What are landforms?
Bobbie Kalman Crabtree Publishing Company www.crabtreebooks.com Created by Bobbie Kalman For Crystal’s beautiful twins, Jacob John Sikkens, a laid-back little explorer, and Jessica Ann Sikkens, who loves books. Both of these happy kids love to sing, clap, and dance.
Author Photo research Photographs Bobbie Kalman Bobbie Kalman American Destinations: p. 4 World Art/Expresiv Maps: Editor Design map p. 6 Kathy Middleton Bobbie Kalman Cover and all other images Katherine Berti by Shutterstock Educational consultants Samara Parent (cover) Jennifer King Janine Deschenes Print coordinator Reagan Miller Katherine Berti
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kalman, Bobbie, author Names: Kalman, Bobbie, author. What are landforms? / Bobbie Kalman. Title: What are landforms? / Bobbie Kalman. Description: New York, New York : Crabtree Publishing, 2018. | (My world) Series: My world | Includes and index. Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017048753 (print) | LCCN 2017050868 (ebook) | Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 9781427119797 (Electronic HTML) | ISBN 978-0-7787-9598-8 (hardcover). ISBN 9780778795988 (reinforced library binding) | ISBN 978-0-7787-9606-0 (softcover). ISBN 9780778796060 (pbk.) ISBN 978-1-4271-1979-7 (HTML) Subjects: LCSH: Landforms--Juvenile literature. Classification: LCC GB404 (ebook) | LCC GB404 .K35 2018 (print) | 1. Landforms--Juvenile literature. 2. Earth (Planet)-- DDC 551.41--dc23 Surface--Juvenile literature. 3. Geomorphology--Juvenile LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017048753 literature. I. Title. II. Series: My world (St. Catharines, Ont.)
GB404.K35 2017 j551.41 C2017-905164-4 C2017-905165-2
Crabtree Publishing Company Printed in Canada/062020/CPC20200609 www.crabtreebooks.com 1-800-387-7650 Copyright © 2018 CRABTREE PUBLISHING COMPANY. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or be transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Crabtree Publishing Company. In Canada: We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities.
Published in Canada Published in the United States Published in the United Kingdom Published in Australia Crabtree Publishing Crabtree Publishing Crabtree Publishing Crabtree Publishing 616 Welland Ave. PMB 59051 Maritime House 3 Charles Street St. Catharines, Ontario 350 Fifth Avenue, 59th Floor Basin Road North, Hove Coburg North L2M 5V6 New York, New York 10118 BN41 1WR VIC 3058 Contents
What are landforms? 4 Continents and oceans 6 Big and small islands 8 Mountains on Earth 10 Mountains of fire 12 What shapes rocks? 14 Fantastic landforms! 16 Name that landform! 18 Landform fun 20 Landforms and you 22 Words to know and Index 23 Notes for adults 24 What are landforms?
Did you guess that the word landform is made up of two words—land and form? A landform is a shape of land. In this book, you will learn about the natural shapes of land, as well as bodies of water. The pictures on these pages show some of the landforms you will read about. Which of these landforms do you know?
These children are learning about mesas. You will learn about these landforms and many more in this book. Keep reading!
4 cave and cavern volcano mountains hills
island valleys mesa
canyon hills
5 Continents and oceans
Continents are Earth’s biggest landforms. They are huge areas of land. Find them on this map. From largest to smallest, they are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia and Oceania. The bodies of water around the continents are called oceans. Can you name Earth’s five oceans?
Arctic Ocean
North Europe Asia America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Africa Ocean
Pacific South Ocean America Indian Ocean Australia and Oceania Southern Ocean
Antarctica 6 Ocean and land A coast is where the edge of land meets an ocean. Some coasts have steep walls of rock called cliffs. Other coasts have beaches made up of sand or small stones. A bay is water that has land almost all around it. An island is land surrounded by water. How many of the landforms in this picture have you seen before?
cliff coast
island
beach bay ocean
7 Big and small islands
Islands can be found in Find Greenland Which two on the map on oceans touch oceans, rivers, and lakes. page 6. Greenland? Some are huge, and others Greenland are tiny. Greenland is Earth’s biggest island. It is part of the Canada continent of North America,
but it also belongs to Denmark, United States a country that is part of the
continent of Europe. Mexico
This tiny island is in a lake. 8 Skeleton islands Some islands are formed from the bodies of tiny sea animals. The skeletons of these animals form a hard cover on the outside of their bodies. When they die, the skeletons pile up island above water, forming islands such as this one.
ocean
animal skeletons
9 Mountains on Earth
A mountain is a very high area of rocky land with steep sides. Trees can grow on hills but not at the tops of very high mountains because it is too cold there. The low areas at the bottom of hills or mountains are called valleys.
The top of a mountain is called its peak.
mountains
hills
10 What are mountain ranges? Some places have only a single mountain. A group of mountains that are close together is called a mountain range. The Andes is the longest mountain range. You can see part of it in the picture below. It is in South America.
This llama lives in the Andes mountain range in South America.
11 Mountains of fire
Some mountains are volcanoes. A volcano is a mountain made by a hot liquid called lava. Lava can erupt, or explode out of the ground, through openings in Earth’s crust. Lava builds up, then cools and turns into hard rock, forming a mountain.
lava
Earth’s crust is the top layer of rock that covers Earth.
12 Forming mountains and islands Sometimes a volcano erupts under the ocean. Lava spills into the water, cools, and becomes hard. It builds up to form mountains under water. The top of the mountain that is seen above the water’s surface becomes an island. As more lava erupts, mountains can even form on the islands.
