Hitler – Sztálin – Chamberlain Az Elkerülhetetlen Ii

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Hitler – Sztálin – Chamberlain Az Elkerülhetetlen Ii SZÉKELY GÁBOR HITLER – SZTÁLIN – CHAMBERLAIN AZ ELKERÜLHETETLEN II. VILÁGHÁBORÚ Abstract The inevitable WWII Th e starting point of my book is the concept which led to the tragedy of the Second World War. Th ese concept was a mistake – a misunderstanding of France’s and Britain’s geopolitical and military position. First of all, even do France was victorious in WWI, due to her military power, she in fact lost the peace - she did not have any real international guaranties. Th e security system based on British and USA guarantees had already collapsed in 1919. Possible eastern allies, the new Poland, the only medium high power in the eastern-central region, but also the small states of the Danube basin were precarious. Th e second reason were the changes the European boundaries, which was benefi cial to Germany, because the great powers (Russia, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) disappeared from Germany’s borders - the only remaining one was the weakened France. It all started in Versailles. Th e last factor was Germany‘s absolute military dominance, as it became obvious to British-French-Soviet military negotiators in 1939 in Moscow and which resulted their respective decisions. Th is complex and multicoloured picture is analised by the author, using archival documents that were previously not taken into account. Th e author is a historian, Professor Emeritus at Eötvös Loránd University – Budapest. Keywords: World War I, World War II, , diplomacy, geopolitics, appeasement, balance of power, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, Germany, USA SZÉKELY GÁBOR HITLER – SZTÁLIN – CHAMBERLAIN AZ ELKERÜLHETETLEN II. VILÁGHÁBORÚ Volos Kiadó A kötet megjelenését támogatta az ELTE BTK Új- és Jelenkori Egyetemes Történeti Tanszéke, a Magyar Lajos Alapítvány ISBN 978-963-85767-8-1 A címlapon Werner Hahmann karikatúrája, 1939, Kladderadatsch (E kötetben teljes szöveggel a 400. oldalon.) Kiadja a Magyar Lajos Alapítvány Első kiadás: 2019 © Székely Gábor Jelen könyvet vagy annak részleteit tilos reprodukálni, adatrendszerben tárolni, bármely formában vagy eszközzel – elektronikus, fényképészeti vagy más módon – a kiadó engedélye nélkül közölni. Minden jog fenntartva Printed in Hungary Tartalom ELŐSZÓ ÉS KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ………………………………………… 13 BEVEZETŐ GONDOLATOK ……………………………………………………… 17 Prága, 1939. március 15. ……………………………………………………………… 20 I. RÉSZ VERSAILLES ÉS A NÉPSZÖVETSÉG……………………………………………… 25 A kezdet: Versailles - 1919. január 18 – június 28. …………………………………… 25 Woodrow Wilson, az Egyesült Államok és a Nemzetek Szövetsége …………………… 28 Wilson és Cabot Lodge vitája – az első forduló ………………………………… 30 Wilson – ismét Párizsban ………………………………………………………… 33 Wilson és Lodge újabb vitája ……………………………………………………… 34 Kampánykörút – az elnök és a szenátus ………………………………………… 35 Wilson Omahaban ……………………………………………………………… 36 Wilson Puebloban ………………………………………………………………… 37 Szavazás a szenátusban …………………………………………………………… 39 Versailles kérdőjelei …………………………………………………………………… 40 A brit-francia és az amerikai-francia garancia …………………………………… 43 A Népszövetség Tanácsának