, ARISTOTEL PANO - lecturer, specia- unemployment other l,ist in economic problems, high rates in the development of the and Phenomena of the principle of self-reliance, in the If the above figures which show the strengthening of the economic indepen- derrelopment of the economy over the dence of the country and the capacity period 1971-1975 are carefully analysed, of self-action of the economy, in the then it emerges as characteristic that strengthening of the dictatorship of the the rate of increase of the main econo- ploletariat and the defence of the coun- mic indices during this period has been tly, in the overall increase of the inter- 2-3 times greater than the increase cif national authority of our Republic, and the population of the country. finally, in the improvement of the In the first place, the economic index, whole material and cultural life of our '"vhich best synthesises the development working masses. of a country is that of the increase of Of course these successes have not national income. Over the past period, been achieved easily, but by means of as can be seen from the above table, an selfless work, through waging a fierce average annual rate of increase of the class struggle against internal and ex- national income of 6,7 per cent was en- ternal enemies, against bureaucracy and suled in Albania. It must be said that liberalism, which constitute great dan- if this rate of increase is compared with gers to the fate oI socialism, against that of the increase of national incomes bourgeois-r'evisionist influences in alI in the rvorld as a who1e, as well as in fields of life, against the savage impe- individual regions, then it is mole clearly rialist-revisionist encirclement and the understood that our rate is much higher. influence of the grave economic crisis During the period l97l-75 the main which has gripped the main capitalist- capitalist countries were characterised, -revisionist countries. in regard to their national incomes, by rvhich are eroding the whole capitalist- The clearest way to concretise the eco- two stages. In the first stage (1971-1973) revisionis! rvorld today. nomic successes of Albania' during the they had very small increases (one half 'Ihe development of the socialist econo- fulfilment of the fifth five-year plan is to one third of our increase), while in my of Albania on the basis of five-year through the figures which characterise the second stage (1974-1975), as a result plans began in 1951 with the approval the most important economic indices of of the grave economic crisis, they had of the first five-year plan for 1951-1955. the country. stagnation and absolute fa1Is. During the period since 1951, Albania Over the 1971-1975 period the deve- Thus, during the year 1975 alone, the has achieved magnificent successes in all lopment of the economy has been cha- absolute fall of the gross national pro- fields of life. Some of these successes racl,erised by the following main figures duct in the main capitalist countries of were achieved during the fulfilment of (in percentage): the West was as follows (in percen- the 5th five-year plan (1971-1975), which tage) : r) I represented another important step to- 66 wards the complete construction of so- EE 6tr 2an Percentage of cialist society. Economic indices { Qr Country g a o decline What did socialist Albania achieve !l 60UH during the past five years (1971-1975) O YE xaH tse 1. U.S.A. 4,0 and what bright prospects 1ie store li >v Soviet Union, our average annual rate q agricultural and livestock products in g\r g\F of increase in national income in the Albania increased as follows: bread period 1971-1975 was 34 per cent hic- tr grain 35 per cent, sugar-beet 76 per cent, Countries (2) o o 47 per eggs 68 per cent, etc. her. E milk cent, place, during this In the second the period 1971- o oI What is noteworthy is that -1975 rvas a period of further industrial o ! period, thanks to the important measu- development for Albania. The overall 1. U.S.A. 0,9 g,6 r'es for the improvement of irrigation, in and in the machi- volume of industlial production, as 2. Great Britain Jr I 4,g the use of fertilisers emerges from the above table, increased 3. France lZ,3 nery base, etc., 73 per cent of the total production crops 52 per cent, or at an average annual rate 4. German F. R. 1,8 6,g increase of the of field of 8,7 per cent. According to the subdi- 5. Italy 9,1 u'as obtained as a result of the incre- yietd visions and main branches of industry, 6. Japan 2,4 r0,? ase of the rates of agricultural the increase of industrial production crops. lvas as follows (in percentage) : As can be seen, while a marked in- During the period 1971-1975, with the crease in industrial production was re- fulfilment of the 5th five-year plan, I gistered great only 90 in all the branches in Albania successes were achieved not ,oh 5d 5F "gEE over the period 1971-1975, in the main in the increase of industrial and agri- PoE'i o9 6: tri-i capitalist countries a pronounced abso- cuLtural production, but also in the de- Indexes ts 0\ oq Iute production DOH MO decline of this has been velopment of investments and construc- 6 'd.=- registered in recent years. work, trade, educa- oao tion in transport, H,6 E During the period 1971-1975, just as material and cultural level of the work- If these figures are compared lr,'ith the previously, there were jobs for every- ing masses, carrying further the nar- achievements of the fifth five-year plan body in Albania. We had no unemploy- rowing of the essential differences bet- it emerges clearly that in the coming ment at all, whereas in the capitalist-re- ween torvn and countryside. This is to 5 years, too, it is envisaged that the visionist countries unemployment rea- be achieved on the basis of the consis- economy of Albania rvill develop at mo: ched Jarge proportions and affected 5-9 tent waging of the class struggle and thc re or less the same high rates as in the pel cent of the able-bodied labour force. mobilisation oI aII the forces and ener- past. Al1 the great achievements and succes- gies of the people, under the leadership Concretely, the average annual rate ses scored under the 5th five-year plan of the Party-. of increase of national income wiII be (1971-19?5) have made our economy even For the fulfilment of this main task, 6,7-7 per cent, i.e. with an upper limit stronger and the life of the people more the draft-directives of the 6th five-year higher than that attained under the beautiful. plan envisage a more rapid development 5th five-year plan. of industry based on the more extensive Industrial development during the 6th exploitation and processing of local raw tive-year plan rvill be continued at sa- materials, a rapid development of agri- tisfactory rates. A characteristic of this 2. Mere brilliant piocpectg culture by means of its intensification, five-5'ear plan wiLl be the much greater an increase of the effectiveness of the increase of the production of the means There is no doubt that the achieve- use oI the national income and particu- of production in comparison with con- ments of the fifth five-year plan wcre Iarly of investments, a further streng- sumer goods. Thus, the tr56iv15ien5 ancl great and through them Albania took an thening of the regime of savings, fur- the main branches of industrial produc- in-rportant step towards the complete ther strengthening and improvement of tion during the five-year plan 1976-1080 construction of socialist society. But the the organisation and management of rvill increase as follows: plospects rvhich are opening to the co- the economy, as well as a further dee- untry w-ith the draft-directives of the pening of the entire ideological and cul- 6th Iivq-5,s21 plan (1976-1980) are still Increase in tural revolution on the basis of Marx- atrd bran- Sub-divisions 1980 as agn- greater. The figures contained in the industrY ism-Leninism. chcs of inst 1975 draft-directives of the 6th five-year plan The main figures for the development show that at a time when the whole ca- of the economy of Albania over the pe- I. Increasc of the production of the pitalist-revisionist world continues to riod 1976-1980, on the basis of the draft- mcans of proiluction. 6U Per ccnt sufler from the grave economic crisis, directives of the 6th five-ycar plan, are the Albania, per cent the economy of P.R. of as follolvs (in percentages) : 1 Extraction of crudc oil 11 thanks to the superiority of the socia- 2, Extraction of chro- Iist otder and the correct Marxist-Le- mium ore 46 Per cent ninist policy of the Party of Labour of 3. Extractions of gas 48 per cent zb a Albania with comrade Enver Hoxha at 4. Coal 2 trimes 60tr the head, will continue to develop at 6 5. Copper 5? per cent Economic index tr oP high rates during the period 1976-1980. 6q Mo 6, Iron-nickel 3,6 times qd6EO FC The draft-directives for the 6th five- o of steels 4,ts times ' Po ?. Production year plan approved at the 9th Plenum 8. Production of blistcr ot the CC of the PLA state the main copper 3? Per cent l. National income 38-40 6'?-? targets of this plan as: 9. Production of electric 2. Total intlustrial procluc- ..The continuation at rapid rates of the energy 2,2 times tion 4l-44 7,2'1'$ socialist construction of the country, for 10. Proclucl,ion of engineeriug 3. Total agricultural the transformation of socialist Albania inclustry 40-42 per ccnt production 3?-{0 6,5-? into an industrial-agricultural country, 11. Production of chcmical {. Volume of state rvith advanced industry and agriculture, industry 2,3. times investments 43 1,5 according to the principle of self-relian- 12. Production of building 5. Volume of state con- ce; the raising to a higher level of the materials industrY 58 Per cent self-acting capacity of the people's eco- struction work 48 8,2 nomy; the further perfecting of socialist 6. Total goods trans- II" Increase of the Production of lelations in production and in the whole port 30-32 5,4 -5,8 consumer goods: superstructure; the increase of the de- 7. Labour productivity 1. Procluction of light 25 per cent fence capacity of the homeland and in industry 15-1? 2,9-3,2 industry strengthening of the dictatorship of the 8. Real income per capita 2. Production of footl-Pro- 24 cent proletariat; the further raising of the of the population 11-14 2,2-2,1 cessing industrY Per 12.5 (30),1976 ALBANIA TODAY From the figures of the above table it A11 this l'apid development of the eco- reserves to advance the figures of the cmcrges that the production of means nomy in this five year period will bring draft-directives and shorten the time- of production will increase during this about a further strengthening of the Iimit for the attainn-rent of the targets. -tive-year plan at an average annual rate econolny, a new step towards the com- During the discussion tens of working of 9,9 per cent. In particular, the pro- plete construction of socialism, and an collectives in our country are making duction of the extracting industry (iron- even greater improverlent of the mate- concrete pledges to increase production, nickel, coal, etc"), the electric energy rial and cultural situation of the work- improve quality, reduce expenditure, in- rnclustr;,, and the chemical industry, ing masses. The per capita real inco- crease the yeilds of agricultural crops, ivill inclease at very rapid rates under me wiII increase by 11-14 per cent dur- and achieve the targets envisaged for the this five-year plan, ing this five-year plan, i.e. more or less ),ears 1979 and 1980 in 1977 and 1978. One of the most important tasks of at the same rate as in the past five-year The targets envisaged in the draft- engineering industry during this five- plan. During this five-year plan major dilectives of the 6th five year plan are year period is to ensure the production importance is given to the further na- certainly l-righ, and the tasks emerging rvithin the country of about g5 per cent rrowing of the diflerence in living for their attainment are not easy; but of spare parts. This will be an impor- standards betw'een the countryside and as comrade Enver Hoxha has said: tant step forward in strengthening the the town, givir-rg priority to the impro- .NothinB- can be too difficult and un- country's economy. vement of the living standard in the rcalisable for ou;: free, courageous and High targets are envisaged in the 6th countrvside. politicall1, elevated peollle r,vho live and five-year plan a)_so, for flre deveiopment There will be marhed inprovcntents fight in our socialist society and '"vho of agriculture rvhich is the basic branch during 1976-1980 in housing conditions, are led urith such care by our. re- of thc economy. The volumc of total communal services, the healtl'r, educa- volutionar.y Marxist-Leninist Party. agricultur:al production is lorecast to in_ tional and cultural services. At the end (Envcr Hoxha, Rcpol'ts and speeches, crease at an average annual ratc of 6,5_ of this five year period the life of our 19ti9-1970 p" 75). - 7 per cent, which is higher than that people will have beconte cven mot.e u.r-rder the fifth five-year p1an. The main prosllerous and happy. battle in the field of agricultural pro- duction duling this five-year plan r,vill be tn incrcase the volume of breacl grain production to attain self-sufficien- 3. WorI of the masseB c;, in grain, Becoming self-sufficient in themselves bread- grain is of very great importance Both the drafting Ior the strengthening of ilre economic and the carrying out of the S-year plans inclepenclence of the countr:y ancl cop- in Albania are deeds ing with aII the blakcmail and pressure of ths worhing masses themsclvcs. 'l;hc r:f Lhe irrrpcrialist-r:evisionist powers. Our state is the staLe of rvorkers and peasants In 1980 p.o,1rr.rton led by t)rc Pariy. The Party ., tlre of lrread grain is 1 ) tr' r om Ekono mich.c sliall n. (1 az etfi-D N 1.. jnclease oI Labor.rr of Albania rvorl The implemenlotion of coruect relotions between the codres ond the mosses is o necessoly condition for the ollround dev brood, eflective ond direct porticipolion the preservotion ond continuol strengthe ond the sociolist order os o bourgeois- revisio THE HTSTORICAL EXPEBIENCE OF THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PRO- danger exists that those relations rvill LETARIAT, BOTH POSITIVE AS WELL AS NEGATIVE, HAS SHOWN THAT be gradually transformed into relations ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS IN SOCIALISM IS THAT OF THE of exploitation and subjugation of the CADBES, THE TRAINING OF THE CADRES, THEIR REVOLUTIONISATION working people by the leading cadres. AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CORBECT RELATIONS BETWEEN THEM AND The implementation of correct relations THE WORKING MASSES, between the cadres and the masses is, THE UNCEASTNG ADVANCE OF THE REVOLUTION AI{D THE CONSTEUC- likewise, an essential condition for the TION OF SOCIALIST SOCIETY NECESSARILY REQUIRES THE TRAINING OF A LARGE NUMBER OF LEADING CADRES, ABLE, REVOLUTIONARY AND allround development of socialist demo- LOYAL TO MARXISM-LEIYINISM, TO THE IDEALS OF SOCIALISM AND THE cracy, for the broad, effective and direct INTERESTS OF THE WORKING CLASS AND THE PEOPLE. THE CREATION participation of the masses in running OF A WHOLE ARMY OF SUCH CADRES IN ALL THE FIELDS OF OUR SO- the country, of the preservation and con- CIALIST DEVELOPMENT CONSI'ITUTES AN IMPOR'IANT VICTOBY OF OUR tinual strengthening of the dictatorship PARTY. COMRADE ENVER IIOXHA SAYS: from servants of the society into mas- but will think, work and fight as true own ..geniuso, in technology, the power ters of the society.. (K. Marx-F. Engels, proletarian revolutionaries. of decree; but it needs cadres who will Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 453 and 454, The ideological work of the Party for merge and live with the masses think Albanian edition). the revolutionary education of the ca- and feel in the same way as the work- The danger against which Marx and dres aims at moulding them with Marx- ing class and the cooperativist peasan- Engels warned became a reality in the ism-Leninism, with the revolutionary try". (Enver Hoxha, report to the 6th Soviet Union, where, after Stalin's world outlook of the working class, Congress of the PLA, p. 1,27). death, the dictatorship of the proletariat which is the dominant ideology in Alba- Further, it is necessary to combat any degenerated into a counterrevolutionary nia, with loyalty to the Party of Labour separation of the education of cadres in dictatorship, among other reasons also of Albania, the vanguard of the work- the ideology of Marxism-Leninism from due to the fact that, as comrade ing class and the leading force of the their active participation in the practi- Enver Hoxha points out, in that coun- state and our socialist society, with the cal class struggle and in revolutionary try <.r. . . a worker aristocracy of bu- features and moral qualities of the action together with the workers and reaucratised, privileged cadres, divorced working class, the most revolutionary peasants, a separation which does not from the people and their lives, who did and the leading class of socialist society, allow the creation of profound and sta- not have the feeling of the class and This requires a persistent and inces- ble ideopolitical and moral convictions. class and who were inspired by the sant struggle against any kind of mani- Finally, it is important that the train- bourgeois ideology and the bourgeois festation and trend of economism, tech- ing and ideopolitical education of the way of life was gradually created?ahis nocratism, bourgeois objectivism and cadres should not be divorced from the 'stratum,. comprised mainly of cadres of political indifference , of deviation, from training and ideopolitical education of the Party, the State, the economy and the proletarian ideology and policy, li- the working class and working masses, the intelligentsia, became the social ba- beralism and opportunism towards the because Marxism-Leninism, the ideolo- -sis .of, revisionism. Relying precisely on alien influences of bourgeois and revi- gy of the working class, cannot be a pri- this stratum, the Khrushchovite revi- sionist ideology, for ,the inculcation in vilege of a minority, but must be a po- sionists usurped the state power in the the cadres of the spirit of principle, class werful weapon in the hands of the Soviet Union, liquidated the dictator- tendentiousness and proletarian parti- broad working masses, who, enlightened ship of the proletariat, established the sanship, of being guided in everything by the teachings of the Party and under dictatorship of revisionism and paved by the Marxist-Leninist policy of the its leadership, are conseiously building the way tq the restoration of capital- Party and revolutionary militancy" So- socialism and communism with their ism.o (Enver Hoxha, report to the 5th cialist society needs cadres who are not own hands. Congress of the PLA, p. B4). only capable specialists in this or that In our socialist society the cadres can Jhe Party of Labour of Albania has branch, but at the same time, well form- be nothing else but servants of the ed politically genuine people. kept these vital teachings in mind and, and ideologically, wolking class and the working proletarian on the basis of the summing up of more revolutionaries. This position of the cadres in the service A consistent struggle necessary also people than 30 years' revolutionary experience is of the working class and the re- against any kind of bureaucratic and quires of the socialist construction in Albania, that they must always maintain intellectualist concept and tendency, close ties with the masses, must know has worked out a series of effective any kind of manifestation of conceit the thoughts and concerns the mas- measures to prevent any kind of distor- of and subjectivism, of overestimation of ses, listen attentively to the voice of the tion in the relations between cadres and mental and managerial work and con- masses, learn from their great expe- the'masses or the bourgeois-revisionist tempt for ..ordinary" work and the peo- rience and carry out the will of the degeneration of the cadres, so that the ple of production, overestimation of de- masses. Contemptuous attitudes towards cadres will always be true revolutiona- crees and divorce from the masses and the working masses, whoever they may ries and servants of the people to the practical work, work with living peo- come from, are alien to the principles end of their lives. ple, against any spirit of personal ease, of socialism, Especially to be condemned The strUggle for the implementation careerism and claims to privilege. This are attitudes of domineering, arbitrarity, of these. measures is being carried out is a struggle for the tempering of the injustice and retalliation by the mane- ih two fundatrnental directions; on the cadres ..in the school of the working gerial cadres and officials against the one hand,,through broad and continuous