This island is actually the top of an underwater volcano. 13 What shapes rocks?
The shape of rocks and the land around them can be changed by wind, rain, lava, Earth’s movements, ocean waves, and rivers. Rocks that have unusual shapes or colors are called rock formations. A canyon is a deep narrow valley cut into Some interesting rock the rocks by a river. formations are shown here and on the following pages.
mesa
Blowing sand can wear down hills, leaving flat tops and steep sides. These hills are called mesas. 14 Rock animals! The rock formations on this page look like animals. Which rock looks like a frog, a dragon, or an elephant? With a partner, draw or paint some pictures of rock formations and hang them on your classroom wall.
15 Fantastic landforms!
The tall, pointy hills below are in China. Millions of years ago, this land was under an ocean! Today, it is a flat area called a plain, which is dotted with these unusual hills. The rock in the hills is made from the skeletons of dead sea animals from the time dinosaurs were alive. The rock was worn down into hill shapes by wind, rain, and ocean water. Some of the hills have rivers and huge caves inside them.
hills
plain
river
Which other landform in this book was formed from skeletons? 16 Caves and caverns cavern Caves are empty areas under the ground or inside hills or cliffs, carved out by water that dissolved the rocks. Some caves have large rooms called caverns. Sometimes caverns have rock formations that rise up from the ground or hang down from the cavern roof.
Rock formations inside caverns can have strange shapes. What shapes do you see in these?
17 Name that landform!
With a partner, take this quiz to see how much Which landform... you have learned about 1. shoots out hot melted rock? landforms. Match the 2. is a land area at the correct picture to each of edge of an ocean? 3. has water all around it? the clues in the box. Which 4. is a large hole in question has two answers? the ground or inside huge rocks? 5. is an area covered in sand or pebbles next to water? A. cave 6. is higher than a hill? 7. is a rock with an unusual shape? 8. is an area of the ocean with land curving around it?
Answers:
D – 8 F, – 7 G, – 6 H, – 5 A, – 4 E, – 3 H, C, – 2 B, – 1
18 B. volcano F. rock formation
C. coast G. mountain
D. bay
E. island H. beach
19 Landform fun
Find ways to make learning about landforms fun, such as painting pictures and taking photos. Ask your classmates what they have learned about landforms. Questions: • How many landforms can you name and describe? • What was the most surprising fact you learned about landforms? • Which landforms would you like to explore if you could? • Could you and some friends write a song about landforms? 20 Write an ABC book! Write an ABC book about landforms. Use the examples below or choose your own words. Explain what the words mean, write about them, and draw pictures.
Landforms M is for mountain, mesa from A to Z N is for natural shapes A is for Andes mountains O is for ocean B is for bay, beach P is for peak, plain C is for cave, continents Q is for quiz, questions D is for draw R is for rock formations E is for Earth S is for skeletons, shapes F is for five oceans, fun T is for tall G is for Greenland U is for under water H is for hill V is for valley, volcano I is for island W is for wind, water J is for jokes about landforms X is for eXplore, eXciting K is for knowing landforms Y is for your favorite landform L is for landform, lake, lava Z is for zoom down a mountain
21 Landforms and you
Which landform has been the most fun for you? Have you gone skiing or snowboarding on a mountain? Have you ever explored a cave? Pictures and stories Share your landform stories with a partner and ask him or her to do the same. On a big sheet of paper, draw and paint your favorite landforms. Add your own photos of landforms, too. 22 Words to know and Index
canyon caves and coasts activities pages caverns pages pages pages 15, 18–22 5, 14 5, 16–17, 18, 22 5, 7, 19
continents hills pages 5, islands pages pages 6, 8 10, 14, 16–17 5, 7, 8–9, 13, 19
mountains oceans rock formations volcanoes pages 5, 10–11, pages 5, 6–7, pages 14–15, pages 5, 12–13, 19, 22 8, 9, 13, 16 16–17, 19 12–13, 19 23 Notes for adults
Objectives T-chart • To teach children all about landforms Make a T–chart on a sheet of paper. • To teach children to think critically Write the headings on either side: • To engage children in nonfiction “A Landform Is …” and “A Landform Is Not …” text features, such as headings, captions, Jot down as many facts as you can. bullets, artwork and photographs, contents, and glossary and index words. Landform Riddles Make up landform riddles. Before Reading Write three clues and have a • Read the title to the children and ask them partner guess the correct landform. what they think the book will be about. This landform is … • Scan the Contents page and discuss what It’is located … they think they will learn from the book. It’is shaped like a … • Give the children sticky notes to jot down key words after they read each section. Landform Collage Using the artwork on page 5 and the photos During Reading in the book, sketch and label the most • Ask the children to do a five-finger retell of interesting landforms on a sheet of paper. the facts from the page they are reading. Each finger should represent a fact, and Exploring Landforms the palm of the hand should represent the • With the other children in your class, choose big idea of the section. a place to explore. The first player in the group says, “I am going to explore (names a After Reading landform), and I will take (names an item).” As • Using the Contents list, ask the children an example, a child might say, “I am going to to elaborate on each section. explore an ocean, and I will take a swimsuit.” • Ask the children to share the parts Each new player repeats what has already about which they had questions. been said but adds a new landform and an • How did nonfiction text features help item he or she will take. the children understand big ideas, • Play an exploring game using a blanket, such as how islands, volcanoes, and chairs, ropes, blocks, and tables. Use these caves were formed? props and your imagination to make • Show the children pictures of landforms something that your group would like to and ask them to identify each one. explore, such as a cave or a mountain.
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