jogköréhez, az Állandó Nemzetközi Bíróság ……… 46 A VERSAILLES-I WASHINGTONI BÉKERENDSZER ………………………… 49 Konferencia Washingtonban – a békerendszer kiterjesztése (1921. november 22. és 1922. február 6.) ……………………………………………… 49 A Szovjetunió megjelenése a konferencián ……………………………………… 53 A VERSAILLES-I – WASHINGTONI BÉKERENDSZER KONSZOLIDÁLÁSA ………………………………………………………………… 55 Új geopolitikai helyzet Európában …………………………………………………… 55 5 Hitler – Sztálin – Chamberlain. Az elkerülhetetlen II. világháború Németország: fegyverszünet, forradalom felülről és a militarizmus …………………… 58 A Groener-Ebert paktum ………………………………………………………… 62 A forradalom ……………………………………………………………………… 65 A háborús bűnösök felelősségre vonásától a háborús bűnösök átmentéséig …… 66 A hadsereg tekintélyének helyreállítása – a Dollchstoß-legenda ……………… 68 A weimari alkotmány, a demokrácia korlátai ………………………………………… 70 NEMZETKÖZI KAPCSOLATOK AZ 1920-AS ÉVEKBEN …………………… 73 A genovai konferencia, szerződés Rapallóban ………………………………………… 75 A „Ruhrkampf”, az utolsó katonai akció Németország megállítására – az újabb brit-francia konfl iktus ………………………………………………………………… 78 A locarnói szerződés – a Nagy Háborút követő konszolidáció csúcspontja …………… 80 A Kellogg-Briand paktum - kísérlet a francia biztonsági rendszer erősítésére ………… 84 A VILÁG FEGYVERKEZIK ………………………………………………………… 88 Németország és a „szovjet kártya” ………………………………………………… 90 A VERSAILLES-I – WASHINGTONI RENDSZER VÁLSÁGA ……………… 93 „Memorandum egy európai unióért” …………………………………………… 94 Az osztrák-német vámunió terve (1930-1931) ………………………………… 97 Háborús tűzfészek a Távol-Keleten– Mandzsúria japán megszállásának nemzetközi összefüggései …………………………………………………………………………… 103 Az újabb szovjet „kártya”- Sztálin távirata ……………………………………… 106 Nemzetközi háborúellenes mozgalom Kína védelmében – pacifi sták, kommunisták, szociáldemokraták és konzervatívok …………………………… 109 A Lytton-bizottság útja és a „tényfeltárás” ……………………………………… 110 Vita a Lytton-jelentésről a Lordok Házában ……………………………………… 112 Végszó …………………………………………………………………………… 114 A NÉPSZÖVETSÉG LESZERELÉSI KONFERENCIÁJA ÉS AZ „APPEASEMENT” KEZDETEI …………………………………………… 115 Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok szerepe ………………………………………… 116 A német-francia vita ……………………………………………………………… 118 MacDonald memoranduma ……………………………………………………… 119 Hitler színre lép …………………………………………………………………… 120 Négyhatalmi Paktum a Népszövetség kikapcsolására …………………………… 122 A nemzetközi gazdasági konferencia (1933. június 12. – július 27.) …………… 124 A leszerelési konferencia utóélete ………………………………………………… 126 6 Tartalom II. RÉSZ A FRANCIA DIPLOMÁCIA ÚJ IRÁNYA ………………………………………… 128 A francia-brit-szovjet megnemtámadási szerződés és a megnemtámadási szerződések hálója ………………………………………………………………… 130 Az agresszor meghatározása ……………………………………………………… 131 Kongresszus Moszkvában ……………………………………………………………… 132 Fordulat a Kominternben ………………………………………………………… 133 Az irányváltás előzményei ………………………………………………………… 134 A szovjet párt XVII. kongresszusa ……………………………………………… 136 A FORDULAT KÉT ÉVE EURÓPÁBAN ………………………………………… 139 Egyezkedés Németországgal - Anthony Eden tárgyalásai, 1934. ……………………… 140 A „Keleti Locarno” (a keleti paktum) – a kölcsönös segítségnyújtás terve ……………… 143 Barthou tárgyalásai ……………………………………………………………… 146 Emlékirat - „Keleti