class", so that they will be characterised working people, through misuse of their educ=ative work for the ideological by modesty, the spirit of sacrifice per- positions. moulding of. the cadres as revolutiona- sistence, and fighting to carry out one's One of the most effective measures ries; on the other hand, by placing the duty and overcome difficulti.es, etc. to prevent the bureaucratic degenera- cadres in such material and social con- Comrade Enver Hoxha points out: <.So- tion and transformation of the manege- ditions, and these are sanctioned by cialism has no need for bureaucrats and rial cadres from servants of the people law, so that they will not degenerate, technocrats who have faith only in their into rulers over the workers and the '(30), ALBANIA TODAY 5 1976 o -15 people is to put the cadres under subor- must exist then when it comes to the cadres and officials, wherever they dination and control from the two direc- question of accepting him, or not, this work, be they elected or appointed, un- tions: from above, by implementing pro- should be thoroughly threshed out by der their control.. This control constitu- letarian centralism, and from below di- the masses and not decided because this tes one of the fundamental and decisive rectly from the masses or the working is how the director, the committee or means of protecting the cadres and, to- collectives in conformity with the norms the Minister wants it>. gether with them, the socialist order of socialist democracy. This is of vital The subordination of the cadres to the and the state of the dictatorship of the importance. The unilateral subordina- base, directly to the masses, demands proletariat, from the danger of bour- tion of the cadres from above only, that the cadres, be they elected or ap- geois-revisionist degeneration. which constituted one of the fundamen- pointed, must without fail render ac- Life and experience have confirmed tal defects in the Soviet Union, brings ex- count before the masses and be subject- the correctness of the directives of the tremely negative consequences: it arou- ed to the check uP of the masses' In PLA that the participation of the cadres ses in the cadres the spirit of indepen- spite of the positive experience accumu- in work directly in production, in the dence, arrogance, domineering, contempt lated thus far, this is a field in which ranks of the working class and coope- and commandism towards it leads to the there is much room for research, to find rativist peasantry, constitutes an essen- the r,vorking masses, in other words various anl the most effective forms tial condition for the continuous revo- bureaucratic degeneration of the cadres. for the cadres to render account before lutionisation of the cadres, for linking Experience in Albania up to now the masses, waging a persistent struggle them closely with the masses, for shows that the practical implementation against formalism on this question" In moulding them with the revolutionary of the principle of subordination of the connection with this, of major impor- moral features and qualities of the cadres to the working masses and to tance is comrade Enver Hoxha's instruc- workers and peasants, for the preserva- check up directly from below, inclu- tion that we should not allow the cri- tion of the cadres from the danger of de- des several main aspects. ticism of the masses aimed at the ca- generation into bureaucracy, intellectua- This requires first of all the consistent dres to be hindered under the pretext lism, careerism, etc. carrying out in practice of the lesson of or the wrong reasoning of allegedly pre- One of the imPortant defects, which, the Paris Commune that the working serving the authority of cadres of the in the Soviet lJnion, led to the infection class protects itself even from its de- Party and state. The people know very of many cadres with bureaucracy, intel- puties and officials *by proclaiming well how to distinguish between the lectualism, careerism and the bourgeois them all, without any exception, repla- correct line of the Party and various way of life, to their gradual degenera' ceable at any time>. (K. Marx-F. Engels, people, whatever their positions, who tion, was, among others, precisely their Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 453). make mistakes or distort the correct di- divorce from productive work, the pre- Both the elected representatives of the rectives of the Party and the people's servation of a marked separation of men people and all the cadres, in particular power. And it the cadres render account tal and managerial work from physical those who perform leading functions in before the masses for their work and work, which is a deeply-rooted heritage the administration and apparatus, are attitudes, are subjected to the criticism from the society based on exploitation' anC should be, dependent directly on the of the masses and make self-criticism The direct participation of the cadres working masses from below, for the before the working people, not only does in work in production, along with the danger of bureaucratic degeneration is this not impair the authority of our Par- direct participation of the broad work- greatest among them. The Party and ty and state power but it further in- ing masses in running the country, in comrade Enver Hoxha have continually creases it. developing culture and the technical- stressed the necessity that, for the eva- Of particular importance for subordi- scientific revolution, etc., constitutes one Iuation, appointment and movement of nating the cadres to the base is the of the effective ways of the gradual nar- cadres the opinion of the masses, of the exercise of the continuous, effective and rowing of the essential differences bet- working collective, absolutely must be diverse control by the working masses, rMeen mental work and physical work' sought first (and not formally, after in the first place the worker control, On this question, in conformity with everything has been decided) and only over cadres, concerning their activity Lenin's teachings that all the working after this should the competent organs and attitudes. Nobody can or should re- people must learn to govern as one of responsible for them decide Comrade main outside such a control. Comrade the fundamental conditions of the ad- Enver Hoxha says: ..Irrespective of the Enver Hoxha says: ..It is a duty of all vance towards communist society, the nature of our posts, the people elect the working people, particularly of the aim is to proceed further and further and approve us, therefore they must working class, to stand up courageously on the road of the combination and also dismiss us when we do not work and sternly condemn any manifestation alternation of managerial work with well. . . The director's office and the ca- of bureaucracy, to put aII the activity work in production, so that the cadres dres section which wiU propose the ca- of the organs of state power, the econo- will be both managers and vrorkers, so dre, and also compile his biographies my and the Party, the communists, the that they always manage, work and li- 16o5(30>,1976 ALBANIA TODAY ve together with the masses of ',vorkers power of the dictatorsl-rip of the prole- and peasants. tariat directly too, in the most varied In socialist society the state power forms. One of these forms is precisely the does not belong to an exploiting mino- placing of worliers right in the leading rity, but to the working people, with organs ad apparatus of the state, the the working class at the head and under economy, culture, etc., in all links and at the undivided leadership of the prole- a1l 1evels. In this direction our Party has tarian Party. The direct and effective carried out a determined and consistent participation of the broad working mas- struggle to overcome bureaucratic, in- ses in running the country constitutes, teilectualist and technocratic hesitations as the 6th Congress of the PLA pointed which hinder the bringing of rvorkers oui, the fundamental direction of the from production into the apparatus of development of the socialist democracy management, and the placing of specia- in operation in our country at the pre- lists under the direction of r,vorkers. sent stage. The consistent implementation of the The carrying out in practice of these teachings of the Party of Labour of A1- basic principles requires that the ma- bania and comrade Enver Hoxha about xiirum number of r,vorking people must the circulation of cadres requires that be drawn, in turn, into managerial the alien bureaucratic concept, accord- work and learn to run the country. And ing tr: which the cadres in socialism are one of the practical r,vays to do this is destined to remain their whole lifetime the circulation of cadres from manage- in leading posts, the concept about the rial posts and the administration to pro- .irreplaceability. 61 cadres, which takes duction. 'Ihis is one aspect. The other root in the heads of some people and aspect is that circulation is one of the rvhich is completely contrary to the very effective means of linking the ca- thoroughly democratic spirit of the so- dres closely with the lrtasses and re- cialist older, must be combatted, sma- volutionisiirg them. Both the positive shed and rooted out. Precisely this con- experience of the socialist development cept, as lvell as the putting of the nar'- in Albania, and the negative experien- row personal interests above the collec- ce of the Soviet Union and some other tive interest, is the basis of the unsound countries, where precisely non-circula- inclinations of some cadres to circulate tion was one of the causes of the bu- *provisionally" with the aim that they reaucratisation and degeneration of ma- will certainly be returned to the lead- ny cadres, making them a social basis ing posts. for revisionism clearly confirms this. It is necessary, likervise, to eradicate Comrade Enver Hoxha points out that the bureaucratic and petty-bourgeois we must send to the base ..our people concept which equates circulation with with great managerial experience. . . ., dismissal for errors or other reasons, endow them rvith the spirit of the base implanting instead, the concept that the so they become fighters determined to circulation of the cadres from the lead- eliminate from themselves all traces in- ing posts to the base, among the r-anks tellectualist, bureaucratic and techno- of the rvorking masses, is not a punish- cratic hangovers. In their place 'we ment or demotion but a rule in socialist should bring outstanding working peo- society and one of tl-re most effective ple from the base into the central appa- ways to keep the cadres genuine revo- ratus". (Enver Hoxha, Reports and lutionaries to the end of their lives. speeches, 1970-1971, p. Bg). An important principle in sociaiism One of the main objectives of the is that the pay of officials, and here we circulation of cadres in our socialist so- mean first of all the leading cadres, is ciety is to bring the maximum number in fair ratio with that of the workers of workers or people of worker origin and cooperativlsts, with a view to avoid- to leading posts, proceeding from the ing the creation of any privileged stra- principle that the r'vorking class is the tum. This is one of the vital problems leading class; which exercises the state of socialist society, and has to do, in the ALBANIA TODAY 5 (30), L976 . 77 final analysis, with the very fate of the tion of the cadres and that of the wor- contradictions are not resolved in time revolution and the construction of so- king masses and has consistently advan- and on the correct Marxist-Leninist cialism. In socialist society, through the ced on the road of further reducing the course, they may be gradually transfor- liquidation of prlvate property, the ine- differentials in this field...... Comrade med into antagonistic contradictions if quality of people in regard to the means Enver Hoxha stl'esses: oln building up the cadres are allo'm/ed to counterpose of production is elirninated and toge- the standard of living, great differences themselves to the working masses, to ther with this also the exploi.tation of must not be allowed, the officials must their interests, if the cadres are trans- man by man. But, being a transitional not live a great deal better than the formed into rulers over the masses and society and the lower stage of commun- workers, and the peasants worse than into new exploiters, and thus the so- ist society, socialism preserves traces of their allies of the town. This stems par- cialist relations of production are tur- capitalism, among which is inequality ticularty from the high salaries of of- ned into relations between the exploiters in distribution, in other words, in the ficials. Such a situation creates those and the exploited, i.e. into capitalist re- incomes and the living standards of the elements of the new bourgeoisie which lations, as occurred in fact in the Soviet working people, This constitutes a ma- arises from the ranks of the class, the Union and in some other countries whe- terial basis for the possibility, for the ranks of the Party, which, if these ele- re the revisionists have come to po\I/er. danger of the bourgeois degeneration of ments are not corrected and purged, be- On the basis of the summing up of certain categories of people, and this re- comes dangerous... the trimming must the revolutionary experience of the co- fers first and foremost to leading pa- continue, high salaries should be redu- untry, the PLA has correctly defined dres. The essence of the matter is: Shall ced further, so that the raised standard the fundamental 'lvays of handling and we advance on the road of the widening of living of one category of people will resolving the contradictions between the or the steady narrowing of this ine- not incite the desire for a bourgeois 1ife..' cadres and the masses, ways which have quality in socialism? thus we must take measures so that to do with such norms of relations bet- The negative experience of the So- this inequality in the system of payment ween them as placing cadres under su- viet Union shows that the deviation for work will be reduced... otherwise bordination and control from two direc- from the principle of the Paris Commu- we permit the development of the capi- tions, not only from above but also from ne about paying officials and functiona- talist element...',. belor,v, directly from the masses, the ca- ries the average PaY of workers (K. Historical experience has confirmed dres rendering accounts before the mas- Marx-F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, that the degeneration and bourgeoisifi- ses, the right of the masses to re- p. 454), the absolutisation and genera- cation of the cadres in the socialist so- call representatives who do not justify Iisation of the system of high salaries, ciety also comes from hankering after their trust as u,eIl as to demand the dis- which, for a certain time was imposed privileges, exploiting official positions charge of the unworthy officials and and justified by the historical circum- for this purpose. functionaries, the right of citizens to stances of a limited category of special- In socialist Albania, where the wor- make complaints about unjust actions ists, as well as laying excessive stress king class in alliance with all the wor- of officials and functionaries, non-recog- on material incentives, while neglecting king people is in power, where socialist nition of any inequality and privilege moral incentives, led to the bourgeois relations of production have triumphed before the law and in rights and duties, degeneration of a broad stratum of ca- completely and ev erY form of ex- due to social position, etc. But in the dres and exerted a powerful influence to ploitation of man by man thas been Ii- case that various cadres show them- make them a social basis for the revi- quidated, where the leading cadres have selves incorrigible, take the road to re- sionist course. After the revisionists emerged from the ranks of the masses, visionism and capi.talism, degenerate usurped the state power, they further and represent and defend the vital in- into counterrerrolutionary enemy ele- extended this inequality or ..bourgeois terests of the people, the relations bet- ments and raise their hand against the right", as Marx and Lenin described it, ween the cadres and the masses are cha- Party, the working class, the people, the using it as one of the principal ways racterised by unity, which is a compo- homeland and socialism, then the dic- for the liquidation of the socialist rela- nent part of the great unity of the en- tatorship of the proletarit strikes them tions of production and the exploitation tire people around the Party in the down mercilessly. ot the working people by the new bour- struggle for the complete final victory On the vital question of the relations geois class. of socialism and communism' However between the cadres and the masses, too, The Party of Labour of Albania has even in socialist society, various con- the revolutionary experience of the PLA always implemented a correct policy on tradictions may arise, and in fact do and the teachings of comrade Enver' this question. Without falling into the arise, between the cadres and the mas- Hoxha constitute a blow against the positions of the petty-bourgeois egalita- ses. As a rule these are not antagonis- counterrevolutionary preachings of the rianism, it has taken the neeessary mea- tic contradictions, but contradictions modern revisionists and serve the cause sures at the proper time to avoid marked among the people. But, as the PLA has of the continuous development and disproportions between the remunera- pointed out, if these non-antagonistic strengthening of the socialist order. AtBANIAlI ETHI{OGRAPHY AIID SOME OF ITS PROBTEMS by ATEKS BUDA ln its feotures, chorocter ond longuoge our folk culture hos o monumentol quolity which ia tha cleorest ollirmotion of the optimism of the working people in their struggle ogoinst physicol ond morol degrodotion, ogoinst loss of their ethnic identity; it is somethingI which olwoys mointoins its freshness oid volidity AT THE FOCUS OF THE ATTENTION AND WORK OF OUR NATIONAL thered this gardeno, to bring to light CONFERENCE OF ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES, SAID PROFESSOE ALEKS that source on which our socialist na- BUDA IS A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM WHICH, AS TO ITS CHARACTER AND tional culture has been nurtured, that SIGNIFICANCE, RANKS AMONG THE GREAT IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITI- soil on which it was raised, crowning a CAL PROBLEMS: THE FOLK CULTURE AND ITS FLACE AND ROLE IN THE course that extends over thousands of NATIONAL CULTURE OF SOCIALIST ALBANIA. years. SUCH AN ORIENTATION IS NEITHER NEW NOE ACCIDENTAL FOR OUR For us, contrary to the present-day SOCIAL SCIENCES. SINCE THE TIME THAT, HAVING BEEN PUT ON THE BA. bourgeois ethnography, our folk culture SIS OF DIALECTICAL AND HISTORICALMATERIALISM, THEY WERE FIRST is not a document of a low social and FORMED AND CRYSTALISED AS SCIENCES IN THE FULL MEANING OF THE technical development, nor has it any- TERM, ETHNOGBAPHY, FOLKLORE, ABCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY OF ART AND thiirg to do with the *human condition' LITERATURE HAVE DEEMED IT THEIR HONOUEABLE DUTY TO IMPLEMENT in general, to use a term fashionable in the great teachings, of the Party and tual wealth which has kept our nation present-day bourgeois philosophy, but in comrade Enver Hoxha that instruct alive through storms and tempests", to the first place with the class condition, them always to uncover and study our study that ancient and always fresh, rvith the resistance of the .populace", traditional folk and national culture, the rich variegated culture, the lofty ideo- the working masses, against internal and treasure of the ..wealth of the people logical and artistic content and meaning external oppression and exploitation. As and the homeland, of that great spiri- of these creations to which the ine- a result, the folk culture, in its material xhaustible genius of our working people aspect, may not have-but in its features, ALEKS BUDA - Professor, President of gave the Academg of Sciences of the PRA. birth. Our science is devoting spe- character, language, has a monumental From the paper he deliaered at the Na- cial care to comrade Enver.Hoxha's ins- quality which is the clearest affirma- tional Conference of Ethnographic Stu- truction that by its work it should help tion of the optimism of the working dies uhich toas held in Tirana at the end of June this year, ..to clear the brambles, which smo- people in their struggie against physi- our cultural sciences have resolutely at- rical responsibility and the class strug- tacked the attitude so widespread in gle-a .return to nature"!