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Home , Civil Cooperation Bureau, Tambov Gang, Thief in law, Zemun Clan

Index

Abacha, Sani 339 ANC see African National Congress (ANC) accusations against 339 Andreotti, Giulio 83 Abadinsky, H. 7 Andrieu, René 29 Abdulaev, Salim 139 Angelov, Slavi 125, 127 ‘Abscam’ 181 anti-cigarette smuggling policies 446–449 ACC see Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) anti-corruption access enablers 180–181 measures 360 accumulation of money 182 organisations 101 Accurso, Tony 195–196 programmes 154 Acevedo, Robert 234 support 427 Adamoli, S. 277 Anticorruption Action Center (2016) 112 Addonizio, Hugh 165 Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) 97, Adeang, David 422 311–313, 389 Adorno, Sergio 230, 236 Anti-Corruption Council 96 AFP see Australian Federal Police (AFP) anti-fraud squad 428 African National Congress (ANC) 322, 325 anti-mafia in France 24–26 corruption 328 anti-mafia policy 73–74, 77, 79, 80 deal with gangs 323–324 anti-money laundering (AML) regulation Agbiti, Francis 344 455–464 Agbu, O. 340 Anti-Smuggling Action Plan 447 aggravated criminality 106–107 Antonopoulos, G. 12, 13, 393, 394, 397, Aitutaki Declaration (1997) 430 400 Albania Anwar Ibrahim 413 assassinations, intimidation and political Apollo & Balkan Insurance 124 protection 94–95 Apollo Security 124 corruption and organised crime 89–91 Apple Store 399 criminal–political ties 91 Apprentices Act 385 Frroku brothers case 91–94 Arauca, Vencedores del 270 judiciary 90, 94 Arbenz, Jacobo 245 political interference 90 Arena clan 60 politics of organised crime 91–94 Arias, D.E. 213 punishing corruption 91 Armao, F. 6–7 threats to journalists 91 Armas, Castillo 245 weaknesses in public administration 90 armed conflict 262, 263, 269, 270 Ali, Colonel Hamid 339 arms 299 alien conspiracy, roots of 174–175 purchase 328 Alla, Loreta 93 trafficking 232 Allen, Bill 359 Article 416bis of the Italian penal code 63, 73, All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) 74 382 Article 2 of Guatemalan Law Against allochthonous threats 268 Organised Crime (2006) 243 Almoravid dynasty, rise of 291 Article 419 of Nigeria’s criminal code 336 Almoravid movement 292 Article 10 of the basic law 65–66 Ambrosio, Manuel López 251 Article 325(4) of the Treaty on the Functioning Americanisation 473, 480 of the EU 66 American mafia 161–162 Asencio, Claudia Mendez 248 AML regulation see anti-money laundering Asian Development Bank 420 (AML) regulation Askin, Robert 359

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assassinations 94–95 banking sector, corruption 340 of Djindjic, Zoran 97–99 bank robbery 325 Gopal, V.G. 376, 377 banks 177 political as Enabler 184 Mackay, Donald 357–358, 360 baohusan (protective umbrella) 391, 396 Newman, John 358 Barkey, K. 222 Assembée Nationale 25, 27, 28, 30, 31 Barnard, Ferdi 324, 325 Association of Islamic Welfare and Dakwah of Barnett Inquiry 421 Malaysia 407–408 Bastidas, Luis Alejandro 270 Astorga, L. 209 Bayart, J.-F. 410 athletes 125 Beare, Margaret E. 200 AUC 267 Beck, Merv 359 Australia Beeka, Cyril 321–323, 327 organised crime and democracy linkages with ANC 324 goals or purposes 352–353 behavioural dimensions 186 levels of control 351–352 Bensouda, Fatou 282 tactics 353–354 Berber Tuareg groups 300 targets of influence 350–351 Berisha, Sali 89, 90 organised crime and politics Bersih coalition 405, 414 illicit drug production (1980s) 356–357 Best, J. 459, 463 judiciary involvement 356–357 Betancur, Belisario 265 Kings Cross police (1994–1997) 356, 359 Bezlov, T. 361 Mackay, Donald, political