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A Phenetic Analysis of the Genus Thelocactus

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A Phenetic Analysis of the Genus Thelocactus Bradleya 18/2000 pages 29 – 54 A phenetic analysis of the genus Thelocactus Alessandro Mosco1 and Carlo Zanovello2 1 Via Moreri 152, I-34135 Trieste, Italy 2 Piazza Mercato 9, I-36040 Brendola (VI), Italy Summary: A phenetic analysis of the genus viereckii, T. subterraneus) have been later segre- Thelocactus is presented. The collected data, 65, gated by Backeberg (1938, 1951) in an allied and the 34 Operational Taxonomic Units used for genus, Gymnocactus, now included in the study were processed by a principal compo- Turbinicarpus. In 1978 Anderson, on the basis of nents analysis method. The ordinations made the comparison of some characters, proposed to lead us to conclude that Hamatocactus setispinus include the species belonging to Gymnocactus in is not congeneric with Thelocactus from which it Thelocactus, but in 1986 he reassessed his previ- has to be separated. Some nomenclatural ous proposal and put Gymnocactus in Neolloydia, changes are also made in order to adjust the tax- extending the limits of the latter genus. The onomy of the genus to the results obtained. Eighties saw the description of some new taxa, both at variety and species rank, and, still by Zusammenfassung: Es wird eine phänetische Anderson (1987), a new delimitation of the genus. Analyse der Gattung Thelocactus vorgestellt. Die In this revision the author included für die Studie gesammelten Daten (65) und die Hamatocactus setispinus in Thelocactus, ground- 34 operationellen taxonomischen Einheiten wer- ing his proposal on the similarities observed den einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse unterzo- between Thelocactus bicolor and H. setispinus for gen. Die Ordinationen führen uns zur Folgerung, several of the characters he chose to compare dass Hamatocactus setispinus nicht in die these two species. This new delimitation of the Gattung Thelocactus gehört und separiert wer- genus Thelocactus led to a total upset of its lim- den muss. Einige nomenklatorische Änderungen its, as two essential characters on which Britton bringen die Taxonomie der Gattung mit den and Rose based the genus, the presence of tuber- gefundenen Resultaten in Einklang. cles, a character to which the generic name refers, and the basally dehiscent fruits, suddenly Introduction failed, H. setispinus lacking tubercles and having The genus Thelocactus, as we know it nowadays, fleshy indehiscent fruits. From the time of was proposed by Britton and Rose in 1922, Anderson’s revision, other species have been including in it twelve species that the original described, Thelocactus garciae, Thelocactus mul- description of the genus unites for being cacti of ticephalus, Thelocactus panarottoanus and medium size with few, low or indistinct ribs divid- Thelocactus flavus, while others have been segre- ed into tubercles, a scaled ovary, the fruits dehis- gated from it. cent by a basal pore and the seeds with a large Recently Doweld (1998) has proposed to seg- basal hilum. The name Thelocactus appeared for regate Thelocactus conothelos and its varieties the first time in the literature in the year 1898 in from Thelocactus and to include them in a new Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen, where genus, Torreycactus, the whole on the basis of just Schumann used it as a name for a subgenus of the difference in the micromorphology of the sec- Echinocactus, arranging in it, besides those taxa ondary sculpture of the seed cuticle that in these that now belong to Thelocactus, also many other species is smooth rather then micro-papillate. species that later have been moved to other gen- Anderson regarded the genus Thelocactus as con- era. sisting of ‘several loosely related species and After the work of Britton and Rose, many species groups...’ The starting point for our work other species have been added to the original was this statement. We have tried to establish group, both as new taxa and as new combina- how and how much the different taxa are inter- tions. Some of the species combined in related, with the aim to verify if the present sys- Thelocactus (T. saueri, T. knuthianus, T. tematic treatment is congruent with the morpho- Bradleya 18/2000 29 T. bicolor ssp. bicolor, General Cepeda, Coahuila. T. bicolor ssp. bicolor (commodus), Montemorelos, Nuevo Photo Jauernig. León. Photo Jauernig. T. bicolor ssp. bicolor (schottii), SB567 Brewster Co., T. bicolor ssp. bolaensis, Cerro Bola, Coahuila. Texas. Photo Jantschgi. T. bicolor ssp. bolaensis (“Pedricena”), San Pedro de las T. bicolor ssp. bolaensis (wagnerianus), Hipolito, Colonias, Coahuila. Coahuila. 