-but this time bourgeois and revisionist science, accor- with reactionary functions in compari- ding to which traditional folk culture, son with that of the l8th century. and consequently, also sophisticated cul- In forming their scientific concepts ture with a folk spirit, allegedly consti- our specialists in social sciences have tute an historical category which now proceeded from a soil which allows belorrgs simply and completely to the scientific generalisations on the practice past, because allegedly it is linked rvith of the socio-cultural construction of our social circumstances and forces now left socialist homeland. From this material behind or in the process of being left we can now draw some general conclu- behind, by a development to which they sions in regard to the course of our tra- strive to give the character of a law, ditional culture and of our national folk Such for instance, is the ideaformulated culture, and their place and role, as in- by the culturological sciences in the ser- tegral parts within our socialist culture. vice of the two superpowers, in a una- nimous way, irrespective of their dif- ferent external wrappings, according to which the concepts of the nation and Hard, full of difficulties and obstacles, national culture are allegedly notions all struggle and sacrifice, - such was the which are being replaced by processes course the historical eircumtances impo- of cultural raprochement and integra- sed on the Albanian people, - but these tion up to the merging of ethnoses, now circumstances were unable to block the historically consolidated, with distinct lvay to their culture and art, knowledge cultures in historical forms. These for- and science. ..What does this art and this mations allegedly no longer,respond to ancient culture that our people have had the present stage of economic and so- show-the determined struggle for their cio-cultural development, which alle- defence and, together with this, in de- gedly requires a division of labour on an fence of the homeland, of its territory, international scale and forms of orga- life and customs" says comrade Enver nisation of a higher supra-national and Hoxha. And from these same sources supra-state level. It is not difficult to progressive Albanian science was nur- understand that hidden behind such an tured from its very beginnigs. attitude lurk aims of ..scientificallyo There is no doubt that in the con- cal and moral degradition, against de- justifying the divesting of the peoples ditions of foreign domination when the humanisation, against loss of their eth- not only of their political and econo- local ruling classes, by their anti-natio- nic identity-something which has and mic independence, but also of just as nal and obscurantist stand, had betrayed always maintains its freshness and va- great an asset-their national folk tra- the cause of freedom and the struggle Iidity. ditions which consolidate this indepen- for a national peoples culture, the cour- It is precisely these ideological and dence. se on which Albanian culture and scien- artistic values that cause this creativity The integration of these values, linked ce developed could not be a simple to impose itself, by its creative weight with historical social and ethnocultural course of development. And because of and energy, by the force of its optimistic strata, into the modern culture of the its pronounced ideological character no militant, democratic content and be em- industrialised society is described by the field more than that of the sciences of braced by the most progressive repre- culturology of the imperialist bourgeoi- culture, could have had more markedly sentatives of the national bourgeoisie, sie as an anti-historical change, and the caracter of an arena of struggle, in risen against the decayed feudal culture their elimination as a progressive phe- which the class interests of various so- and foreign rulers. With the democratic nomeon. Consequently, in their opinion, cial forces on a national and internatio- and folk spirit of its creations, it is this this tradition of folk culture cannot be nal plane, contradicto::y concepts pro- folk culture in a broad sense, this folk- the basis that can serve for the construc- gressive and conservative-reactionary, -national culture that now represents tion of a culture suitable to our modern and the methodological-methodic con- the Albanian people; this is the soil on society. And from this it is only one step tradictions which characterised interna- rvhich the foundations rvere laid and our to those modern ..primitivist,, trends, tional science, clashed. preseut socialist national cuiture is ri- so comfortable for the imperiallst These are some constant lines of con- sing majesticly. bourgeoisie, which in such a primitive traditions which characterise the first Basing themselves on materials of sci- antihistorical culture sees the salvation Albanian efforts in the field of science entific value not only to our country, of mankind from the burden of its histo- until, with the trimph of the People's 20 . s (s0), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY Revolution, Albanian science came into such works by foreign authors, which the Albanian National Renaissance was being and consolidated itself, now as one critic succinctly described as works mapped out in the field of culture. The Marxist-Leninist science. not of ethnographic but of ethnocratic problems of the origin of the Albanian To accept this does not mean to deny science. people understood as a correlation of its and to scorn a protracted, fruitful work The historical circumstances created antiquity, autocthony and continuity, of which whole generations, carried out by the centuries of Ottoman occupation the unity betrveen the national and the with great self-sacrifice in very difficult faced the Albanian people from the 15th regional, of the relationship between conditions, to discover, preserve and century, with a critical situation which tradition and the new, between the na- make known the treasures of our folk put in jeopardy everything that had tional and the international new, of the culture. been achieved up to that time as a result main social forces which were bearers This activity, distinguished by the of an independent historical develop- of the further development of this na- lofty patriotic spirit of its bearers, was ment-the existence of the Albanians as tional folk culture, became the great one factor, and the main one, on which a distinct nationality and raised the problems, the solution of which engaged our sciences devoted to the study of our great problems of the future of the peo- the thinking of the ideologists of the folk culture were based, later. A second ple and their traditional culture. Albanian democratic bourgeoisie, al- factor comprised the studies carried out To the problems raised by the bitter though from the scientific methodic as- in the countries of Western Europe, reality of Albania of the 16th-18th cen- pect, conditions to resolve them had not which, beginning from the middle of the turles, to the danger of the country and been created. In these efforts the first 19th century, ever more frequently in- its culture being turned from the course serious steps were taken for studies in cluded the countries of the Balkan Pe- of their historical development the mas- the field of the study of the Albanian ninsula within the sphere of their eco- ses responsed with their all-round re- culture, even though they did not ma- nomic-political interests, which gave a sistance. But to the theoretical problems nage, up to the end of the 19th century, vigorous impulse to the purely scientific raised by this situation, the small, weak to be divided and formed as seperate research devoted to our problems, begin- intelligentsia of the country, restricted disciplines. ning particularly from the last quarter by its religious and feudal ideology, Their research to define the special of the 19 th century. particularly in the Albania now divided cultural features of the Albanian people Our science had to adopt a stand to- on the basis of religion, was unable to led the Renaissance scholars into the wards this heritage right from the be- give the adequate response. bosom of the people, to living archive ginning of its course; as a Marxist The solution of the major problems of of history, like bees, to gather that honey science it had to make a critical asses- the culture of the Albanian people was of the Albanian spirit, there where it sment proceeding from the spirit of pro- raised at a new higher stage in the 19th was best preserved, among the women, letarian partisanship, from the class cri- century, with their formation as a bour- among the common people of the coun- terion in the intepretation of cultural geois nation, in that period of allround tryside, among the artisans. In this way phenomena. The correct historical at- development which rightfully bears the they raised an everlasting monument to titude had to distinguish, first, the name of the National Renaissance. This the culture of our people. great positive contribution made by a response proceeded from a new ideology, With their realistic understanding of number of Albanian scholars with the of the democratic and national revolu- their own class interests, the democratic progressive democratic spirit of the new tion, which had already blazed the trail representatives of the new Albanian bourgeoisie, as well as by some foreign in the socio-political thinking of Wes- bourgeoisie consldered the folk factor scholars, in the first place with their tern Europe and was mounting against as an important factor for the formation important materials, gathered on the the absolutist feudal empires in South- of the Albanian national culture, and spot, materials of a great value, which -East Europe and, despite the back- they sought and found it there where, could serve as a basis to clarify a series wardness, was taking root also among in the conditions of undeveloped AIba- of issues of the genesis, the fundamen- the Albanian bourgeoisie. nia, this culture had grown and been tal features, and the further develop- Under the banner of these theories preserved most pure-in the Albanian ment of forms of the culture and way stood a fundamentally democratic orien- countryside. In this social force, scorned of life of the Albanian people. tation which attacked, in the first place, until that time, they saw ..the reserve>> The categories of culture and the the forelgn invaders and their social of their class to overthrow the o1d, de- science about culture constitute no ex- support, the Albanian feudal aristocra- cayed, feudal order. ception: they are subject in a particular cy, it rvas counterposed to their con- The democrats of the period of Natio- way, to the principles of the class strug- temp for the masses of the people, and nal Renaissance considered the efforts to gle and require a principled stand, the attacked the religious and regional di- link Albanian culture with the most ad- more so since open or hidden anti-Alba- vls10ns. vanced trends of the time as a first-rate nian political aims lay or lie behind the As a result of a collective work of se- duty for the progress of Albanian cultu- antiscientific methodology of a series of veral generations, the ideological line of re. They saw this progress as conditional ALBANIA TODAY 5 (30),1976.27 or1 socio-economic transtornations which culture. In the conditions ol an Alba. loped further, in order to explain the would open the way to new, more ad- nia divided into many religions, this circumstances in which a series of ar- vanced relations-which they proclaimed meant that the Roman catholic clergy chaic patriarchal phenomena in social as the return of the Albanian people to sought the development of a separate, organisation and customary 1aw were the bosom of civilised Europe. While regional culture, on leligious founda- preserved in these highlands. preserving the spirit and achievements tions, to the detriment of the unity of Irrespective of the value of some re- of the Lraditional folk culture, they were the national folk culture. sults of the ethnographic studies by F. thinJ nant note ',vas the idealising of patliar- other hand, he pointed out a number of vement, revolution ! chalistr-r, the presentation of the catholic historical arguments u.hich our Marxist According to this concept, a constant highlands as the true bearer of the folli science has complemcntecl and deve- fundamental tendency had been embo- 22 . s (s0), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY died in the Albanian patriarchal socie- great probiems wl-rich characterised the What distinguishes the cultural reali- ty. The ideal norm of any society for historical course of the Albanian folk ty of socialist Aibania in this 35 year the American ethnologist is that which culture. These rvere major problems; epoch, which bears the name of the Par- creates the fewest difficulties in a sys- which arose from social and class con- ty, is that for the first time the events tem of relations. Even in the system of tradictions. They constituted problems and processes taking place on Albanian patriarchal society the 1aw of overpo- of reality, of the economic and political- soil are no longer, as in the past, results pulation is valid and this ruins the sta- cultural reality of Albanian society ra- of spontaneous processes, contradictory tic nature of the system and therefore ther than theoretical problems of con- disparate forces with foreign, politically it allegediy requires as a regulating crete sciences. The ethnographic studies divergent cultural-ideologicaI, orienta- principle in Albania, ai everywhere, an of the past hampered to a greater or tions. The great cultqral processes automatic regulation - as a safety va- Iesser degree by the ideological and me- which characterise this epoch, are ba- lue- the vendetta. This ellminates the thodological-scientific restlictions that sed on and the fruit of a strategic and superfluous men. Hence, allegedly the characterised them, reflect these great tactical plan drawn up on scientific institution of vendetta is not linked problems. The solution of these contra- foundations, in which the class forces 'with a given social organisation, but dictions of our historical-cultural heri- that operate and define the course of \ /ith the phenomenon of biological, tage could not be the work simply of the socio-economic, political and cultu- disproportion. Just as absurd and anti- theoreticians or specialists in one ral development, the life of the masses scientific is that concept r,vhich explains branch; - this was the great task under- of the people in its various aspects, ha- the phenomenon of the blood, which, taken by the new forces of the Alba- ve been calculated. unfortunately, is still preserved in some nian working class, emerged from the For the Party of the Albanian work- Albanian regions outside our Republic, traditional society, raised among the ing class, which is responsible for the not with their socio-economic situation, ranks of the masses of the Albanian fate of the culture of this people, the but as a phenomenon of ..social patho- people, - but now endowed with a new stand that was to be maintained to- logy*, as occurred in a symposium held scientific ideology under the leadership wards the rich cultural tradition of the in Yugoslavia some time ago, where the of its revolutionary Party. They rvere people presented a great ideological- vendetta was treated *scientifically- to- put in a position to undo the Gordian scientific problem. The fact that from gether with such phenomena as prosti- knot which the centuries had left tang- the stormy days of the National Libera- tution, alcoholism, drug bddiction, etc! Iec and unresolved, with the sword oI tion Antifascist War right up till today The ethnologist of world ..renown", R. history. the Party and comrade Enver Hoxha Lowie, explains the failure of efforts to In the waves of this class struggle for have devoted special attention to this modernise Albania with the difficulties the setting up of a new society and a major problem, comprises an honorable of imposing new ideas on a formed sys- new culture, our social sciences and, in page in the history of the Albanian po- tem. And if there is an element that their bosom, our sciences of culture, ca- litical and social thinking. It was ob- operates in Albania as bearer of chan- me into being and were formed as vious, naturalLy, that the course of the ges, this allegedly comes from outside, Marxist-Leninist sciences. integration of this culture could not be In the practiee socialist cons- course of direct continuity, - it is allegedly the tradition of the of the an idyllic migration of artisans and merchants truction of our ner,v culture our ethno- but, on the other hand, there were thou- who bring the new, - not directly in graphy and folklore grew and developed sands of threads that connected its pro- economic life, which is more compact as sciences in the full sense, mastering gressive features, its popular and de- and resistant, but in that which is aIIe- the methodological basis and special mocratic spirit with socialist culture gedly more variable, in family iife, by method acquiring their physiognomy as and with the ideology of the working breaking tradition, by isolating the sciences of the phenomena of culture. c1ass. Here it would not do to proceed young people from the surveillance of In this sense we must say that the cour- from nihilist negation or from unprin- the elders, something which allegedly se of the formation of our sciences ol cipled acceptance. Here, too, was the allows the expression of individual de- culture cannot be understood if they are 1aw of the class struggle that constitu- sires, and with this the way is opened considered apart flom the mother land, tes the motive force to carry our racli- to the new ideas ! Life showed just how from the tasks which our socialist rea- tional folk culure to integration into unreal these theoretical constructions iity put forward and for. which it re- our socialist culture. wefe. quired a scientific answer. In this higher synthesis of our socia- This does not mean that in these con- list national culture the tradition crea- *** ditions they were faced with a sea on ted by the heroic Albanian working which contrary winds were acting, that class had its own place of honour. In That brief glance over the studies they found themselves faced with the the context of our socialist national cul- carried out in the past by Albanian and waves of life like a ship without com- ture, r'vithin which the folk spirit occu- foreign scholars pointecl out a series of pass and direction. pies a place of honour, the Party of tlie ALBANIA TODAY (30), 1976 e 23 Albanian working class and comrade may become destructive. The duty of great plospect of political and scien- Enver Hoxha embodied the genius of the scholar is allegedly to make these tific importance, lines up the scientific Marx who, in the three- fold meaning traumas the least painful and dange- work in the great struggle being waged of the same German word ..aufhebeno, rous, i.e. revo).utionary, by exploiting., everyu'here by the peoples, the forces stressed the lofty mission of the prole- the prir-rciple of social sluggishnesso, of progless and the revolution against tariat towards the world cultural he- which operates in some conservative conservatism, and retroglession, repre- ritage - to preserve and raise to a hig- strata and classes, but whiie t-naking sented by imperialist hegemonism. her level the best of what it had inhe- use also of the principle of ..directed The revival of the ancient Albanian rited and eliminate what was outdated. cultural transformations-, proclaimed as people and the flourishing of their so- The experience of the construction of a *scientific" principle. On this course cialist national culture is a glorious the Albanian socialist national culture it would be possible to avid the dan- deed of the era of the Party. Another constitutes an important contribution gerous phenomena of cultural ..discon- result of this revival is our Marxist- which the PLA is making in this field tinuity- (imply: the revolutions). Leninist science of culture. also on the international plane. This With the further revolutionisation, In concluding this paper, in which the is particularly valuable in the epoch the studies in the field of our folk cu1- course of our ethnographic sciences is when the ever more widespread break- ture took an important step forward. In described, we cannot fail to mention the ing away of the peoples from the sys- their themes the studies dedicated to words expressed 100 years ago by P. tem of colonialism and the influence of the historical aspect of the folk culture Vasa, whom we may rank among the neocolonialism is taking place on a and the way of life were linked better first scholars in the Albanian ethno- world scale; r,vhen they are lining up with the present tasks of the struggle graphy: ..Our hearts