assassination BIA 97–99 (1975–1977) 357–358, 360 big blue gang 368 mafia (1996–2007) 354–355 big criminal revolution 148 Newman, John, assassination (1994–2001) Biketewa Declaration (2000) 430 358 bikie gangs 366, 419 Ngo, Phuong 358, 360 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) police involvement 356–357 (2002) 184 politicians (1996–2007) 354–355 Bishop, Julie 431 precursor chemical importation BKA – German police 50, 53, 55 (2003–2005) 355–356 Blackburn, S. 11 Saffron, Abe (1965–1981) 358–359 black gold 343 Standen, Mark 355–356 blackmailing 163, 164, 170 Australian Federal Police (AFP) 422, 427, black markets 106, 132 429 Blake, C.H. 244 Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Blakey, G. Robert 199 Centre (AUSTRAC) 430 Blakkisrud, H. 106, 107 authoritarian power 410 blame avoidance 191 Autodefensas 219, 220, 223, 268 blat 392 Blok, A. 377 Badawi, Abdullah 406, 409 blue vision 367–369 bad governance 278 ‘bodgie’ 363–364 Bailey, J. 353 Bodunde, Adeyanju 339 Bainimarama, Frank 431 Bogota 258, 265, 266 Bajraktari, Artan 93 Boko Haram 341–342 Bajrami, Metush 98 Bonev 126 Bakiev, Janysh 139 Bonilla, Mauricio López 251 Bakiev, Maxim 137 borders, drug trafficking in 231–232 bakuto 351 Borissov, Boyko 121 Baldetti, Roxana 248 Borsellino, Joe 197 Balkan organised crime 89–94, 96–99 Borsellino, Paolo 61, 438 Bamako 300 boss 161 Bamburi–Kiembeni route 281 Boulet, Julie 194 banking enterprises 177 Bounouara, Younés 29

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Bourdieu, P. 218 Quebec’s construction industry 189–191, Braidwood Inquiry 203 195–196 Brasco, Donnie 197 mafia infiltration 196–200 Brass, Paul R. 410 Canadian Criminal Association legislation (CC Braudel, F. 291 467.1) 199 Brazil Canadian Criminal Code 201 cocaine production 231–232 Canadian Inquiries Act 203 criminal economy 227 cannabis 296, 299, 310 drug trafficking 228–229 cultivation 367 in border 231–232 capitalism, industrial 374–376 Congressional Inquiry Committee for Caponcello, Sen. Carlo 63 235–236 ‘capturing’ state institutions 351, 352 economy 227 Caracappa trial 163 organised crime Cardia, Nancy 230 emergence of new economy 228–230 Carrera, F. 440, 442 sand politics 235–237 Carrico, Jim 364 São Paulo 229, 232–235 Carrier, Martin 198 violence in 232 cartels 223 Brezhnev 132 cartel–politics relations 209–213 bribery 163, 164, 166, 170, 353 drug 214, 215 bribing public officials 300 construction of 218–220 Broadhurst, R. 393–394 Carter, John 366 brokering 28–30 Casswell, S. 367 Browne-Marke 313 Catania, Frank 198 Buchert, Elisa 313, 316 CEC see Central Election Commission (CEC) buffers 176 Cendrars, B. 24 Buhari, Muhammadu 345, 346 Central Election Commission (CEC) 90–91 Bulgaria Centre for the Study of Democracy (CSD) elites 120–122, 127 report 120, 122, 124 MoI reforms 122–123 on drug markets 126 organised crime 101 cestas basicas 233 law enforcement and 122–127 ‘chainsaw crimes’ 237 Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) 50, 53, 55 Chambliss, W. 134, 190–191 Bunk, B. 410 Charbonneau Commission, 193 bunkering, illegal oil 339, 343–345 definition of ‘organised crime’ 197 Burma, Zainab 310 findings 194–195, 202 Buscaglia, E. 343 impartial and independent inquiry 191 business elite 120, 122, 127 inquiry for corruption 190–196 business networks 139 mafia infiltration 196–197 business transactions, protection of 121 mandate 190, 196, 203 testimonies 189, 196–197, 199 Caballeros Templarios see Knights Templar Charbonneau Inquiry 189–192 Cai Dongjia 399 defining corruption 193 Cai Wuhan 399 intimidation and threat to 202 Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta see ‘Ndrangheta ongoing illegitimate exchanges 194 Calabrian organisation 55 testimonies 193, 204 Calavita, K. 200 Charest, Jean 191 Cali 254, 258, 262, 265 Chatterjee, S. 375, 376 Camorra, The (Neapolitan) 6, 50, 72 Chaudry, Mahendra 429 Canada China Charbonneau Commission see Charbonneau anti-corruption campaign 389 Commission corruption 389, 390, 392–397 Charbonneau Inquiry 189–194 economic growth 389 enablers’ with benefits 200–202 guanxi 393 political corruption 189–193 mafia 390–391