Paktum” …………………………………………………… 150 Közjáték: a Balkán-paktum és az ellenlépés, a Római jegyzőkönyv …………………… 152 Egy újabb kísérlet – a Fölközi-tengeri paktum ………………………………… 154 A francia és a brit diplomácia 1935 tavaszán – az általános hadkötelezettség bevezetése Németországban ……………………………………………………………………… 155 A Római Egyezmények …………………………………………………………… 156 A német-szovjet hitelszerződés …………………………………………………… 157 A brit diplomácia kezdeményezése a német általános hadkötelezettség bevezetése után …………………………………………………………………………………… 161 John Simon és Anthony Eden Berlinben ………………………………………… 162 Eden Moszkvában ………………………………………………………………… 166 Utóhang …………………………………………………………………………… 172 A stresai nyilatkozat …………………………………………………………………… 173 Franciaország szembefordul Németországgal ………………………………………… 176 A francia-szovjet szerződés és Lengyelország …………………………………… 176 AZ APPEASEMENT - A „KONTINENTÁLIS EGYENSÚLY” VÉGE ……… 181 A brit–német fl ottaegyezmény ………………………………………………………… 182 Háború Abesszíniában – a részleges szankciók ………………………………………… 186 A Hoare–Laval-„paktum” ………………………………………………………… 187 A Rajna-vidék remilitarizálása – az elszalasztott lehetőség? ………………………… 189 A korszak szovjet krónikása: Vlagyimir Petrovics Patyomkin …………………… 195 A Népszövetség Tanácsának ülése ……………………………………………… 196 OLIMPIA BERLINBEN - 1936 ……………………………………………………… 205 Az olimpia után …………………………………………………………………… 208 7 Hitler – Sztálin – Chamberlain. Az elkerülhetetlen II. világháború AZ „ANTIKOMINTERN PAKTUM” ……………………………………………… 209 AUSZTRIA BEKEBELEZÉSE - AZ ANSCHLUSS ……………………………… 212 Halifax látogatása Hitlernél – 1937. november ……………………………………… 215 Brit-francia egyeztetés – Yvon Delbos körútja 1937 decemberében …………………… 221 A bevonulás …………………………………………………………………………… 223 MÜNCHEN 1938 ……………………………………………………………………… 226 A különös konferencia ………………………………………………………………… 226 A francia diplomácia és a Szudéta-válság ………………………………………… 228 A csehszlovák külügyminisztérium titkos dokumentuma ……………………… 230 A Szudéta-válság, a német diplomácia mesterműve …………………………………… 236 A Runciman küldetés …………………………………………………………… 236 Tárgyalások sorozata ………………………………………………………………… 238 Berchtesgaden 1938. szeptember 15. Hitler világháborúval fenyeget …………… 238 Figyelmeztetés Londonból és Moszkvától ……………………………………… 241 Bad Godesberg, 1938. szeptember 22-23. ………………………………………………244 München 1938. szeptember 28-29-30. …………………………………………… 246 München, Moszkva, Prága percről percre - 1938. szeptember 30. ……………… 248 A KONFERENCIA UTÁN …………………………………………………………… 253 Vita a brit alsóházban …………………………………………………………… 254 A francia diplomácia München után …………………………………………… 257 Kárpátalja – a magyar kártya……………………………………………………… 260 A lengyel-német viszony - Józef Beck …………………………………………… 264 Fordulat Londonban? ………………………………………………………………… 266 Románia - Viorel Virgil Tilea …………………………………………………… 267 Lépések Berlinből, ellenintézkedések Varsóban – a brit-lengyel garanciális szerződés ………………………………………………………………………… 272 Beck Londonban ………………………………………………………………… 277 Memel …………………………………………………………………………… 285 Közjáték: Roosevelt két távirata ………………………………………………… 287 III. RÉSZ DIPLOMÁCIAI TÁRGYALÁSOK A HÁBORÚ KÜSZÖBÉN ………………… 292 A brit-francia- szovjet háromhatalmi tárgyalások első szakasza, 1939. március-július
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