burn with the de- ever more resolutely in the struggle against the negative phenomena of our sire to see our homeland happy, not to against hegemonism, for the creation of life, the studies dedicated to the current blush, before the civilised and indus- their new progressive, folk and national processes in regard to the evolution of trious nations. . . On this course we do cultule. the phenomena of our folk culture to not want the Albanian people to lose Ethnology and the sciences of the the relationship between tradition and their characteristic features, their cus- bourgeois-imperialist culture in gene- the nerv, were strengthened, so that toms, legends, language, which are the ral have devoted a great part of they captured those fundamental aspects only riches our forefathers bequanthed their scientific activity to this im- which have to do with the role of our to us',. Today the Albanian socialist na- portant process. ..Authorities-, for in. folk culture in the creations of the new tion has full reason to be Proud of a stance the specialist in these pro- socialist culture. very much greater heritage and has blems, F. Behrendt, in his rvork ..Social ln the works undertaken in this new cleated new cultural riches and is figh- strategy for the developing countries", stage, the theoretical thinking in the ting to protect them and develop them to f ind the laws of these processes field of cultural sciences has been en- further. which are running through a large part livened and raised in its level by revo- In a fierce revolutionary struggle and of the world today. Although he uses Iutionary practice. The strengthening of with titanic courage, the P.L.A. with different terms, in fact he is in accord the character of partisanship and revo- comrade Enver Hoxha at the head have r,vith his Soviet colleagues on many lutionary tendentiousness allowed our made the ardent desires of our patriots, points and concepts such as the divisiot] sciences of culture to combat alien han- which in their time were utopia, into of the world into ..central zones" and govers and influences. reality. - *Iater.al zones of dynamico, where the The culture of a socialist nation witl-t 1aw of ..cultural inclination'> operates, such ancient traditions as those of the according to which the less developed Albanian nation, is unthinhable u'ithout lones must be incorporated, as to the the revolutionary ideology and without fundamental processes, in the big zones its own popular features and spirit, wi- of the dynamic, which may be, accord- thout its own national soil. ing to the interest of the superpowers, The Albanian sciences of culture res- the capitalist West or the revisionist pond to these responsible tasks entrust- East. ed to them by the PartY and comrade This ..Lateralo world is subjected to Enver Hoxha, lvho instructs that *with the impulses which came from the cen- united forces of our men of sciences, tral zones as < The second volume of the and scientific institutions, at schools and Atmosphere of in military units. Each in his own work ioy is trying to give something more in ho- ond retolutionory enthusiosm nour of the jubilee of the Party and its 7th Congress. The daily and periodical press of the On November B this year 35 years will wholeheartedly love the Party of La- country carries frequently letters ad- be completed from the day of the found- bour of Albania. They link a1I the vic- dressed to the Central Committee of the ing of the Communist Party of Albania torles they have achieved - the freedom Party and comrade Enver Hoxha from (today the Party of Labour of Albania). and independence of the homeland and districts, working collectives or agricul- In accordance with the decision of the the majestic successes on the road to the tural cooperatives announcing the fulfi1- 9th Plenum of the Central Committee constrrrction of the complete socialist so- ment of the plan targets ahead of sche- of the Party of Labour of Albania, the ciety-r,vith it, with its correct, wise and du1e, and new bolder pledges for the fu- 7th Congress of the Party will convene farsighted leadership. ture. Correspondences and reportages on the Ist of November. Both these im- Consequently, they desire to welcome are also published telling about the ex- portant events have aroused an exceptio- these memorable events with maximum perience of the advanced and about its nal atmosphere of joy and revolutio- successes at work. An exceptional emu- extension to the entire country. nary enthusiasm among the broad work- lation is observed longsince in work and Many letters are addressed to the Cen- ing masses of Albania. production centres, agricultural coope- tral Committee of the Party and com- The Albanian people, old and young, ratives and enterprises, cultural, artistic rade Enver Hoxha, informing of the ad- vance and overfulfilment of the tar- ands of amateur groups of the cen- gets of the 6th five-year plan, the draft- tres of worh and production, agricultu- directives of rvhich al'e now being ral cooperatives, various institutions, broadly discussed by the working people. schools and military units are preparing Many rvorking collectives, agricultural to compete in variuos festivals and ac- cooperatives and enterprlses, discover- tivities which have been arranged on ing reserves unexploiteJ thus far, pled- a district and national scale in honour of ge themselves to reach the indices of the memorable events. The professional the five-year plan 1-2 and even 3 years groups, too, are preparing programs of ahead of schedule, particularly in re- the most beautiful ones, with a profound gard to the vields of agricultural ideological content and high-Ievel artis- crops. tic interpretation, in honour of the 35th Also the workers in art, culture and anniversary of the founding of the Par- science have mobilised themselves to ty and its 7th Congress. welcome the jubilee of the Party and Like'"rrise, scientific sessions dedicated its 7th Congress with maximum suc- to the history of the Party of Labour of cesses. Hundreds of .uvriters, painters Albania and its leading role in the whole sculptors and composers are preparing life of the country are being organised new works to present them at the corn- on an enterprise and institution scale petition in honour of the founding of as well as on a district scale. Such a the Party, which has been announced scientific session was organised recently IIFE OF THE since the beginning of the year. also by the section of the History of the EI ci) At the same time, a broad and all- PLA of the Tirana University, at which I round cultural and artistic activlty has many interesting papers and communi- o begun throughout the country. Thous- cations rvere presented. -F e {- =o CE -t II Ihe troditionol I of the educotion people Another new school-year began in AI- tinuing in their jobs. Thus, one out of bania on the lst of September. As usual every three persons is atteding school in the post-liberation years, this year in Albania today. too, this day was turned into a real fes- The rrew school-year began this year tival for hundreds of thousands of school in an atmosphere of exceptional enthu- pupils and students as weII as for their siasm created throughout the country parents and relatives. A11 this is linked on the occasion of the 35th anniversary rvith the great enthusiasm for educati- of the founding of the Communist Par- on and culture which the Albanian peo- ty of Aibania (today the Party of La- ple have. In the past they fought, arms bour of Albania), which is the inspirer in hand for education and culture just and organiser of all the victories which as they fought for the freedom and in- our people have achieved, including dependenee of their homeland. But only those in the field of education and cul- after the liberation of the country from ture. The teachings of the Party and the fascist occupiers and traitors, were comrade Enver Hoxha personally have the doors of the school flung wide open placed the educational system in Alba- to the Albanian people. Within a few nia on a sound basis. This system, which years lliiteracy was eliminated, and the is based on the three revolutionary com- whole country was fiiled with a dense ponents-lessons, productive, labour and network of schools of all levels and pro- physical-military education-has given files. For years now 8-grade eCucation the school in Albania a new physiogno- in Albania has been compulsory for all my. In the struggle for the implemen- the children of school age. On the other tation of these components many intel- hand, the people's state power has crea- Iectualist and technocratic concepts ted favourable conditions for all the which fetishized classroom lessons and working people to attend part time underrated the eCucative and lesson-giv- schools of the highest levels while con- ing values of productive labour, have been broken, and on the other hand new the middle schools with special profiles court-yards rvhere they listened attenti- revolutionary concepts about school have will increase by 67 per cent. Thus, more vely to the greetings of the Minister of asserted themselves. qualifieC r'vorkers for production and Education and Culture, of school prin- The 1976-1977 school year is begining cadres to assist production will gradua- cipals and senior teachers. Representa- with another leap towards the ever te from our schools in the coming years. tives of state organs and organisations rrlore marked mass character of the As usual, the nerv school year began of masses, as well as many parents at- school in Albania. In comparison r,r,ith with official ceremonies at all schools. tented these ceremonies. Afterwards, the past year, the number of pupils in Pupils and students gathered in their normal lessons began. city in the Ist century before our era, llew orchoeologicol discoveries which is cited by the authors of anti- quity for its catastrophic consequences' After this time the building was never in DurrGs restored. The building rvith all its architectonic Durr6s, a beautiful Albanian city on they create an agreeable effect for the elements is another proof of the high the Adriatic coast, is one of the most entrance of the light-filled building, 1evel of craftsmanship of the local build- renowned cities of the ancient world. rvithout forming any defined artistic pat- ers as well as of the majesty of the ci- Its history goes back to the 6th century tern. Apart from the thick lateral walls, ty istelf at that time. before our era. But many times during the central columns of 'tvhite limestone Recently the archaeological discove- the centuries it has suffered considera- stones, worked with great care, sup- ries in Durr6s have been extended to ble demage as a result of foreign inva- ported the roof of the entrance hall. Bet- the sea. The young Albanian hydroar- sions and the destructive forces of na- ween the entrance hall and the small chaeology has two objectives: First, to ture. celtral room there is a narrow corridor discover objects which have to do with The ruins of the ancient city had re- paved with polished slabs of white sto- sea-going traffic, the ancient vessels mained in oblivion for a long time, but ne. From the corridor,through a massive sunk on the shores as well as what was after liberation, particularly in recent doorway to one side, one passes to the in them; and second, to find immovable years, when large-scale construction central environment of the building, objects, ancient wall structures, roads, work has been done, many monuments, around which other rooms, which have etc., and parts of the city inundated testifying to its majesty in ancient ti- had special functions have been placed. over the centuries. Many objects of the mes, began to come to hight. They are aII distinguished by their di- first kind, mainly large amphora which The work to uncover these monumen[s mensions, the placing of architectonic have been in the holds of vessels sunk is being carried out with a great care, elements as well as by the archaeolo- in ancient times have been brought up because some of them lie where the city gical material deposited in their floors by fishermen. This fund of amphora of of today has been built. Nevertheless, after ruination. various forms and dimensions te1ls of already a large number of monuments The archaeological material collected, the intensive character of sea-borne such as the amphitheatre, the cemetery, is composed of fragments of kitchen trade and the extensive contacts of this many ruined buildings, floors decorated utensils, coins, as well as of a great mul- city with all the centres of the Medi- with mosaics, household utensils, burial titude of roof tiles bearing special epi- terranean basin. As is known from in- nonuments, etc., have been discovered. graphic brands with names of rulers formation given by ancient learned men, Last year's excavation work carried who governed the city at that time or many naval battles have been waged off out by the Archaeological Museum of names of owners who had their centres the shores of Durr6s, and many vessels Durr6s led to the identification and par. for the production of bricks, tiles and have been sunk. tial uncovering of the ruins of a monu- earthenware, such as Polimide, Kl.ean- In the summer of last Year, a few hun- mental building. From the work carriecl dre, Nortaj, Nestor, Skirthana, etc., who dred metres north of the presentday ci- out so far, it is seen that it is a one-sto- are known also from the coins minted in ty and several tens of metres deep in the ried building made of very solid bricks, Durrds in the 3rd-lst centuries before sea, the first important discovery was with entrance hall. The fioor of the en- our era. made of traces of walls built r'vith large trance hall worked in the mosaic tech- The coins, the building materials blocl The stote folk song ond dqnce ensemble of the IIFE OF THE PR of Albonio mode rrl I c Q o tour of Sweden ond Norwoy h- e At 1he encl oI August and the beginn- practices of the enernics rvho scorued {- ing of September this year the Statc our folklole and werc trying to open e= FoIk Song and Dance ,Ensemble of the the way for alien decadent art. -, People's Republic of Albania made a In ali the concerts which were given, E tour in Sr.veden and Norway. During this the ha1ls wer:e filled to overflorving and ]L tour the Ensemble gave 13 concerts be- in many cases audiences nucll bcyond fore audiences totalling about 35.000 their normal capacity r,vcre packed in. people. This rvas a success for the En- At the concert given in the capital city semble. The man in charge, Jakup Ma- of Srveden, Stochholm, in Vitabelg Park, to, writes about this success and the vi- an audience of nearly 12.000 people at- sit of the Ensemble to Sweden and Nor- tcnded as against 8.000 which was thc way in the newspaper ..ZEri i Popu- capacity of the hall. A1l the seats werc 11it.. filled well before the start of the con- The very cordial welcome extended cert, and the Swedish speaker who an- to the State Folk Song and Dance En- nounced the program was obliged to semble by the friends of Albania in mount the stage and ask the public to Sweden and Noru'ay, the walm applau- pack in closer because ..streams of peo- se with which the well-wishers and or- pIe are coming". The public of thous- dinary people accompanied the program, ands oI people did move closer, but are evidence of the prestige of People's notwithstanding, l,l-ren the concert be- Republic of Albania enjoys in those gan, there was a very broad cordon of countries, of the respect and love our people u.,ho lr,ere standing, sulrounding Party of Labour enjoys among the ordi- the whole parh in the form of an amphi- nary people and particularly among the theatre. In most cities this cordon of revolutionaries and Marxist-Leninists of people standir-rg, beyond the capacity of these countries, writes the author. the theatr:e halls, accompanied the con- The successes of our folk songs and certs. dances testifies once again to the force In Oslo, where we tvere guests of the of the talent of our people and the vital Norway-Albania Friendship Association, importance of the directives of the Par- every number was accompanied with ty and the teachings of comrade rhythmic and prolonged applause. At Enver Hoxha about basing our artistic the end of the third concert, the chair- creativity on the national soil and about man of the Marxist-Leninist Party of preserving and developing our folklore. Norway, Paul Steigan, mounted the sta- The successes show us clearIy, also how ge, and alter having expressed his harmful have been the theories and thanks, he cal1ed: *Long live 'the CC of thc PLA with comrade Envcr Floxha at a beautiful concert of folk songs anc) the hcadl. At this, the entire audience dances was given. A member of the rose to their feet and giving the clen- presidency of the Friendship Association ched fist salute, began to s.ing the ..In- of Finland had come here; he greeted ternational-, u,hich our artists joined us in Albanian and sang an Albanian in, too. song (He had learned the Albanian lan- After the concerts, friends *assailed. guage in a stud;r-course our fliends in us tr.ilh post-cards, in which they ex- Finland had arranged). In every city pressed their thoughts and warm feel- we went to we saw friends selling AI- ings for our people and our country, for banian books and magazines in the lan- the Party and comrade Enver Hoxha guage of the country, such as .History and thanked us for the very ):eautiful of the PLA", speeches by comraclc concert, etc. Enver Hoxha, like the speech at thc Various newspapers, the progressive Conference of the 81 Parties in Mos- press in particular, publicised our plo- cow, the review ..Albania Today", trans- grams extensively. During the tour we Iated works of our authors of socialist learned that about B0 articles, news realism, etc. In n-rany cities r,ve saw the items and other inlormation had been special issue of the magazine ..Erkler", publishcd in various newspapers, in which rvas dedicated entirely to Alba- which the visit of our ensemble was nia, being sold and read. In a number of dcscribed in glowing terms. cities of Sweden and in OsIo in the cor- The great success of the artists of our ridors of theatre ha11s thc friendship IIFE OF THE Folk Song ancl Dance Ensemble stems associations had opened exhibitions EI C" from the fact that in them the public about Albania urith articles and scenes E saw the great talent of our people, thc * e from Lhe development of the economy tA eflorts bcing rnade to preserve and de- and cultule in our: country, r'vith photos t- b velop oul fine popular traditions, and shouring comradc Enver Hoxha among * the interpretive abilities of our talentecl the workers, viervs oI our paintings, E artists. The success is also evidence of ..The 4 great such as proclamation of the Repu- e the authority our countly has blic-, *The denunciation of the Walsarv gE -, gained rvorking masses of alxong the treaty-, etc. They told us about talks tl-rose countries and of the great rvork lr and meetir-rgs thcy hold with rvolkers r.rf done by our friends to popr,rlarise the their country about Albania. Both in PR of Albania in their country. Sweden and Noruray, young men and In these countries themselves, a strug- young women lriends of Albania, rvho gle is taking place between the progres- slve forces which are fighting to preser- shorved themselves tireless in helping us ve and develop the good national tra- and creating a warm atmosphere, left dition, and the reactionary forces which an indelible inpression on us. The encourage cosmopolitanism in culture Friendship Association in Norway like- and art. In this sense, the progressive r'vise extended us a very rvarm wel- forces, seing how our folk art is pre- come. AII our artists were very moved served and developed, found in the pro- rvhen a friend told us that a big distri- grams of our concerts a strong argu- bution enterprise employing 2.000 rvork- ment for the preservation and develop- ers, which had previously lefused to nent of their orvn folk ctrlture. We no- allow a Soviet revisionist troupe to give ticed this concern for the folk culture in concerts, had asked our ensemble to many contacts and talks the friends who g,ive a concel't. Their proposal was -uvcl- enquired us with great interest have rve comed hy our artists with stormy ap- rvork for the preservation of folklore, plause. horv it is developed in the present con- Living with strong emotions on those ditions, etc. days of the tour, the artists and all of A warm welcome was extended to us felt a great pride in oul Party and our company also by many authorities its leader, comrade Enver Hoxha, rvho of the cities where the concerts were by leading our people towards great given and warm words were said in successes, have so greatly increased the their congratulations to our artists. authority of our country in the rvorld A cordial welcome was extended to and have been constantly concernecl