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organised crime collusion 61, 72, 77, 107, 137, 138, 183–184, guanxi 395–398 190, 193, 195, 212, 258, 260, 269, 338, 340, historical context 390–391 341, 345, 421 large-scale criminality 391 Colombia 264–265 red–black nexus 398–400 corruption and 189 and state 392–395 crime–politics 28, 132–134, 210, 244, Chinese Criminal Code 391 264–266 Chin, K.L. 391, 397, 401 Nigeria 338, 345 Christian Democrat (DC) 92, 93 protection and 21 church 42–43 Colombia Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission armed clientelism 264 184 armed conflict 262, 263, 269, 270 Civic Action Service 27 cocaine 262–263, 267, 270–271 civil claims court 180 crime–politics collusion 264–266 Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) 324 drug trafficking 260, 266–268, 270–271 civil society 44, 248, 314–315, 333, 351, politics and organised crime 258–264 410 collusion 264–265 Australia 349, 351 pacific coexistence 269 Colombia 271 preponderance relations 270–271 Germany 51, 61, 68 strategic alliances 266–268 Guatemala 247, 248, 250, 255 Colombian department of Cesar 266–267 Malaysia 405, 410, 413 colonisation 58 Mexico 213 combating corruption 99 Nigeria 338 Comeau, Michel 193 Russia 145 commercialisation of state services South Africa 333 149–150 Sweden 44, 46 commercial security agencies 179 Ukraine 111, 112 Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Western Balkans 87, 89 Violence (CIPEV) (2007–2008) 276 civil war 245–246 Commission of Inquiry, South Africa 328 Clark, Roger 469 Commission on Crime Prevention and clientelism 212, 213 Criminal Justice 471, 472 Cloward, R.A. 365 Commission report of Canada see coal Charbonneau Commission exporting 113–115 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) extraction 113–115 countries 139 production 110, 114 Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI smuggling 114–115 (M) 382 trade revenues 114 communist state/post-communist state 100, coalmining industry 110–111 101 coastal politicians 281 community policing 329 coast and inland, organised crime 290–291 Competition Register 65 cocaine 218, 221, 229, 236, 263, 267, 270–271, complicit militancy 408–409, 413, 414 399 conceptual vagueness 438, 440 import 367 conflict 278 seizure, Sierra Leone 310, 313, 315–316 profiteers 106–107 trade 336 trap 246 trafficking 299, 300, 310, 312, 314 Confucianism 392, 395, 401 Cochet, H. 215 Confucius 393, 401 Cockayne, James 264, 309 Congress Declaration 472, 480 Code of Discipline 381–382 Congressional Inquiry Committee, for drug coercion 353, 360 trafficking 235–236 Tata Motors 382–385 construction boss 194, 195, 198, 199 Cohen, L. 190 construction industry 189–190 Collier, P. 246 corruption in 166