30 Bradleya 18/2000 T. bicolor ssp. flavidispinus, Marathon, Brewster Co., T. bicolor ssp. flavidispinus, SB424 Brewster Co., Texas. Texas. Photo Bercht. T. bicolor ssp. heterochromus, Rio Nazas, Durango. T. bicolor ssp. heterochromus (pottsii), Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua. Photo Lausser. T. bicolor ssp. schwarzii, Calles, Tamaulipas. T. buekii ssp. buekii, La Soledad, Nuevo León. Photo Jauernig. Bradleya 18/2000 31 logical data we have collected. Indeed, there is netic analysis we made has allowed us to reach, still not a consensus either on the species to be we think, a better comprehension of the studied included in the genus (Doweld, besides excluding species and to formulate some resultant taxo- conothelos and its varieties, retains the monotyp- nomic proposals. ic genus Hamatocactus) or for the subspecific treatment for the taxa belonging to the Materials and methods Thelocactus rinconensis complex (Anderson, The majority of the data used in our study have 1999; Glass, 1997; Lüthy, 1999, Mosco & been obtained by observations made on the Zanovello, 1999). To reach this goal we have cho- plants in our collections. Most of these plants are sen a phenetic approach, based on the observa- provided with field data and have been grown tion of many morphological characters. The phe- from seed. Some data originate from observations Factor axes 1 and 2 1.35E+00 OTUs: 34 Characters: 63 Cumulative variation in the first two axes: 36% + + * + +* + ++ + + + + + + + * -4.27E-01 ++ + 2.11E+00 axis 1 ++*+ *+ BICOLORES + + setispinus + -1.12E+00 Figure 1. Principal components analysis of Thelocactus. H. setispinus included in the ordination. Characters: stem shape I; stem shape II; maximum stem diameter; maximum stem height; head number; epidermis colour I; epidermis colour II; epidermis colour III; number of hypodermal layers; crystals; seedling shape; ribs; orthos- tichy number; tubercles; tubercle or rib width; tubercle or rib height; areolar glands; minimum total spine number; maximum total spine number; central and radial spines distinguishable; hooked spines; spine colour I; spine colour II; spine colour III; upper spines flattened; shredded spines; minimum flower diameter; maximum flower diameter; minimum petaloid length/width ratio; maximum petaloid length/width ratio; shape of the petaloid apex; margin of the petaloid apex; flower colour I; flower colour II; flower colour III; flower colour IV; style colour I; style colour II; style colour III; stigma colour I; stigma colour II; filament colour I; filament colour II; primary filaments insertion; pollen; scented flowers; early bud development; flowering period; fruit colour; fruit dehiscence; fruit succulence; seed average diameter; seed average length; large HMR; micropyle inside the hilum; micropyle on the edge of the hilum; micropy- le outside the hilum; appendages on the hilum edge; funicle rests conspicuous; testa cells shape; sinuate anticlinal cell walls; micro-papillate seedcoat; striate seedcoat. 32 Bradleya 18/2000 we made in the field during our travels in Mexico, cedure. It was sectioned at 30 µm and stained while still others have been taken from litera- with haematoxylin-eosin. Freshly collected pollen ture. Complete lists of the specimens examined has been embedded in balsam prior to observa- along with the characters used and their scaling tion. Seeds undergoing Scanning Electron are given in an appendix. The material for light Microscope (SEM) analysis were washed with microscope anatomical studies was fixed in for- distilled water, air dried and then gold coated. malin/acetic acid/ethanol (10:5:85) and then For SEM analysis we used Philips 500 and Leica processed for the usual paraffin embedding pro- Stereoscan microscopes. We used MULVA-4 pro- Factor axes 1 and 2 OTUs: 33 9.19E-01 Characters:57 Cumulative variation in the first two axes: 45% lab + + mul + rin + phy + hin + nid + loy + hex + fre BICOLORES kra+ mat+ + bue + + schm -7.88E-01 * + leu 9.39E-01 + + tul axis 1 +* + ++ + lau + mac + has + con + gar flv ++ arg + aur -7.61E-01 Figure 2. Principal components analysis of Thelocactus. H. setispinus excluded from the ordination. OTUs: arg = argenteus; aur = aurantiacus; bue = buekii; con = conothelos; flv = flavus; fre = freudenbergeri; gar = gar- ciae; has = hastifer; hex = hexaedrophorus; hin = hintonii; kra = krainzianus; lab = “La Bolsa”; lau = lausseri; leu = leucacanthus; loy = lloydii; mac = macdowellii; mat = matudae; mul = multicephalus; nid = nidulans; phy = phyma- tothelos; rin = rinconensis; schm = schmollii; tul = tulensis. Characters: stem shape I; stem shape II; maximum stem diameter; maximum stem height; head number; epidermis colour I; epidermis colour II; epidermis colour III; number of hypodermal layers; seedling shape; ribs; orthostichy number; tubercle shape; grooved tubercles; tubercle or rib width; tubercle or rib height; areolar glands; minimum total spine number; maximum total supine number; central and radial spines distinguishable; spine colour I; spine colour II;
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