our company by the Friendship Asso- 'with the development of a sound and ciations in Sweden and Norway. In powerful art in the Party spirit, firmly Stockholm the Association organised an based on the cleativity of our peo- evening party in our hopour, at rvhich ple THE ECoitoMrC CRISIS AND T1IE SHARPENING OT CONTRADICTIONS lil THE CApITALIST-REYISIO],|IST w0RLD PERIODICALLY, IN THE PERIOD AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR THE Although from the tactical aspect aII ,HAS ECONOMY OF THE DEVELOPED CAPITALIST COUNTRIES SEVERAL this confusion of ..theoretical- apologia TIMES PASSED INTO A SITUATION OF CRISIS. HOWEVER UNTIL THE about the development of capitalism BEGINNING OF THE ?O's, IN THE INTERVALS BETWEEN THE CYCLES, IT without crises and the change in its na- CONTINUED TO MAEK A CT]RTAIN INCREASE OF PEODUCTION AND A Rtr. ture has its own nuances and refine- LATIVE DECREASE OF THE NUMBER OF THE CHRONIC ARMY OF UNEM. ments in the arguments which the bour- PLOYED. ALTHOUGH THESE T'HENOMENA WEEE MET ONLY IN SOME OF geoisie and revisionists use in their THE BIGGER PRIVILEGED, CAPITALIST COUNTRIES AND DID NOT CONSTI- *theoretical. thinking, from the strate- TUTE A FEATURE OF THE WIIOLE SYSTEM OF THE WOELD CAPITALIST gic aspect it aII has the one aim: to ECONOMY, THE BOI]RGEOIS IDEOLOGISTS RUSHED IN TO CIRCULATION extend the life of capitalism, to ensure WITH ALL SORTS OF THEORIES ABOUT THE SOCALLED NEW CAPITALISM the state power of the imperialists and WHICH FLOURISTIES AND DEVELOPS WITHOUT CRISES. POLITICIANS revisionist bourgeoisie, to confuse and AND STATESMEN FROM AMONG THE RANKS BOURGEOISIE OF THE TOOK disarm the working class ideologically, UP THESE THEOR,IES WHENEVER THE SITUATION REQUIRED IT AND THE to avert the outbreak of conflicts and OCCASION PRESENTED ITSELF, TO DECEIVE TTIE WOEKING MASSES the social revolution as Iong as possible THROUGH DDMAGOGY, TO DISGUISE THE POLICY OF OPPRESSION, EX- and whenever this can be achieved for PLOITATTON, AGGRESSION AND WAB, PURSI]ED BY THE IMPERIALIST the time being. POWERS. PROCEEDING FROM THESE TTIEORIES, THE LEADERS OF THE However, at the very time when the SOCIAL DEMOCBATIC PARTIES DRAFTED PROGEAM AFTER PROGRAM bc.rurgecis-revisionist apologists were in ABOUT THE SOCALLED .INTEGRATION OF CAPITALISM IN SOCIALISM-, eestasy, because thought with TO PROVE THAT ALLEGEDLY NOW *THEPTE ABE NO ANTAGONISTIC CLAS- they that SES AND CLASS STRUGGLE IN BOUBGEOIS SOCIETY, THAT CAPITALISM their magic words and miracle working HAS BECOME MORE PROGRESSM, MORE LIBERAL, MORE HUMANE.. *theories- they had saved capitalisnr The modern revisionists in capitalist rvhere the modern revisionists are in from the evil of economic crises, the countries did not lag behind the new power too, much speculation began capitalist world was seized in the theories, either; by trying to prove the around this question, wiih a great deal grip of a new economic crisis. After all .changed nature" o{ present-day capi- being said, about a .new historical sta- it became obvior.rs that the capitalist or- talism, they aim to divert the r,vorking geo in the development of capitalism; der had remained what in reality is-an class from the course of struggle, revolt seeking through such theorisations to order of opplession and exploitation of and violent revolution. In the countries justify the anti_Marxist thesis of pea_ the peoples, of the toil and sweat of ceful transition from capitalism to so- mankind, a warmongering order and HEKURAN MARA - Professor, special- ist in economic issaes. cialism mrrrderer of nations, that it had chan- The economic-finonciol crisis which hos broken out in the copitolist-revisionist world is neither occidentol, unexpected nor unfoleseen. It is on inevitoble result of the shorpening of controdictions which ore ceqselessly gnowing of the copitolist order in the epoch of its generol crisis; it is q noturol result ol the imperiolist policy of oggression, world hegemony, oppression ond exploitotion of the peoples pursued by US imperiolism ond Soviet sociol imperiolism by HEKURAN MARA ged only in the imagination of the botu'- rialist superpo\A'ers are leaving no stone ra tion and its caOitalisti * geois-revisionist ideologists. unturned to get out of the crisis at the pr ion: it is an exPressioni Norv the world capitalist economy is expense of their partners, at the expense of and deePening of thel experiencing the most difficult times it of the countries and peoples who are op- ge the caPitalist .Y.t"-'! has known in the post-war period. Not pressed and exploited by them. In broad a day passes.14_t|e ASBII$.gqllg j15} outline such is the situation which the The temporaty revival tbe qgsllreq-Berc-lh"_ Leylllgj i!" economic-financial crisis has created in of the capitalist economl, in -polryer, without talk and the publi- the capitalist-revislonist world today. and the intensilication cation of news about the economic-fi- To deceive the peoples, imperialism, of the antagonism nancial crisis. The level of industrial social imperialism, and their ideologists between production and production sometimes try to present the economic- has fallen and is still fai- consumption Iing in ali the main capitalist countries, financial crisis as a crisis which aliege- Industrial and commercial bankruptcies d1y came about simply as a result of Beginning from the 50's the economy follow one after another. Inflation, the the shortage or higher cost of oil. On of the principal capitalist countries mar- increase of the prices of mass consump- other occasions they try to present the I The deficits of the brrdgets and balances I the situation and its real causes, at hin- overcoming of the contradictions of the of payments have risen to unheards-of iderine the disclosure of the essence of he capitalist system, but they sharpened I sums. Currencies are devalued in chain lphenomena. the o1d contradictions even more and reactions, causing alarm and panic on r In fact the present-day economic-fi- ga',,e rise to new contradictions which the money market. The imperialist and inancial crisis is of another nature, it has brought about the outburst of the pre- revisionist bourgeoisie has set its state iothel c is an sent economic-tinancial crisis. I machinery in motion to shift the entire lexnress nce of As a result of the development of the burden of the crisis on to the shoulders Ithe sha of the technical-scientific revolution in the of the working masses. The tlvo impe- Lont.rd cha- post-war period, new branches of indus- s2 . s (30), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY tlitrl ploduct,iun carnc inl.o being iu tl-rc '"yhich wele pt'oducecl 1or the lilst LiLne, rvages. 'I-hc increase oI tt-re volume of I main capitalist countries, such as elec- such as television sets, washing machi- these sales is a supplementary means tc tronics, petrochemistry, The crea- I etc. nes, refrigerators, etc. E. rrygy%_t!"_rff- increase the e-xploitalion o[ the masses, l tion of these branches and particularly total de urchas- because ,.u I the development of the mechanical en- (e[lective sold dema:rd) r'emained on I gineering and automobile industry "nt in Iimited and did not .follow steo bv sl,en higher t ods I this period, played the same role in the lle leles gl.i4qlease_ of prodqqligll_E paid lor of- I increase of produc- the total industrial I Pened be- tion as the building of raih,vays played l { . altained before the First Wor1d War (1900-1915). I thanks to i Whereas during 20 years (1951-1970) the ftl-reir persistent class struggle, was many total industrial production of the capi- Itimes smaller than the increase ol theiL' I talist countries increased 92 per cent, llabour productivity. IL€S!":gl 1!e fiE ther fact lvhich it is no less important! over period the same the production of lig13q lv4ees n.ellef_lGaneg=-ed to cover to stress is I the electronic industry, of the chemical 4:!-rq-oes t and automobile industries of these same of these soods has strroassed the limits. countries incr:eased 200 per cent. I The development o{ the technical- lrvise, it must be pointed out that the I l scientific revolution lvas accompanied increase of labour productivity r,vas not I by a mass and simultaneous rener,val of laccompanicd wilh lhe ledtLction ol pr.i- i 2 the fqn{Le.qe1tlgl_culgl also in the oId ces, but, on the contrary, 1ed to their in- I traditional branches of the economy. crease. I I phenomenon This occurred because in I In the final analysis, the development I most capitalist countries the renewal ot the technjcal-scicnti lic rcvulution As a result, the factors r,r,hich condi- lancl,.f the fundamental capital in these bran- Lhe renewal ol' the funt.lamental ca- tioned the ternporal'y upsurge of the cit- I ches could not take place in large prr:- lpital un the basis of it. led lo the gr'orvth pitalist economy in the post-r,l.ar perioc portions either after the wcx'ld crisis of lol the organic structtrre of capital ancl at the same time also prepared the plc- the vears 1929-1933 or duling the Seconcl mises ol'the present da5'ccnnumic crisis. WorId War. Mot'eover, the mass and si- I They especially sharpened -1!S_ a4!g&- l uultaneous renewal of the fundamentai I nistic coni1qdlctiSf, be'Lyg_gJr'9qlqqq! capital '\^ras conditioned also by the neecl and consumnt ion. rvhich conslitUtes to restore the r'var-damaged industry in Western Europe and Japan, by the high reak of rates of militarisation of the economy in crises in caoitalism. USA and other imperialist states, as well as by the intensification of the f USA in 1967, as compared u,ith 1954, the Militarisation and permancnt struggle of competition among the mo- lOroduction of the textiles and leather inf I ation-insurmountab le nopolies in the capitalist mar.ket. problems of *he capita!ist- The accelerated rener,val of the funda- reYisionist economy mental capital led temporarily to a rise in the demand for machines, industrial The policy of u,or'ld domination, ag equipments rar,v materials, fuels and gression and oppression of the peoples. other commodities ol the first subdivisl- pursued by imperiallsm and social im- on. In this way lt stimulated the exten- perialism, the operation of the Ia-'v of sion of the production of means of pro- I Overall, the average volurne of con- maximum profit, as well as the nar- A duction. As a result of the rise in de- per capila eapilalist coun- rowing of the world capitalist market lsumntion )n mand for means of production, the home ll|ies inc|eased vcry liItle, so thal even have brought as a result that the capita- market began to extend too, for the ac- today the consumption of foodstuffs and Ilst economy is bound like PromeLheus count of the first subdivision. This footwear has not surpassed the pre-w,l' to the rock, to the production of the lvhole movement brought about the re- means of death, has taken the road o{ uf !rulilg_.:-g$ lative increase of the number of people llgdlt, which is militarisation. employed and, together with this, also lu'idespread in capitalist countries, has The militarisation of the economy is a certain increase of the volume of the iitr .or.." in the fact that it is impossible not a new phenomenon. From the mo- market for mass consumption goods, for the wor l * T,trs ,s N..r TF.r E rtor LtrAtf, -r{({Tlig r.{,.j.r ti^fll.l9 $ct-i- etrn\g t^1,.i[ Fg,fudi], ALBANIA TODAY 5 (30), 1976 c 33 the militarisation of the economy. But lduction, stimulates and accelelales lhe litary rr.eans in the contemporary capi-il whereas between the two world wars lrenewal of the fundamental capital talist economy gave rise to a phenome- l the proprtions of the militarisation of lwhich is used for the production of mi- non typical of the second stage of the I general This refersl, the economy were limited and ure- N1ita.r, m""ns. Because of the high rates crisis of capitalism. lltFtLr.,o,) ge- permanent monetary in-' re increased only for the time in lat which the military technique in to the ch|onic whicl-r the war was being 'rvaged, Jneral develops, the machines used in the Ilation as a means to redistribute the I now the proportions and rates of milita- ,lwar industry become obsolete, ale su- national income in favour of increased i risation have increased beyond all com- ,!bject particularly to moral consumption. plofits fol the monopolies. as a means oIi parison even in times of peace. Today, in iand drop out of use very much more addilional exploitation oI the working, alone, ex- quickly and on a larger scale than the people by the tnonopoly bourgeoisic. the USA the annual military I penditure amounts to 100 billion dollars. machines used in other branches of in- The extension of the production of, The military expenditure for aggression dustry. This process brings about the war means, together with the increasel and \\rar in the USSR, too, is at a similar extension of production in all the fields oi their prices by the monopolies to se-l level. The other imperialist states also and branches of the first subdivision cure the greatest possible profits, ine- i spend huge sums in this fieId. which are linked with the war industry, vitably leads to the increase of the de- I The militarisation of the economy and and Ieads to a certain increase of the ficit of the state budget. Today the an-i lr number people employed. Thus, in state budget thel fthe armaments race ln the post-war pe- of nual deficnit of the in Jriod became the sphere most attractive i;the final analysis, it leads to a certain USA amounrs to 76 billion dollars. The' Ito the monopolies for investments of lincrease also of the effective demand i I They became the main source to ifor goods o[ broad use, thus extending lcapital. t- i iensure a sales market guaranteed by the ithe Iimits of their realisalion (sale) in i istate. The production and sale of arms ftn" fro-" market. In this sense, the mi- has become the most profitable field for llitarisation of the economy is used by rnonopolieg. And thus. the spiral ot in-1 the monopolies. Totay a total of 20 bi1- ithe monopolies and the bourgeois state flation goes up and up inevitably. bring-l lion dollars rvorth of arms are sold in ias a temporary means against the out- ing about reduction of the real inco-i the world each year. Of these, 16 billion ibreak of the economic crisis, mitigating mes of the working people, a further in-j dollars worth are sold by the two super- ;the lag of the purchasing power of the crease of the level of their exOloitation,i powers, the USA and the USSR, alone iworking masses behind production. On as well as increased profits for the mo-1, (about B billion dollars worth each). In ithe other hand, the milirarisation of the nopolies. In recent years the averagel the present capitalist-revisionist econo- leconomy brings about the non-producti- annual rate of inflation in the capitalist'i ive use and the inevitable elimination of per YD {'my it is more profitable to produce countries has been about 7 cent. I Ff.t,;iO"rtf, dealing weapons than material j a good part of the national income and 9l"iutessings for the working masses. The I social procluction. Today, in the main ca- fact that US imperialism, Soviet social ioitalist and revisionist countries this e1i- imperialism, and the other main capita- I mination amounts to 20-21 per cent of list countries spend many times more i the gross national product. Apart from material means and manpower for pur- I thi., the bourgeois-revisionist state jd.u*, poses of destruction than for purposes of the monetary means to pay for creation shows that the capitalist system jthese war products from increased laxes Market countries, even before the out-l is definitely on a hopeless course, it de- )on the worl lism began to collapse. One after ano- res which will facilitate foreign domi- it is sold, sounded the alarm and bcgan ther many of the former colonial coun- nation, economic dependence and the to challenge the oil producing countri- tries won and proclaimed their politi- neocolonial exploitation. The foreign ca- es, the Arab countries in particular. cal independence. In these conditions pitalist-revisionist exploiters are always Things reached the point that it was pu- the monopoly bourgeoisie of the metro- interested in the ra"l'materials and ener- blicly claimed that the imperialist me- polises, was compelled to go over from gy resources of the developing coun- tropolises have the right to exercise con- open and direct colonial domination to tries, but they do not concern them- trol in fixing the sale prices of crude a secret and indirect neocolonial domi- selves at all about the peoples of these oil. Such imperialist countries as West nation. Consequently, the monopolies countries, about their fate as a nation, Gerrnany, France, etc., rvhich are in thc managed to preserve their old economic about the development of their econo- greatest need of oil, hastened to inten- positions almost intact, whereas the my and culture. Nothing can wipe this sify their penetration into the Arab oil countries which proclaimed their inde- historical truth from the minds, hearts, resources. The two superpowers, which pendence remained, as before, econo- and consciousness of all those peoples want no partners in their hegemony mically dependent, agrarian appenda- who have won their independence and and in the division of spheres of in- ges and sources of raw materials for the today are fighting to strengthen this in- fluence in the Middle East, reacted rvith industrial metropolises. Therefore the dependence against the attacks of im- pressures and promises of ..friendship economic enslavement and exploitation perialism and social imperialism, who and assistance" for the countries of this of these countries became even more in- are fighting to fill the gap in their so- area. tensive with the new forms of neocolo- cio-economic development created by The capital of the monopolies is not nialism, which represents a whole sys- the old and new colonial domination. sent abroad and invested in the econo- tem of measures of military, political Through many sophisticated forms, mies of the developing countries to assist and economic character. AII these mea- such as their socalled ..ald,',..economic their progress, but is is taken to them sures are aimed at the subjugation of and technical collaboration>, *joint en- only to draw the maximum profits from the economically weak countries to the terprises", ..share in companies',, ..divi- the exploitation of the work and sweat developed capitalist-revisionist countri- sion of labour, cooperation and speciali- of the people, from the plunder of theil es, the restriction and elimination of sation", etc. imperialism and social im- riches. As long as imperialism, social their national independence. perialism plunder the developing coun- imperialism and their neocolonial sys- Neocolonialism constitues the main tries of large quantities of ores, fuel, tem of exploitation remain in existence obstacle to the economic and social prog- other industrial materials and agricul- they n'ill do their utmost to take back ress of the underdeveloped countries. tural products at minimum prices, while with the one hand many times what The developing capitalist countries, selling these countries finished indus- they have allegedly given with the which represent 70 per cent of the po- trial product at maximum prices. other hand. Any illusions about the pur- pulation of the earth and where more But the exploitation of the developing poses of the socalled imperialist and so- than 60 per cent of the world's reserves countries by the capitalist-revisionist cial imperialist aid are dangerous for of oil and minerals are concentrated, monopolies by means of unfair prices him who nurtures them. The most sig- today have only 30 per cent of the (through non-equivalent exchanges) is nificant example in this field is the con- world's income at their disposal. Of the not the only form of exploitation im- trast between the USA and Latin Ame- population of tirese countries, 800 mil- posed on these countries by neocolonia- rica or between the Soviet Union and lion are illiterate, about 1 billion are lism. There is also the direct plunder India. In Latin America, where the so- suffering from hunger or malnutrition, of the developing countries by the mo- called American aid exerts its influencc and 900 million have daily incomes of nopolies, creating such a situation in in the most extensive proportions, where Iess than 7/3 of a dollar. The average which the foreign monopolies decide the peoples live nominally independent, per capita income in the developing everything concerning the exploitation where the earth contains fabulous ri- countries is 22 times less than in the de- and use of the riches of the developing ches, 140 million are iiliterate. The same veloped countries, countries regardless of the wishes of situation exists in India, too, a country Imperialism and social imperialism their true owners. which continues to enjoy ..11ts special are not only opposed to the socio-econo- In the policy of hegemony, rivalry and privileges of the aid. of Soviet social mic progress of the developing countries, division of spheres of influence in the imperialism. but they also pursue a policy of aggres- world pursued by the two superpowers History has presented the peoples of sion, blackmail and pressure towards Iies the main cause also of the shortage the developing countries with a favo- those who are striving to take their fate of fuel, the energy crisis that has har- rable opportunity. Taking itlto conside- into their own hands. They leave no med some of the countries of the capi- ration the increase of the extraction of stone unturned against these countries talist-revisionist rvorld. Ths US and So- raw materials and fuel, as well as the in order to impose on them political re- viet monopolies, which control the ex- great role they play in the world capi- gimes and social and economic structu- traction of oil and the market on which talist economy, the time has come for ALBANIA TODAY (30), 1976 . 