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Quebec 189–191, 195, 196, 201 corruption–organised crime cases 245 mafia infiltration 189–191, 195, 196 Corruption Perception Index 96 contraband trade 108 Albania 90 contract labour 377, 383–384 Corsica, political–mafia systems in 26, 30–31 Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Cosa Nostra (Sicilian Mafia) 1, 6, 25, 31, 50, Act (1970) 383, 384 72, 83, 161, 199, 351, 377 contractors 193, 197 Cottrell, M.P. 456 Convention on Psychotropic Substances 474 Council of Europe Convention 478 Cooley, A. 137 counterfeiting goods 437, 440–446, 450 co-optation 359–360 Cox, J. 425 defined 353 Cressey, Donald R. 163 coping criminality 106–107 crime family 164 Corbeil, Pierre 192 Crime Intelligence Division 331 core technology 179 crime–politics collusion 264–266 of courts 180 crime prevention, Pacific Islands 426–431 enterprise 175–177 criminal Corriveau trial 192 economy 228 corruption 121, 122, 128 education 365 Canada 189–190 entrepreneurs 442–449 and Charbonneau Commission 196 interests 313, 325 China 389, 390, 392–397 intermediation 209–211, 210–211, 213–214, and collusion 189 213–214 construction industry 166 leaders 133–134 defined 86, 243–244, 353 outlet to underground 139 elite 137 Criminal Intelligence Service Canada Annual in France 24, 25, 28, 29, 31 report 201 Guatemala 249–252 criminality of judicial officers 350 labour and 375–379 know about 190–193 Malaysia 405–407 ‘La Linea’ case see ‘La Linea’ case criminal justice system 333 networks 154 criminally exploitable ties 200 Nigeria 337, 338, 345 criminal organisations 23–24 banking sector 340 goals or purposes 352–353 in government and organised crime 338 influence of 350–351, 354, 359–361 political elite 340, 342, 343 levels of control 351–352 ranking 343 new definition of 64 Oligarchs and Clans 87–88 tactics 353–354 and organised crime 89–91, 96–97, 134, 153, transforming political loyalties 220 284 Criminal Procedure Code, Articles 100a and Putin reforms 152–154 100b 65 by organised criminal groups 350 criminals Pacific Islands 422–428, 431 assistance in election 138 political see political corruption functions of 138 and political infiltration 100 influence 133, 138 political leadership and 135 political protest 138–139 Post-Soviet Eurasia 134–137 Cristero revolution 213 public see public corruption cross-border smuggling 113 punishment for 154 crude oil theft 343–345 risk of 97 CSD report see Centre for the Study of Sierra Leone 315–317 Democracy (CSD) report South Africa 328 cultural values 365 in state actor and private actor 244 customs fraud scheme see ‘La Linea’case in Sweden 37 cybercrime 478–479 Tata Workers’ Union (TWU) 376–379, annual costs 168 384–386 cybercrime group, qualities of 169

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Dacic, Ivica 99 Dobrev, Nikolay 124 Dangov, Purvan 122 domain 176–183 Darden, Keith A. 135 dominant social groups 295–296 Dassault, Serge 29 Donbas region Daugherty, A. 247 capital accumulation in 1990s 108–110 Davies, M. 11 coal exploitation 108 Dawson, C. 10 coalmining industry 110–111 De Búrca, G. 465 conflict in 105, 108, 115 decision-making influence 351 extracting and exporting coal 113–115 decolonisation 298, 299 oligarchs 110 deep sea mining 423 organised crime 108, 110 de facto states population of 108 political elites 106 pro-Russian rebels 112 trade 106 rebel control 113–115 defrauding 252 war in 112 deliberative body 470–471 Donbas Rozrakhunkovo-Finansovyi Centre della Porta, D. 9, 195 (DFRC) 112 democracy 77 Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR) 108, 112 of Germany 61–63 coal extraction 114 organised crime and, Australia Dorr, Goldthwaite H. 175, 186 goals or purposes 352–353 Dowd, John 357 levels of control 351–352 drug cartels 214, 215, 220, 264 tactics 353–354 in Colombia 236 targets of influence 350–351 construction of 218–220 Sierra Leone 314 drug markets study 126 Democratic Action Party (DAP) 405, 415 drug offences 369 democratic politics, effect of organised crime drugs 221 groups 283–284 economy 218 democratisation process, Malaysia 409–410 smuggling 327, 419, 420 Deng Xiaoping 391 drug trade 266 Department for International Development New Zealand 366–367 (DfID) 311, 340 transnationality of 263 Deputy Head of the Border Control Services drug traffickers 217–218 114 characteristics of 220 Des Rosiers, Nathalie 190 drug trafficking 28, 29, 100, 135–136, 215–216, diamond smuggling 310 220–221, 252, 263, 310, 336 ‘dictatorship of law’ policy 152–153 Brazil 228–229 dictatorship of state functionaries 145 in border 231–232 Didukh, Vladimer 137 Colombia 260, 266–268, 270–271 Differentiated Disciplinary Regime 234 European Union 437, 439, 442, 448 Dimitrova, Z. 120–121 organisations 215, 246, 251, 253 Di Nicola, A. 441 Ponta Porã 234–235 dirty money, in politics 280 routes 263, 264, 267–270 Dishkov, Plamen 125 South Africa 323–325, 327 disorganised organised crime 325 Duchesneau, Jacques 191 dissolved local councils 73–76 Duisburg massacre 51 re-election of mayors 77 significance of 66–67 special commission for 80 Dunford, John 358 Division for Social Development and Duran-Martinez, A. 210 Humanitarian Affairs 470 Du Yuesheng 390–391 Djindjic’s assassination 97–99 Djindjic, Zoran 89 Ebbe, O. 337 Djukanovic, Milo 89 economic analysis 14 DNA – Italian National Antimafia and Economic and Social Council 470, 471 Terrorism Directorate 55, 67 economic blockade 106

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Economic Community of West African States European Economic Community (EEC) 445 (ECOWAS) Regional Action Plan 312 European Multidisciplinary Platform Against economic criminals 148 Criminal Threats (EMPACT) policy cycle economic globalisation, Pacific Islands 419, 440–441 420, 423, 425, 426, 432 European Public Prosecutor Office (EPPO) 66 economic resources 293, 294, 296 European Union Agenda on security, 2015 439 economic transactions 139 European Union (EU), organised crime economy, effect of organised crime groups anti-cigarette smuggling policies 446–449 283–284 conception 438–439 EG see experimentalist governance (EG) criminal entrepreneurs and businesses elections 138–139 442–449 illicit activities in 339 policies 437, 439–442 New Zealand 367, 369 Europol 440–442, 444, 450 political violence 280 evolutionary model of organised crime 196 electoral campaigns 82 executive level of institutions 351, 352 electoral machines 28–30 experimentalist governance (EG) 456, 458–459 electoral outcomes 265 broad framework goals 459–460 Elias, Baldest 251 implementation 460 Elite Cartel syndrome 87 limits 462–464 elite corruption 137 peer review assessment 460–461 elites 120–122 periodic revision 461–462 role of 121, 127 regular reporting 460–461 ‘elitisation’ of smuggling 298 ex-police officers, relation with State Security Ellis, E. 247, 253, 335, 337, 338, 344, 392 officers 124–127 Elma Personlig Assistans AB 39 extortion 154, 160 ELN 262, 266, 267, 269, 270–271 extracting and exporting coal 113–115 El Pulpo 268 extra-legal 295, 296, 302 enablers 178–179, 186 bank as 184 Falcone, Giovanni 438 obtaining access or redress 180–181 families 38, 41–42, 161, 164 security 179–181 Farao–Marincola clan 60 enforcement enablers 179–181, 186 FARC 262, 266–270 enforcement partnership 377 fast money schemes 425 enterprise FATF see Financial Action Task Force (FATF) basic concepts of 176 FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) 455 illicit 174–178 Favarel-Garrigues, G. 148 Enterprise Theory of Investigation (ETI) 182 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 5, 