35 the peoples of the developing countries Iopment, The monopolies and the go- This change of the ratio of forces in to use these assets as a powerful short vernments which back them up go as far the world capitalist market allowed the and long range poJ.itlcal and economic as to proclaim the struggle waged b}, US monopolies to double their economic weapon; they must use them not only to the peoples of the developing countries power'. Today the USA, which accounts protect themselves against the hegemo- to ensure true political and economic for only 6 per cent of the population of ny and neocolonialism of the imperia- independence as the *principal cause'> the world, exploits and uses 60 per cent Iist powers, but also to accelerate their of the difliculties the rvorld capitalist of the mineral r'esources of the world economic and social development. To system is experiencing, as a gamble (without counting its own resources). If this end the evil must be rooted right which is allegedly jeopardising the fu- this factor is not kept in mind many of out, and it is the radical who takes ture of mankind ! Howerer, the time has the phenomena of the present-day eco- things through to the end, who fight to gone rvhen the monopolies and imperia- nomic-financial crisis, cannot be tho- strengthen national sovereignty and in- Iist powers can dictate their will to the roughly understood, it cannot be gras- dependence, lvhich cannot be achieved peoples of the developing countries as ped that the socalled prosperity oI the by begging and are never donated by the they did in the past. US economy and the economies of the imperialists and social imperialists but other capitalist countries is founded on are won, attained through struggle, re- The change of the ratio the biood, sweat and toil of the peoples lying on one's own efforts. of the developing countries and the ri- of f orces in the world And the peoples of the developing ches plundered from these coun- capitalist marLet countries really are fighting against the tries. imperialist powers and monopolies to and the intensification Immediately after the war, and beca- strengthen their national independence of competition use of the devastation it caused, in the and sovereignty, striving of Europe a to secure real After the end of the Second World main capitalist countries economic independence. The step great need arose for foodstuffs, goods oI first War the ratio of forces in the world ca- they are taking in this direction mass consumption. as well as for new is the pitaList market changed. The old British nationalisation of the riches of the coun- up-to-date means of production. This empire and the French colonial system try, which are in the hand foreig- situation gave the US monopolies the of went into decline and collapsed. This ners. Along with peoples possi.bility to invade and take over the this, the of greatly weakened the economic potential these countries are undertaking coura- economies even of capitalist metropo- and the competitive strepgth of these geous initiatives and actions to create Iises. This tin-re the normal export of tlvo power,s. Germany, Japan, and Italy, and develop a multi-branched and inde- goods and capital was accomPanied 'on defeated and ruined by the war, tempo- pendent economy, the basis of the with the extension of neocolonialism to rarily lost any possibility of competing principle of self-reliance. These measu- the old industrial metropolises, with in the world capitalist market. The va- res are creating the possibility that the the extension of technological co- cant place left in this market by the exploitation and use of local riches wiII Ionialism. The inventions and technolo- other imperialist powers was occupied be done in a sovereign and independent gical advances achieved in the USA, the by US imperiaLism. The US monopolies way, beginning from production and the sale of patents, investments to produce penetrated rapidly and in large propor- fixing of the selling price, the quantity new technicai equipment in the coun- tions into the economies of the semi-co- to be proCuced, the market on which tries urhich needed to effect the renelr'al lonial countries which had recently, pro- it should be sold, down to the question of their fundamental capital rvhich was claimed their political independence. of deciding l-row the income secured outdated or out of use as a result of the They began to exploit the peop'les and should be spent for the industrialisation ravages of the war, were the mains forms plunder the riches of these countries of the country, the development of its as which 'lvere used to spread technological never before. Just from the differences agriculture, culture, etc. colonialism, The old imperialist powers of the prices materials The measures which the peoples of of raw they were temporarily under the control oI bought the developing countries are taking to and he industrial articles they US imperialism. J. V. Stalin pointed out ensure the independent exploitation of sold in the countries of Asia, Africa and at that time that ..Germany (West), Bri- Latin America, their natural assets have been received. the US monopolies be- tain, France, Ita1y, Japan, which have gan with the point of bayonet by the impe- to secure suplementary profits failen into the clutches of the USA, rialist monopolies and powers. And which amounted to more than l0 mil- carry out the orders of the USA with what pressures, blackmail, conspiracies Iion dollars in 1951. In laler years this servility-. (J.V. Stalin, ..Economic pro- and sabotage, open and underground, sum increased five fold (50 billion in blems of socialism in the USSR-, Tira- have not been concocted to compel 1960). Norv more than half of the ex- na, 1968, p. 39). these peoples to retreat from the course ports on the world capitalist malket be- On the other hand, in the struggle on which they have set out, from their longed to the US monopolies, as against against the revolution and socialism, as struggle anr,l el-tor'l,s for a rnpid cleve- 13 per cent belore the war (in 1938). rvelJ as to cope r'vith the rising tide of 36 o 5 (30), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY thc Libelatior-r rnovemcnt oI the y.reolrles, had turned into a social impelialisl po- aggrcssion and rvar', raise the prices ot US imperialism was compelled to help wer, also with open aims and strategy goods and services, etc. in the economic rebui.lding of its two for world hegemony. Its economy lvas The effort of the bourgeoisie to shift defeated old opponents: German impe- transformed into a capitalist economy the consequences of the glave economic rialism and Japanese imperialism. On and the entire social order was turned crisis on to the worklng masses has fur- this basis the multinational monopolies, into a bourgeois-revisionist order. ther increased the antagonistic contra- wi'rich spread to Europe and other de- ln these conditions the most characte- dictions betu,een labour and capital, bet- pendent and semi-colonial countries, ca- ristic feature of the capitalist-revisionist rveen the r,vorking people and the capi- me into existence. If r.t,e add to this cir- world became the collaboration and ri- talist-revisionist bourgeoisie. This has cumstance also the policy of US imperia- valry between the USA and the USSR to meant that these recent years have been lism for urorld hegemony and its conse- establish their hegemony in the world, years of great class clashes. Those tak- quent preparations for war, the causes to divide the ',vorld between them into ing part in strikes, mainifestations and of that extension which inflation as. spheres of inlluence, economic expan- demonstrations of protest are counted in sumed in the USA in the post-war pe- sion, exploitation and plunder. The pre- millions. In the first six months of the riod can be more clearly understood. sent-day economic-financial crisis founc'1. past year alone, over 2.600 strikes tooli Holvever, through the connections crea- the capitalist-revisionist world in this place in the USA. In Italy the past year ted by the US monopolies u'ibh the en- situation. began with the strike of 14 million rvor- tire system of the world capitalist econo- kers and continued with the same in- my, as well as by exploiting to its own tensity over the whole year. In Japan, advantage the privileged position given The capitalist-revisionist there have been about 100 strikes every to the dollar as international currency, month, etc. It is important to note that world the the inflation which arose in the USA in the proletariat has had beside it and has would certainly be expor-ted to the other grip of inevitable led, the other rvorl RESOLUTION THE FIRST MEETING OF'THE MAIN COMMUNIST GBOUPS OF ALBANIA CONCLUDED WITH THE FOI-LOWING RESOLUTION: l. Politieal situation WE HAVE ENTERED THE THIRD YEAR OF THE IMPERIALIST W,AR, WHICH HAS BEEN TBANSFORMED INTO A WOBLD WAE AND HAS SWEPT OVER ALL THE CONTTNENTS AND MAIN COUNTEIES OF THE WORLD. FOR A LONG TIME THE COMMUNISTS HAD WAR,NED OF AND POINTED OUT THE DANGER, THBEATENING MANI{IND AS A RESULT OF THIS TERRIBLE, BLOODY WAR IVHICH IN FACT IS THE CONTINUATION OF TIIE FIRST WOELD SLAUGHTEE: WITH TIIE ENTEY OF GERMANY INTO WAR AGAINST THE USSR THE WORLD POLITICAL SITUATION HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED TO ITS FOUNDA- TIONS. THE POSITION OF THE WORKING MASSES AS WELL AS THE CON- DITIONS OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE PEOPLES ENSLAVED AND OPPRESSED BY FASCISM HAVE RADICALLY CHANGED. THE VERY CHARACTER OF THE WAR HAS CHANGED. Likewiltl beasts, Hitler's infuriated des of German fascism. More than four hordes have assaulted the Soviet land, million of the elite of the blootl-thirsty thinking that there, too, they would fincl Hitlerites have been put out of action, a state weakened by the fifth columnl). That army equipped with all the means, 'Ihose destructive hordes, have plunde- which it captured in the countries of red and killett people who for twenty Europe it has enslaved, is being crusheil years had been building socialism, wor- in its encounters with the powerful de- kers and collective farmers who were fences of the world of socialism. With living in prosperity antl happiness, with- meetings, with manifestations on the out exploitation of man by man, Those 22nd. of June, the day when Hitler's hor- hordes have disturbetl the tower of the des launched their surprise attack on fortress of peace, the whirlwind of the the Soviet land, the USSR toltl us of the war has torn madly through the fertile celtainty ot its victory. With the heroic Soviet plains. All the peoples of the So- struggle for the destruction of fascism viet Union, letl by the Bolshevik Com- which has now been going on for six munist Party, have risen to their feet, to months without respite, the USSR has a man, to defend their socialist lantl. demonstratetl to us the certainty of its The glorious Red Army has struck and victory. Comrade Stalin made these is still striking lethal blows at the hor- events known to the whole world by E MEETIilG IST GNOUPS OF ALBA]{IA HE pARTY (Noy EMBER tent) saying: <.The enemy is strong and we an active volcano of the national libe- two years the enemy has usetl our coun- have to mobilise all our forces to crush ration struggle hcaded by the communist try as a base for its expansion in the him. The war will be proctacted and parties. Likelvise, a powerful struggle is Balkans and has turned this country blootly. Hence we shoultl understancl the being wage-l by the peoples of Italy and into a battle-field against the national situation. If we came out on top in the Germany for their liberation from sla- freedom of the fraternal Greek and Yu- counterrevolutionary intervention of very to Hitler and Mussolini. goslav peoples; has bombarded our vil- 1918, how much more shall we come out Now, in all countries, a front has been lages and cities destroying the homes on top toclay lvhen fascism has begun createcl of all progressloving tlemocrats and property of the peasant and the to collapse under our blows and we shall in struggle against darkness, violence town-dweller, .. go on dealing it lethal blows until it and slavery, against the sworn enemy of Not satisfied with this, Italian fascism is completely destroyed>>, These words of mankind-f ascism. has seized our lands, has turned us the great comrade Stalin are being vin- This situation has caused the forma- back to feudalism, is seeking to divide dicaterl by the latest events on the war tion of trvo opposing fronts which are us by means of religion, and, as it has front, events which presage the great of- mortal enemies: on the one hand the done wherever it has set foot, has de- fensive which rviil not cease unitil fas- front of the unjust war, the plundering prived the people of their footl, All the cism has been wiped from the face of war, of darkness, slavery, the front of sings warn of the terrible scythe of the earth. fascism; on the other hand the front of hunger poised over the heads of the The influence of the Soviet Union has the just war, the liberation war for pro- masses of the poor of the cities and vil- grown stronger than ever in the eyes of gress, culture and civilisation, a front lages, The enemy is compelling the pea- the enslaved peoples, as well as in the constructed around the great Soviet sant to hanil over his livestock ancl eyes of the people's of Britain and Ame- Union by the democratic countries,2) grain, edible oil, kerosine and other pri- rica, who want to put an end to this Britain, America and China, and all the me necessities have disappeared from war imposed on them as well as to fas- enslaved peoples and the freetlom-lo- the market giving a small handful of ca- cism. This strong influence is due to the ving peoples of the whole world, pitalists the opportunity to speculate at fact that the USSR is fighting in de- With the entry of Japan and America the expense of the poor. The people fence of the socialist Fatherland and for this war has assumed the character of a cannot afford even the barest necessities the Iiberation of the enslaved peoples, worltl u'ar, These two powers have cla- because all trade has been monopolised for the establishment of a just peace shed over their interests in the Pacific in the hands of a few people linketl with without annexations and tribute anil Ocean and the Far East, opposing inte- the Luogotenenzasl. without enslavement of foreign peoples. rests which have become so acute that But all this violence and speculation This influence of the USSR is due to the they have ended in war, at the expense of the Albanian people fact that the Fatherland of socialism is For more than two years Italian fas- has thoroughly exposed fascism. The fighting for the right of the peoples to cism has occupied our country anrl has indignation of the people, which is con- determine their own fate. committed every sort of evil at our ex- stantly mounting, erupted in the streets The captive peoples of Europe, deter- pense, With the assistance of a few Al- of the cities of Albania. The first go- mined to put an end to the intolerable banians, its tools, like rlogs on the chain vernment lost all credit and was no slavery under which fascism keeps them and traitors to Albania, it has robbed longer useful in making the Albanian pinned down, are dealing heavy blows us of our national freedom, it has tried people a docile cow for fascism to milk at the enemy with sabotage, strikes ancl to rlenationalise us, to corrupt the youth, at its ease, or to use them to suppress armed actions. Europe has turned into to italianise the schools. For more than the national liberation movements of the 40 . s (30), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY neighbouring peoples antl our country life of bourgeois states. In 1925-1926 tho with very wcak ties with the masses. as a base in the Balkans for the war leftist members of the < the Trotskyists. This compromise which, with all the other communist groups of vember 28, 1939, 1940 antl now recently as could be expected, letl the communists Albania, to give them the possibility of the demonstrations of October 28 anil to tail the situation and the masses, ca- entering the ranks of the Party if they November 1941 in Tirana, DurrEs, El- me to an end in May-June 1940. are firm in their decision to work for basan, Vlor6, Shkorl6r. Leatling the In February 1940 on the issue of the communism and submit to the tlisci- country, that of Kor,car2) where the strike of the secondary school of Tirana pline of the Party. The Provisional Cen- blootlshetl signalletl the start of the war signs appearetl of the existence of a thirrl tral C [ommitteel is charged with the against fascism). group later called the < the people, must olganise and carry out bring confusion managc to get in and vicw to wcakeniug thc fight against fas- actions" pavc the way for anti-party and Trot- cism. We must combat the attempts of 13) We must really create and orga- skyist work. It is not difficult to recog- fascism to divide the Albanian people nise the guerrilla movement of the mas- nise all these people if we keep our eyes by means of religion, and eliminate re- ses as the framework of the future army, open. ligious antagonisms. as well as the real material and poli- The conferencels) and the new fo- 5) We must develop love for and mi- tical bases for the guerrilla units, to- rumsllr) express the conviction that the litant collaboration with all the peoples gether with the other political parties organisation of the Party in Albania of the Balkans, particularly with the anrl with the national liberation move- will combine all its energies for the li- Serbian, Greek, Montenegrin and Mace- ment. quidation of the unhealthy situation donian peoples who are fighting heroi- 14) A change must be brought about which has prevailed in all the com- cally for their national liheration. in our work with the vyomen. The pre- munist organisations of Albania and will 6) Struggle for the right to a liveliho- sent situation especially obliges us to do exert all the organisational strengtir of otl of the industrious Albanian people- serious work among women; we must the Party so as to stand in the front workers, peasants, intellectualls, as well bring working women into the Party, ranks of the struggle for the bolshe- as for our militant younger generation. help them in their work for the mobili- vitation of our Party, which must res- 7) Only by fulfilling these tasks will sation of the female masses for the li- pond to the great tasks facing it today. our Party be able to ensure its influence beration war. among the masses of the people antl 15) The Party organisations antl hig- Vl. Political Taslrs make it impossible for the enemies to her forums are obliged to give their divert the people's war from the correct assistance to the Albanian communist The Party must extend its work among course, from the course of the war youth in their development and in the the broatl working masses of Albania against fascism. mobilisation of all honest Albania youth, and further extend and strengthen its Evely Party member must be cons- 16) The Party organisation must co- work with the national liberation mo- cious and understand this serious and lect airl for the Party so that will be vement from below and from above. We fateful situation, must work ceaselessly able to carry out extensive party work, must irnplant the idea of a general up- to achieve this result. for the liberation war, for the victims rising of the people for liberation Thus ancl only thus, shall we be able to the white terror. This must be streng- through joint actions. to play the vanguard role in the fisht thened and extended all over our coun- We must: for freedom of the enslavetl and suf- try. l) Create and broaden the fighting fering people, for national Iiberation. In any organisation some kind of dis- unity between the working masses of cipline must exist, but in our C [om- town and countryside. THE CENTBAL COMMITTEE munist] P [arty] a special discipline is 2) Fight for the national independence O}' THE ALBANIAN COMMUNIST necessary which stems from the high of the Albanian people and for the de- PABTY consciousness of the Party members, mocratic people's governement, in an the most conscious sons of the working Albania free from fascism. class and the people. The heavy condi- 3) lVe must develop love for the So- 1) The fifth column- a counterreuo- tions of illegal work impose on us an viet Union, by popularising the achieve- lutionary group comprised of spies, di- even stronger discipline and particu- ments of the Soviet peoples and the van- uersionists, Trotskyists and, other ene- mies u:ho u.:ere actiue guard behind the l,ines larly here in Albania. Every member role of the USSR in the liberation of Republican Spain in the period of the of the Party must subject himself, un- war against fascism. fascist rebellion 1936-1939. The fascists, questioningly, to the discipline of the 4) Through actions (sabotage), strikes, uho attacked Madrid in 1936 ruith 4 co- lumns, called this grol-Lp of traitors the Party. Without a steel-like cliscipline demonstrations, etc., prepare the people fifth col.umn. The erpression *fifth co- and the unity of the Party, our Party, politically and military for the armed lumn,, assumed the meaning of the number general agencA of the imperialists in the demo- which has a large of enemies, uprising, including in the strug- cratic countries and, in the ranks of the would lre unable to lead the struggle gle all the patriotic and antifascist for- r euolutionary mouement. successfully. Lack of discipline is ces. Antl in all these things we must In our countrA the disguised enemies of the National. Liberation War, wh"o brought into the Party by alien elements not forget the danger of the influence tried to soto confusi,on, panic and dis- who worm their way into it with the of nazism. We must expose the gover- ruption in the ranks of the people's fllas- ses, 'uere name. aim destroying from Thus called bg this of it within. nment of the traitor Kruja and its ma- 2) The Democratic cauntries or great various elements from the petty bour- noeuvres toJfrtiEt ihe national libera- democracies- At thd.t ti,me this is uhat geois strata who have not lost their pet- tion front Albanian people the capitalist countries-Britain, the U SA, of the by etc., u:ere against people tuhich fighting the ty bourgeois spirit, i, e. who are presenting the liberation struggle of the fascist states, u)ere called, to distinguish not sufficiently mature to be members neighbouring peoples of Yugoslavia and their order of bourgeois democracg from political of the Party, or various careerists, who the fascist order in Germany, Greece as clangerous to Albania, with a Italy, Japan, Spain and else'**here. ALBANIA TODAY 5 (30), 1.976 a 45 Luogotenenza. 3) At the time of the oc- elrcments, enemies oJ cr.tmmunism, c1,ea- against the Sooiet Union and the Com- cupation of Albania by lascist ItalA, the ted in Tirana towards the year 1936, mwtist International. During the Natia- name of the Italian ad,ministratitse ap- This group uas headed bg the tro.itor nal Liberation War he placed himself at paratus created bg the inrsaders in Ti- Aristidh a renegade the the sertice internal reaction ancl rana, Qendro, front of the which in fact erercised. all pouer communist group of Korga. The grouy; Gerrnan fascist inuaders. For his tratto- in our countrg. At the head of the Luo- uas d,estroyed immediatelE gotellenza after the rous actit:ity against the Party and the was the lieutenant goDernor creation of the ACP. Aristidlt Qendro people he uas tried and sentenced to Ior the king of ltaly, Victor Emmanuel placed h,imself at the seruice of i,nternal death d,uring the war, in 1944. IlI, ancl th.e Duce of fascism, At the be- redction and. the fascist int:aders. After 14) The trios- the cells of the com- ginni,ng of tlt,e occupation of Albania the liberation he usas tried and senten- munist groups cotnprised. of three por- bg tascist ltaly, F. .lacornoni, a, dielTard, ced to death for actit:ity as a traitor. sons u)e so called. f ascist, former Minister plenipotentiary 10) This refers to the directiues of tlte 15) This ref ers to the communist group of ltalA in Albania during the time of Comintern, accordirtg to tlte decisions o! of Korqa on the occasion of tl'te occupa. Zogu's regime lroas appointed lieutenant tl-re seuenth Congress of the Communist lion. Korqa and part goLrernor. of the citg ol of a In March 7943 F. Jacomoni International, uhich uas l'teld in Mos- of Southern Albania by lh,e Greek army u:as replaced by General Pariani. cou from the 25th of JulA to tlte 25th at the encl of the gear 1941, after the 4) Nationalists- the patriots rDho loDed of August 7935, Th,e Congress l'reard and, defeat and th,e utithdrau:al of th,e ltaliatt tlt,e homeland, and demanded its libe- d,iscussed G. Dirnilroa's report oOn the tascist armg. The communist group ol ration fron-L foreign inxaders, but who attack of fascism and the duties of the KorQa., like the entire Albanian people, did, not nurture retolutionary ul.limate communists for the unitq of the uor- maintained a correct stand on this oc- aims use usuallll called nationalists. BtLt lt,ing class in struggle a,gainst casion, pseudopatriots tascismu, sabotaging the uar of the ag- the from the ranks of P. Togliatti's report ,,On the tasks of the gressit:e Italian armg and assisting th,e landed, proprietors, chiefs clans of and C ommunist International concerning tlte war of the Greek people q.gainst the fas- the reactionary bou,rgeoisie also called preparation of the neu uorld uar on cists by eDerA nxeans. Elements and. sum- themselues nationalists. For lhis reas()n, tlre part of the imperLalists*, and, the re- pathisers of the Korga group roho ho,p- to at:oirl confusing them with the reac- port oOn, the conclusLons of the con- pened to be soldiers at th.at time deser- tionerq ancl traitorous elements, tlrc struction of socialism in tlr.e USSR'. ted, the front. But the comtnunist group true patriots ute also called *l-tonest na- Taking consideration situati.- th,inki,ng upatriotic *. into the of KorQa fell into error by that tionalists*, nationalists on created after the establisltment of the th,e Greek drmA and, the reactionary go- 5) 'Ihe Partg of Fan Noli- the sup- fascist d,ietatorsltip in Germany, tl'te se- Dernment o! Metaras, the tascist d,icta- porter:i of th,e d,emocratic goxernrnent uentlt Congress delined a neu) tactical tor of Greece, uctuld" behare towards created, after the aictory of tlte d,ento- orientatton for the communist parties Albania as liberators. Consecluently, on cratic Reuolution of June 7924, of tolricl-r, and the uorld labour mouement in ge- the occasion of the uith,drau:al of th,e Fan Noli, was head, In realitg Fan Noli neral. Tllis neut orientation uas the uni- Italian army from Korqa and, its outs- did not hat:e any separate partg. Th.e ting d,nd mobilisatlon of all the of kirts, Korga renlaLned, without ang majctrity of h,is supporters belonged to forces {ree *Bashkimi*, th,e uorking cla,ss and lhe broad m.osses oceupier for more th,an tu-'o days. In- th,e societLl tl'te Ret:olttlio- o.f tlte people in the struglgle against stead, of taki,ng tlt,e initiatfue to crea'te nar11 (Konare) lulas National Committee fasci.sm ancl the praparation of l:lle neu) on Albania ad,m.inistra,Lion and distribute cre.ated by emigrant elements oJ Lltis so- u:ar. In connectiort. roith, th,i,s ori,entation, to th.e people tlte stores of arnts lelt bU ciety, atter ll'te ouerthrou of tlre d.cmo- tl'te Congress laid, dou:u, lhe task,s oI crea- the ltalians, the communists becam,e cratic gouernm,ent ol 1924 and the ad,- ting single, popular, antifascist and guardians th,e d.epols and. handed, t.lent a of to Ttou,er of Ahmct Zogu,. At first antizmperial.ist in uhich. (rDart tltem ouer to the Greel<. armA. OnlA a th,e hcarl of l{onare u:as I'an Noli. front, .from the communist parties, thc trarle few d,ags atter th,e oeatpati.on, the Greek 6) Th,e Committee- t,h,e Com- Balkan u,nions and, all th,e uorkers' anel, anti- ll ctu ernment pr oclaimeil the an nerati,an nr"ittee of llt,e Bal,kan Communist Fede- Ioscistls organiiati,ons sh.ould take part, of Rorga ancl Gjirokastra to tha king- ration, tl'te section c,f tlle Communist a,ttd thus tlte struggle agai,nsl, Iascism dom of Greece. Thi,rd International uLtich united ancl anil in def ence of peace u:ou,Id be u)aged 16) Tlte ertension o! Albania uas o, coordinated, the of the cont- actititll th,rough joint actions. The tasl:s laiil slogan of the fasci,st inuaders and, Iocal trr,uttist parti?s o! tlte Balltan cou.nl,ries. setenlh, Congress the (.he doun by ttt.e ol traitors to arouse chalruinistic feelings, G. Dimitrot.t u)a.s sec'retarll of Balkan, Cominte.rn, i,n tl're lorm, of di.rectit:es, to soto enmitg betuteen our people anrl Cam,munist T ederation,. utere sant to th,e com,muni.st tnotement the neightbouring Yugoslax and, Greek, Th,e group ctf the Albania conttnunisls i,n, Albania in, 1937. peoples anil dioert: th,em, tlte natio: irr the So'uiet Union, lct u:lrich Kel- from AIi 11) *The Green Bul.l.otin,* -rtrgo.n of n a,l liberatinn struggle. mendi belongecl, ls uell q,5 .Q.lirimi Na- the Com,mu,ni,st group Shkod,ra, whic|L 17) See: .1.V. Stalin. Wortri,s, rtol. 14, cional,u m ain,tain e d r e g ul.ar contact'tD illT uas directed personall,y bE tlte p. 136. the Commitlee of tlt,e Ba.l,k.an Cotrtntunist farmer h,ead of tlt,e group, the Trotskyist Zef 18) Tlrc n'Leeting of th,e eotnnl,un,i*t Federation. MaIa. Tu:o issu,es u;ere published alto- 7) ,.Puna th,e !1roups. c l(orgiis* rros catn- geth,er: 7Vr. I of Decembr 1.938 and. Nr, 19) m,unist group of Korgo.. (^Puna l THE TWO SUPERPOWEBS-GREATEST PRACTITIONERS OF DISCBIMINATION IN INTEIINATIONAL TITADE *ZERI I POPULLIT>>, organ of the Central Com,mittee of the PLA The question of tl-re relations and the penetration of mono- prices of raw materials fell 17 with the developing countrles poly capital, particularly Ame- per cent. and l,rade rvith them is caus- rican capital, which has cap- In this ..Marathon" of plun- sing the imperialist powers tured the key positions and dering the Soviet social impc- ever increasing concern. 'Ihis controls the majority of the rialists, too, are not lagging has its own reasons. The de- raw materials of the develo- behind their partners, The tle- veloBing countries are rich in ping countries of Asia, Africa, ep clisis in their economy and tlineral and agricultural raw and Latin America, the impe- their successive failures in the materials, so indispensable to rialist states find it easier to economic field, have increased the metropolises. They repre- dictate to those countries de- their appetite to plunder thc sent an extensive and profita- pressed world marl I FALSITY OF BOURGEOIS DEMOCEACY ,BASHKIMI*, central organ of the Democratic Front of Albania. The presidential election the native Indian inhabitants. American families Provide campaign is now in full swing The presidents, senators, or from their ranks about 90 Per in the United States of Ame- the members of the Huose of cent of the political 6lite of rica. The candidates for the Representatives are installed the United States. As regards presidency are roaming from or removed by the millionai- the remaining 10 Per cent theY one city to another of the res, they are financed and bri- are likewise rePresentatives USA, presenting their pro- bed by the millionaires, and of the bourgeoisie, comPletelY grams, granting interviews to for this they reu'ard their pa- in the service of the big mo- the press and television, and trons lvhen they occuPY the nopolies. making promises that the si- warm arm-chairs of the pre- Inequality is encountered at tuation will be improved after sident, vice-president, con- every step in America. In their coming to office. But up gressman, governor or judge. America today there are 21 till now many presidents have Facts show that there is not million illiterate and semi- sat in the soft seats of the even one representative from -iliiterate people: about 30 White House, while the situa- the strata of the working Peo- million Americans are living tion in America remains what ple in the American Congress. under the povertY line at a it was: wide open for the mil- It turns out from a studY time when 5 Per cent of the lionaires and multi-millionai- made of the biographies of rich families of the United res to increase their profits; 92 members of the Supreme States own half of all the na- poverty, uncertainty, discrimi- Court of the United States that tional wealth, or 1 Per cent nation and humiliation for the thel' came from the toP fami- of the richest PeoPle hold rank and file masses of the lies ot the bourgeoisie of the 31 per cent of the countrY's people, the Afro-Americans, country. The facts show that national wealth and 61 Per Puerto Ricans, Mexieans, or 20 per cent of the richest cent of the shares. 48.5 (30), 1976 ALBANIA TODA Y ' prese review This inequality is even mo- defrays the colossal expendi- an annual rate of 8,6 per cent). grave re when it is a ques- ture for the militarisation of Hence, this great burden of tion of the Afro-Americans, the country (the record war taxes is borne by the working the Puertoricans or the elder- budgets of over 110 billion people. As regards the millio- ly, lvho live in utter pover.t5,, dollars a year) {ails on the naires, we need only say tl-rat completely abandoned by the masses, precisely on these tens it emerges fr.om the statistics capitalist society which after upon tens of millions of the oI the Taxation Service in having squeezed alL the poor and the discriminated. 1974 that 244 pelsons with an- strength and energy out of The entire oppressive appara- nual incomes of more than them during their whole life- tus of the bourgeoisie works 200.000 dollars, had not paid time, has now cast them asi- for oniy one aim: The bour- even a cent in federal tax. geoisie preserve de. Studies carried out on a must intact The bourgeois legislation and national scale show that the increase its profits at the creates numerous advantages average income of an Afro- expense of the working mas- for the millionaires to avoici ses. Taxes in America have American is only 53 per cent paylng taxes, and the greater become an intolerable of the income of a white ci- burden. the wealth of the millionaire, It has been calculated that greater tizen. Likervise, the stuclies the these advantages {rom every dol1ar of lantional show that half the people are, which means that the big over income, the federal and local monopoly companies pay ve- 65 1,ears of age suffer authorities plunder flom malnutrition. the Ame- ry 1ow percentages of taxes. ricans, in the form of taxes, of This is Despite this the whole only one aspect of bur- 37 per cent, and at the present the inequality den of taxes by and falsity of '"vhich the rate, before 1ong, rvill be tak- the all bourgeois propaganda bourgeoisie maintains a1l its ing 50 per cent in tax (taxes clamour about the socalled so- apparatus of r.ippression irnd in the USA are increasing at ciety of equal opportunities. * I THE WORKING ]\{ASSES ARE SUFFERING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE GRAVE CRISIS IN THE CAPITAI,IST trVORLD *PUNA., organ of the Central Council of the A.T.u. The grave economic, politi- is, as a society of enslavement composition by trying to make cal and social crisls, which and merciless exploitation of the workers and the broad has gripped a1l the capitalist the working class and a1l the masses of working people pay countries without exception, working masses, a society in for the consequences of the is becoming ever deeper and the grip of contradictions anrj crisis. A1leged1y for the sal Press reYiew The aim oI the bourgeoisie is same wages. The capitaiist ry, anti-worker policy pursu- to preserve its profits in- aims to maintain the same ed by the bourgeoisie in all lact and even to increase amount of production with the countries where it is in them. fewer forces, and so to preser- power, to load the heavY bur- The problem becomes eveit ve his profits intact. den of the crisis on to the more grave for that part of As if this were not enough, backs of the working masses, the working class which has the heavy burden of taxes, cannot fail to cause the jusi;i- been turned out of the factory also, falls on the shoulders of fied revolt of the working or the plant and has no work. the working masses. Through class and of all those who are Unemployment is one of the increased taxes, the bourgeois oppressed and exploited bY gravest social and economic state and the monopoly com- capital. The working class is ills of capitalism, and it has panies behind it, aim to take realising more and more c1e- become still more acute in from the pockets of the ordi- arly each day that its resPon- this situation of the exacer'- nary tax-payers the funds to se to these ceaseless attacks bation of the crisis. According finance various branches of of the monopol;' bourgeoisie to figures of the world press, capitalist industry, and the on its vital interests must be in the 24 main capitalist coun- policy of rvar and aggression. the intensification of the tries alone, there are about As a result of the increase of class struggle, for onlY in this 20 million people totally une- the taxes alone the American way can it defend its rights' mployed, the main place being working people have been Its day to day battles against occupied by the United States plundered o{ a sum of over 2 capitalist opPression and ex- of America with I miilion million dollars during the first ploitation, its courageous cla- unemployed, followed by lta- six months of this year. In shes with the Police apparatus ly, Britain, Japan, the GFR, Israel, a new increase of ta- of the bourgeoisie, show that with 1,5 million unemployed xes of B per cent was announ- it is advancing on the road of each, and so on. And tl.tis ced recently, and so it goes lesolute struggle against the great army of unemployed is on in al.l the other capitalist bourgeois order. Comrade steadily increasing. countries in turn. Enver Hoxha has said: "The The capitalists have accom- It is obvious that these at- working masses, their most panied the mass firing of tacks of capital on the living conscious forces, will certain- workers from the factcries standards of the working Iy rise to their feet to defend and plants with the intensi- masses are making the lives their vital interests and turn fication of the rates of work of millions and millions oI this situation of crisis into a for those workers who remain ordinary working people in favourable situation to carrY in their jobs, who are compel- the capitalist countries ever forward the cause of the re- led to produce more for the more difficult. The reactiona- volution". - I THE PLOT OF *INTERNATIONATISATIONO OF CULTUBE *DRITA'>, organ of the League o! Writers anil Artists of Albania. It is known that the soca- pecially the Soviet revisionists, monstlous invention of Brelzlt- llcd .internationalisation of is nothing but the applieation nievism. In their camPaign culture*, a term which is in the field of art and culture of cultural aggression on a being used ever more frequ- of the hegemonistic policy of world scale, the revisionists ently by the revisionists, es- *Iimited sovereignty*, this and imperialists understand .50 . "5 (30), te76 ALBANIA TADAY press review ve ry rvell th;rt thcy havo 1,o Itunning right through this cordinB to the authols, in l.l-rc' dcat u,ith a hard bone, r,vhich study is the motive of Lhe field of internationalisation of is difticult to digest: the na- < PresS revtew One of the most prominent gans of the Soviet press publi- The struggle the Soviet re- present day Soviet writers is shed this event on their front visionists are waging against the Kirkiz, Qingiz Ajtmatov, pages. However, in what the national cultures of the whose works are given great the press published on the peoples, is one of the most publicity in the Soviet Union opening day there were savage and most difficult today, are awarded prizes one three surprising names con- struggles for them. However atter another, and are being nected with this cultural much they strive or spend on screened everywhere. How- event. First, the name of it, this struggle will end in ever, Qingiz Ajtmatov is preci- Leonid Brezhniev, to whom ignominious defeat for the sely one of the writers who Soviet-Mongolian friendship revisionists. Whether open or has abandoned his own mo- is allegedly very dear and camouflaged, soft or brutal, ther tongue. By making Qin- who had interested himseif refined or clumsy, in whate- giz Ajtmatov known and ..fa- directly in this cultural action. ver form it may be waged, it mous,> everywhere, the Mos- Second, the name of Tsen- will end in their complete cow bosses give all the rvri- denbal, first Secretary of