313, entrepreneurial ‘families’ 177 330 EPL 269 Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration Eppolito trial 163–164 227 Erkinbaev, Bayman 138 Fijnaut, C. 438, 440 Errichetti, Angelo 181 Final Report on Corruption and Racketeering in Escobar, Pablo 258, 262, 265, 265, 268 the New York City Construction Industry e’shili (dark forces) 391 166 Estonia 131 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 455, 477 ethical considerations 12, 13 experimentalist governance 458–464 ethnic elites 294 money laundering 455–464 ethnic violence 279 Financial Crime Units (FCUs) 430 ethno-nationalist movement 408 Financial Institutions Act 425 ethnorgraphy 228, 374, 376 Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) 427 Eurocrimes 441 Finckenauer, J.O. 287 Eurojust 440 Finger, B. 51, 60, 61, 67 Euromaidan protesters 111 fisheries 422–423 European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) 446 Fishery Operation Division 429 European Commission Report on Albania 90 fixed-term contracts 376

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Foord, John 357 George, Olabode 338 foreign governments 137 Georgia 131–133, 137–139 Forgione, Francesco 58, 67 German denial of the phenomenon 51–53 ‘419 fraud’ 336–337 Germany fragmented law enforcement system, United Duisburg massacre 51, 66–67 States 166–167 EU Directive 63–66 fragmented political system, United States and Italy 63 166–167 legislation gaps 64–65 Framework Decision 2008/841/JHA 439–441 ‘Ndrangheta in see ‘Ndrangheta Framework for Pacific Regionalism (2014) new definition of criminal organisation 64 430 wire-tapping 65–66 France Getax 422 anti-mafia in 24–26 Ginov, Ivan 126 brokering 28–30 Girolamo, N. di 60 criminals and violent political auxiliaries Girón, Ulises Anzuelo 251 27–28 Gjipali, G. 90 electoral machines 28–30 Glenny, M. 99, 101 organised crime in Global Corruption Barometer survey 90, end of nineteenth century–1970s 23–24 342–343 since the 1980s 24–25 Global Corruption Index (2016) 389 French politics 27–31 Global Financial Integrity (2014) report 340 frozen conflict 106–108 global governance 456, 463 Frroku, Arben 91–94 globalisation trial 95 Nigeria 337 Frroku brothers case 91–94 Pacific Islands 420–421 broken promises 425–426 Gagnon, L. 193 money laundering 423–425 Galeotti, M. 132 natural resources 421–423 Galev, Plamen 121–122 Godson, R. 259, 263, 391, 397 Gambetta, Diego 186, 195 gold trade 293 gambling 161, 167, 168, 170 Gomery Commission (2005–2006) 191–192 Gandhi, Mahatma 380 González, Estuardo 248 gang intelligence 368 Gopal’s assassination 376, 377 gang members Gorbachev 132, 145, 153 intelligence 368 Gounev, P. 125, 361 role 369 governance 259, 263, 266, 269, 276–279, 284, gangs 7 288, 289, 296, 302 and corruption 370–371 Guatemala 246 as electioneering strategy 369–370 Kenya 278–279 patched see patched gangs Sierra Leone 313, 314 in politics 366–367 South Africa 323 strategy 369–370 ‘governance through compromising materials’ gangsta, Malaysia 407 135 Gangster Boogie 405 government actors, corruption 244–245 gangsterism Grajales, J. 221 democratisation process 408–410 Grasso, Pietro 67, 77 membership by ethnic group 411 Gratteri, N. 63 Garavini, Laura 67 great banditry 24 Garibashvili, Irakli 135 Green Gang 390–391 gasoline smuggling 260, 264 Green, R.T. 443, 444 Gastrow, P. 283 guanxi (preferential treatment – nepotism) 16, Geffray, C. 216. 220, 220 389, 392–393, 392–397, 399–401 General Assembly 274, 469, 470, 474 approval from highest levels of government general criminality 106 397–398 geographical patterns, North Africa 290–291 institutional settings 395–396

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mutually beneficial and balanced 397 heroin 310 nepotism 393–395 trade 336 police involvement in illicit business 397 heuristic cynicism 289 predatory protection 396–397 Heywood, A. 8 red–black nexus 398–400 high-level politicians, accusations 339 Guatemala high-profit, low-risk crimes 338 civil war 245–246 high-ranking officers corruption 249–252 corruption 247–248 democracy 246 involvement in ‘La Linea’ case 252–253 governance 246 Highway 61 Motorcycle Club 365 history 245 Hildebrando Pascoal 237 institutional weakness of 251, 252 Hill, Peter B.E. 122 ‘La Coperacha’ 251 historical patterns, North Africa 291–294 ‘La Linea’ case 243–245 historical sociology 290, 291 corruption with high-ranking officers Historic Clarification Commission 245 252–253 Hobbs, D. 12, 13, 391 organised crime 249–252 homicide-related offences 369 and politics 252–253 honest services fraud 187 Peace Accords 246 and extortion 185 rate of violent death 253 Honiara Declaration on Law Enforcement security strategy 253 Cooperation (1992) 430 Guatemalan Institute of Health Services Hoxha, E. 101 (IGSS) 252 Hughes, E. 27 Guatemalan State’s customs and excise agency Hughes, N. 11 243 human trafficking 232, 252, 264, 335, 345 guerrillas 262, 268, 270 hysterical nationalism 101 Guinea Bissau cocaine trade in 314 Ibar Highway assassination 102 political system 313–314 Ibekwe, Maurice 337 state structures 315 Ibn Abī Zar 292 Gupta, A. 378 Ibn Yāsīn 292 Gupta brothers 328 Ibori, James 340–341 illegal Hagan, F.E. 6 banking 43 Hagerdorn 407 business transactions 120, 128 Hague Programme (2004) 439 coalmines 111 Haller, M. 200 drug trade, and political actors 236 Hamidi, Ahmad Zahid 411 entrepreneurship 132 Hanich, Q. 422 fishing 311 Haora’s murder 365 gambling 394, 400 hashish sector 297 Morocco 296–298 timber 311 revenues 296 illegitimate violence 261 smuggling 299 illicit Haslett, Dave 369 capital accumulation 110 Hassan, King II 297 drug production (1980s) 356–357 Hatton, John 356–357 drug trade 266 Havana Congress 472 enterprise 180–181 Hawks 330–331 in action 175–178 Heidenheimer, A.J. 243–244 core technology 175–177 heishehui xingzhi zuzhi (those with the defined 186 character of the black society) 391, 401 legality 178 Hellman, Joel 309 roots of 174–175 Hells Angels 189, 199, 202, 364, 365 entrepreneur 183 Hernández, Thelma Aldana 248 finance 456, 461–464

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incomes 137 Internet fraud 168–170 privatisation 110 intimidation 94–95, 99, 353 tobacco trade 437, 446–449 Inzunza, Álvarez 456 trade 107, 110, 300, 310, 444–446 Ioseliani, Jaba 138 Imperial Tobacco Limited 447, 448 Italian Implementation Review Group 478 democracy 62 incarcerated offenders 12 immigrants 59 independence of the judiciary 333 mafias 25, 26, 32, 50, 52–54, 76, 326 Independent Police Complaints Authority 371 organized crime 59–61, 67 India Italian National Antimafia and Terrorism Tata Motors see Tata Motors Directorate (DNA) 55, 67 trade unions 382 Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission TWU see Tata Workers’ Union (TWU) 73 Indian bribery 377 Italian penal code, Article 416bis of the 63 Indian National Trade Union Congress Italian Stige investigation 60 (INTUC) 382 Italy Indian Trade Unions 379–381 local councils see local councils industrial capitalism 374–376 mafia infiltration 73–78, 80–81 Industrial Disputes Act (1947) 381 political affiliations 78–80 Industrial Relations Bill (1978) 382 political parties 82 informal relationships Ivanov, Zlatomir 124 with ex-police officers 124–127 Ivanyushchenko, Yuri 