the defeat, because the peoples ters of other nationalities to Mongolian revisionist party, have great experience con- understand that writing in to whom the friendship is cerning the defence of their the Russian language brings allegedly even more dear, and ancient cultures. History has renown and glory, which can- under whose direct patronage taught them much. not even be dreamed of in the this cultural action was being *The bourgeois reactionar';r context of the forgotten lite- held. Third, the name of concept about the ..interna- ratures of other nationalities Tchaikovsky, with whose bal- tionalisation" of culture anrl that are becoming more impo- let, *5q7rn Lake-, performed art, the opinions that rthe verished and losing more of in the Bolshoi Theatre, the stage of national schools has thelr colour every day. -week of Mongolian culture been left behind-, - stressed The great-Russian revisio- and arto was opened in Mos- comrade Enver Hoxha at' the nists are so headstrong in cow! No further comment on 4th Plenum of the CC of the their struggle for cultural in- this farce is necessary. PartY, - -are aimed at elimi- vasion that sometimes they There are many such exam- nating the cultures of other do not even bother to apply the ples in the relations among peoples. In these conditions, usual camouflage to their members of the ..socialist the struggle to preserve the campaigns. In the month of communitY". They are simply national features of art, the May *1hg week of Mongolian copies of the former relations cultural wealth of the people, culture and art> was solemnly between metropolises and co- becomes even more imperativr: opened in Mosenw. A11 the or- lonies. for us-. - I DEMAGOGY AND VIOLENCE-CAEDS OF THE BOURGEOISIE IN CEISIS *ZilRI I POPTJLLIT* . Economic crises in the ca- forts of the forces of retro- of counterrevolutionary i,io- pitalist world have always gression to hang on to or to lence. A similar phenomenon been accompaniecl by the e[- seize state power by means is being observecl now in the 52 o 5 (s0), 1976 ALBANIA TODAY prcss review conditions of the present eco- fascism. The neofascist orga- increased and perfected even nomic-political crisis. nisation, ..The Black Order", going to the length of training The fact is that in recent has publicly declared that its special paratroopers to drop years, under the pretext of de- objective is the seizure of sta- them over the demonstra- fending .,Iau, and oder,', the te power and that it will tors. bourgeoisie in many capitalist achieve this on the model of In the approval and appli- countries is more and more de- the Hitlerite ..national socia- cation of these antiworker manding the implementation list revolution.. The propa- Iaws and decrees the capita- ganda of fascist laws and, through materials of this orga- Iist bourgeoisie also has the nisation the activation of fascist also say that work is support of the revisionist par- going elements, groups and parties, on for the creation of ties, which not only vote fcr *SS detachments- is striving to restore fascism. like those them in the parliaments whe- Hitler. *opposi- The neo-fascist movements in of re they take part as number Italy, West Germany, France, In a of capitalist tion" parties, but under countries, Britain, etc., have become very laws and decrees of various counterrevolutiontrry a dictatorial active. Although they have character have and defeatist slogans of being been approved *keeping changed their former names under the rrost -patient-, calm- to the nazi and fascist palties diverse pretexts, such as the avoid *frightening- the bour- exist olficially and act law against ..terrorism', and geoisie, etc., are striving to freely. .the In Italy the Italian Social Mo- against radicals" in the queIl the revolutionary spirit German FR, decrees vement-the national right, has ans regu- of the proletariat and the lations prohibition taken the place of the fascist on the and working masses, to sabotage restriction party. Former Mussolini fas- of strikes and de- their strikes and protests, monstrations just cists who make up attempt to in France and their struggle against ca- Italy, the law on the nationa- conceal their fascist recorC, pitaiist oppression and exploi- lisation of Arab lands the as well as representatives ot in tation. Now, as is occurring in territories occupied by Isrtrel, the big bourgeoisie and the France, Italy, Spain and else- etc. Under the protection of gone feudal aristocracy, make up where, things have so these laws and decrees, the leaders the basis of this neofascist far that the traitorous police organs and other wea- parties Party. On the international of the revisionist are pons of the bourgeois dictator- with the plane it maintains ties with seeking collaboration ship exercise open terror and bourgeois parties to share the lascist parties and organisa- violence against worker, pea- state power through the divi- tions which are acting in sant and student demonstra- sion of government Posts, other capitalist countries, es- tors, as is the case in Spain, hence, joint administration pecially in Switzerland, Fran- the USA, Honduras, Bolivia, and domination over the work- ce, FR of Germany, Britain Israel South Africa, etc" ing masses. The capitalist and, some countries Latin of In 'many other countries, bourgeoisie fuLly supports this America. Through the CIA such as Britain, West Germa- because it serves its aims and and the leading circles of NA- ny, the USA, Australia, etc., current needs. TO, U.S. imperialism sup- precisely in the context of the The peoples, the working plies it rvith money and ar- implementation of fascist larvs masses everywhere in the maments. and the fascistisation of life, world have sufficient expe- The chieftains of various measures have been taken to rience concerning the mano- groups of this movement in strengthen and modernise the euvres and demagogic activitY Italy blatantly say that they oppressive police apparatus, of the capitalist bourgeoisie, have a definite, programmed the means of terror, persecu- when it calls to office the par- objective: the restorati()n o{ tion, and spying I-rave been ties of cumpl'omis, the socia ALBANIA T O D AY s (30), 1976 o 53 Press review list and sgcial democrat par- Therefore, they are increasin- ever more powerful demon- ties, when it supports coali- gly enhancing their revolutio- strations and strikes, to defend tion governments with the nary vigilance. Evidence of their right to work and their participation of the revisio- this is the continual increase wages, against the savage ca- nists, or when it openly colla- of the protest of the working pitalist oppression and exploi- borates with fascists parties. masses, expressed througll tation.- AGGRESSION AND WAR.PRINCIPAL MEANS TO SECURE POSITIONS OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND MILITARY DOMINATION OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS "LUFTETARI*, organ of the Ministry of Peopte's Defence of tLte pRA. The day to day activity of imperialist and revisionist sta- and armeC interventions aga- US imperialism and Soviet tes. inst coastal countries rvl-tich social imperialism testifies vely In conformity with their are their aim. clearly to their unrestrainecl strategic plans for domination In this direction, the increase arming and increasing of their of the whole world, both the of the number of nuclear sub- offensive strength to occupy one and the other superpower marines and aircraft carriers, and re-divide the world bet- have set about the production without overlocking their other ween them, to put down revo- and perfecting of conventlonal war ships, is very strik- lutions and enslave the peoples. and strategic weapons, giving ing. To this end they have increa- priority to nuclear weapons. The inclease of the Atnerican sed their war budgets as never But now the two superpowers and Soviet war fleets and ag- before. Whereas a few years are givlng great attention to the gresslve armed forces in gene- ago their military budgets we- extension and modernisatiorr ra1, is accompanied by a stre- re at the 1eve1 of 80-90 billion of their aggressive naval fleets. am of threatening declarations dollars, today they are in excess And this is understandable. It is from the superpowers, with of 100 billions. Thus, for the cu- dasier for them to maintain which they aim to frighten the rrent year, the US imperialists their presence in every port of peoples and make them borv have ;allocated 112,7 billion the globe on the sea. Their to the dictate of the two super- dollars, whereas the Soviet so- aggressive naval fleets are powers. On the other hand, nei- cial imperialists have raised among the principal means by ther is there any shortage of their military budget to over which the two superpowers blandishments and smiles to 110 billion dollars this year. exert their pressures, blackmail force the peoples to make ter- This means that the military and threats against other coun- ritorial and political conces- expenditures of the two super- tries on all the continents; they sions to the two superpowers powers account now for more are the weapons with which and give them port and terri- than 60 per cent of the total Moscow and Washington are torial facilities, so that they military expenditure of the planning to earry out the open can statlon their troops and 54.5 (30), 1e76 ALBANIA T O D AY press reYies tleets there and set up military all the continents and iq all dertake nerv military adventu- bases. In this direction too, the states are filled with hundreds res and establish their econo- allround efforts of each of the of CIA or KGB spies, who pre- mic, political and military do- two superpowers to elbow the pare the ground for the inter- mihation. They are an expres- other out and extend the net- Ierence of the two superpowers sion of the effective military work of bases in its own fa- on a larger scale. The fact that preparations of the two super- vour, can be seen. This fierce a multitude of Washington and powers to weaken the resistan- rivalry is observed in the In- Moscow agents have been ce of the peoples and then dian Ocean, the Mediterranean, caught red-handed in various drown them in blood. and everywhere. In Northern countries of the world proves But the two superpowers are Europetop, a fierce struggle for this clearly. wrong in their reckoning. More bases is going on. In this way, AII this aggressivc, expansio- and more the peoples are re- the two superpowers have nist, an warmongering activity cognising them for what they created a dense network of mi- of the two superpowers testilies are, and are neither deceived pacifist demagogY, nor litary bosses for their ground, to, the allround preparations by their by their military naval and air forces in all they are making for war. The intimidated and threats. The parts of the world. local wars they kindle in all blackmail struggle of the against An integral part of the stra- parts of the world, the putches PeoPIes the two imperialist superpo- tegy of the two superpowers to and conspiracies concocted by wers is constantly mounting, extend their allround expan- their agents also serve these therefore, the broader and the sion aII world also same over the is aims. AII these and other more powerful this struggle is, great their widespread activity oI things, together with the the more quickly and surelY espionage and diversion which clamour and slogans spread by wiII the US imperialists and has been raised to a system. agents, provocateurs, by sold the Soviet social imperialists Wherever the Americans or the out scribblers and by diplo- and all thier lackeYs be sma- Russians turn their eyes on po- mats of the salons and clubs shed and defeated in the face Iitical, economic and military have one and the same aim: to of the strength of the PeoPles. objectives, there the American sow insecurity and fear among The peoples are increasinglY or Soviet agents and spies or the peoples in regard to the enhancing their vigilance aga- their agents, are active in the two superpowers; to create sui- inst the war plans of the two front line. Their embassies on table soil for the latter to un- superpowers. - r FROM INTEGRATION TOWARDS COMPLETE ASSIMILATION *ZERI L POPULLIT* The Soviet social imperia- their russification. Bureaucra- tary occupation and economic list bourgeoisie is pursuing tic Russian big capital wants enslavement of these coun- the policy of assimilation of of vassal countries. For this tries, Moscow is now going the non-Russian nationalities, purpose, along with the mili- even further than the socalled ALBANIA TODAY S (30), 1976 . ss leview Ptess ointegration" of the COME- visionist Party, he presented of the European peoples, in- CON countries. Their propa- *the ever more complete or- suLt and humiliate the dignity ganda is saying that ..the ganic rapprochement of Bul- and the freedom-loving revo- course of integration has pas- garia with the Soviet lJnion,' lutionary traditions of the sed the test of the time suc- as a <.great historical perspec- peoples of Eastern Europe by cessfullYo. According to them, tive.. The Hungarian revisio- presenting them as incapable .the program of the complex nists too, who advertise *the to defending themselves from integration of the economy, objective tendencies towards some possible aggression, of peoples art, education, and all other the uniting of the of preserving their integrity and fields, through the joint mili- the socialist community, etc., independence. According to tary-political and ideological are rendering their Moscovite the social imperialist propa- boss the same service. The So- actions, now institutionalized,', ganda, .the defence" of these viet social imperialists must serve *the uniting of are bla- peoples is possible only tantly demanding Peoples and stateso, ..the for- the oblite- through the ..Warsaw Treaty", ration of any state and natio- mation of one people of one the pivot of which is the So- community", the creation of nal boundary, any trace, be it viet Union". For definite pur- even formal, independence the united *socialist peopleo of poses, the chiefs of the war of the revisionist in the -countries of the socia- countries of staffs of Soviet social impe- Eastern Europe, and that they list community". rialism declare that they should be absorbed Soviet The ruling revisionist c1i- as .feel their responsibility for republics in order to submit ques of the European coun- the security of all the count- to the complete assimilati- tries, who are utterly submis- ries of the socialist communi- on of Great Russian chauvi- sive to their Moscow bosses, tY verY deePlY". On the basis nlsm. have shown their readiness, of these great Russian chau- The Soviet social imperia- Thus, now the Czechoslovak vinistic theories, according to lists have worked for years revisionists, who capitulateii which the peoples and count- through the COMECON in or- to the Soviet occupation and ries of Eastern Europe cannot collaborated aggres- der to achieve this, and now, with the ensure any independent eco- sors in 1968 are also preaching in fact, the Soviet Union has nomic development nor any *the objective conditions for the economies of the ..allied" sovereign military defence, the the uniting of the peoples and countries under its control, exercises economic idea is propagated that they stateso. In the Czechoslovak and its dictate and pressure have no reason to continue to press one encounters ever mo- on them. The slightest trace of resistan- be independent, even formal- re frequently such theorisings ce and discontent, is punished ly, and the ground is being seeking on the basis of an by them by shutting off the piepared to merge them into *historical experience',, to le- oil or gas tap, by cutting off *a single people-, into a sin- gitimise the gobbling up of supplies of raw materials or gle state. the countries of Eastern Euro- cancel).ing orders placed with The theories of the *forma- pe by the Soviet Union, or, as them. By carrying out the mi- tion of one people of one com- put, <.one it is the creation of Iitary integration of these munity-, or oI a single -socia- people" in the countries of the countries, too, through the ag- Iist> people, are variants of socalled -socialist communi- gressive Warsaw Treaty, the the ill-famed Brezhnev doc- ty". 6t to that most obedient Soviet social imperialist lea- trine of *limited sovereignty>> vassal of the Kremlin Zhiv- ders keep them under a con- which is the theory of great - kov, in advocating the crea- stant pressure. The new czars Russian chauvinism and of tion of a ..single cooperated of the Kremlin, who have also great power expansionism, of socialist nation" at the last inherited from their predeces- the right of the stronger to congrcss of the Bulgalian re- sors the role of the gendarme gobble up the weaker. - 56.5 (s0), 1976 ALBANIA T O D AY press review DANGEROUS CONSPIRACIES OF US IMPETiIALISM AT THE EXPENSE OF TTIE ZIMBABWEAN FEOPLE *Bashkimiu The situation in Rhodesia ting mercenaries in Britain, Rhodesia. They will be satis- (Zimbabwe) is becoming ever the USA, and elsewhere en fied provided that the state more serious for the racist re- masse, the situation is rapidly power is in the hands of a gime. The Zimbabwe people's slipping from the control of docile tool of theirs, that their struggle for freedom is expan- the racist clique. The libera- major imperialist interests are ding; they can no longer en- tion struggle is becoming ever preserved in Rhodesia, that dure the savage racial oppres- more powerful. the doors are open to them for sion; thev cannot endure that The extension of the strug- a greater economic, Political the state power should be in g1e of the people of Ztrrtbab- and militarY invasion; that the the hands of a handful of ra- we has aroused great concern Zimbabwe PeoPle's liberation cists who represent the 250.000 not only among the Rhodesian struggle is Put down. u,hites, whereas the 6 million racists but, in the first place, The concern of US imPeria- African inhabitants of this among the US imperialists. lism is understandable: the country, enjoy no rights wha- The fact is that the more this isolation of racist regimes is tever. struggle extends the more the becoming ever more comPlete; The Ian Smith fascist clique US diplomacy intensifies its the struggle of the PeoPles of is striving to prolong the days activity. Kissinger has presen- Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Aza- oI its rule through the most ted several plans, has had a nia is extending: the solidaritY savage terror. It imprlsons and series of contacts with the ra- of the African PeoPles with ki).ls anyone suspected of sup- cists, including those with the this struggle is becoming porting the fighters for free- head of the other racist regi- stronger. In these conditions dom. Ib burns rvhole villages me, that of South Africa. He the racist regimes are being and bombs them, killing wo- is trying to emerge in the role shaken to their foundations en for men, children and old folk of a mediator allegedllz and. consequentlY, the big in- (in just 70 the establishment ttre rule masse one village of terests of US monoPolY caPi- inhabitants were ki11ed recent- of the African majority in ta1 in these countries are be- 1y). In order to hinder the li- Rhodesia. The US diplomacy ing endangered. In the condi- beration struggle, the racist has a two-fold aim:on the one tions when the two superpo- clique has borrowed the expe- hand to make the Zimbabwean wers have increased their ri- rience of the US imperialists people give up their armed and efforts to dominate in Vietnam and has created struggle and enter the course valry becomes still mo- socalled strategic villages en- of negotiations with the racist in Africa, it African circled with barbed rvire, regime: on the other hand to re necessary that the - their soldiers, machinegun nests appear before the African peoples should increase and search-1ights. countries and peoples as an determination to rescue their And despite this terror, des- aileged supporter of theirs. In continent from the clutches of pite the fact that the racist the final analysis, it is not so the neocolonialists of Wa- clique has proclaimed general very important to the US im- shington and Moscow, who are military mobilisation for the perialists wheth.er or not the most savage enemies of whites, although it is recrui- Smith is in power in South the peoples. - I Saronda is tllc sou.thentmosr cily ol ALbonio. BuiLt ot1 the short.s oJ u stnall btry ln the new schoo[ yeur 1976-1977, tuhich began reguLorly in the thole ed.ucotionol syslerla oJ Albonia, occording to the instructions in the dralt ol the 6th, live-ycor plon, greater ottenti,on will be giten to the t.raininB oJ qualilted workers Jor ,,,arious branches oJ production and ouxillory codres ol prod.uction. An aspect Jrom the begintting oJ th,e new school-year in one oJ the laborotories oJ o second.ary school in 'l'irano. i I t I i i Albaniatoday i.L