138 with State Security officers 124–127 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 325 Jalalaty, Bakhos 355 Inspector General of Police (IGP) 412 Jamshedpur institutional weaknesses 426, 427 labour politics in 377, 379 intermediation, criminal 210–211, 213–214 Tata Motors see Tata Motors Internal Security Act (ISA) 409, 415 TWU see Tata Workers’ Union (TWU) international aid 137 Jamshedpur Labour Association 380 International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition Jamshedpur Mazdoor Union (JMU) 382–384 (IACC) 443 Japanese bakuto gangs 351 International Commission Against Impunity in Japan Tobacco International 447–448 Guatemala (CICIG) 243, 246, 249–252 Jiba, Nomgcobo 331 fundamental objectives 246 jihad 292, 293 relevance of 247 jihadists 301 International Convention on the Elimination job patronage 88 of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Johnston, M. 87 (ICERD) 414 Jome Care 39 international cooperation 469, 474, 478–480 Joossens, L. 448 International Criminal Court (ICC) judiciary involvement, illicit drug production proceedings 282 356–357 International Criminal Tribunal of Yugoslavia Julius Berger (JB) 339 (ICTY) 98 Justice Partnership/Program 427 International Crisis Group 316 international financial institutions 137 Kabui, Joseph 425 international intelligence 313 Kaldas, Nick 358 international legal sovereignty 106 Kamara, Sankara 314 International Military Assistance Training Kashamu, Buruji 336 Team (IMATT) 313 Katsouris, C. 340 International Narcotics Control Strategy Kaufmann, Daniel 309 Report 313 Kelly, Robert J. 165 international organised crime 162 Kennedy, Anthony 184 international presence, in Sierra Leone 311–314 Kenya International Trademark Association (INTA) characteristics 277–278 443 electoral politics 282

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ethnic divisions 280 ‘La Coperacha’ case 251 governance 278–279 La Familia Michoacana 209, 210, 218–219 organised crime La Guajira 258, 261, 262, 266–268, 267 defining 277–278 ‘La Linea’ case 243–245, 254, 255 in general elections of 2013 280 corruption with high-ranking officers and politics, history 278–279 252–253 organised crime groups and politics facts 247–249 drivers of 279–280 institutional weakness 250 links with politics 280–283 involvement of President and Vice-President organised crime groups, effects of 248–251 on economy and democratic politics Lamaj, Dritan, murder of 91, 92, 95 283–284 Landesco, John 174, 200 political Balkanisation 280 land injustices 279 self-employment 285 land property 215–216 Kenya’s National Intelligence Service 281 Lasaro, Iairo 425 Kenyatta 282 Latin America 244, 246 Kerry, John 113 drug trafficking 229 Khalid Abu Bakar 411 law enforcement Khodorkovsky’s arrest 152–153 agencies 126, 127, 280, 281 kidnapping for ransom 266, 299, 300, 344 authorities 164–165, 167 Kikuyus 282 officers 135 kin (shouren or jiaren) 393 and organised crime 122–127 Kinahan, Daniel 312 role of 127–128 Kinch, James 355 threat of 180–181 King, Alan 367 threats, neutralising 163 Kings Cross police corruption (1994–1997) Law on the Fight against Organised Crime 98 356, 359 laws 342 Kiribati’s growth 421 Lazaro Cardenas del Rio 213 Kirk, Norman 364 leadership 282, 285 Kleemans, E.R. 287 Leadership Code 428 kleptocracy 99, 101 League of Nations 468, 471, 473–474 KL Gangsters 412 Leclerc, Michel 197 ‘knight-errant ethic’ 395 Lee, Rensselaer W. 265, 271 Knights Templar (Caballeros Templarios) 209, legality 178 214, 218, 220, 222 legal nihilism and anarchy 151 Koivu, K. 351, 353 Legija 98 Kokoreff, M. 28, 32 legitimacy 179–180 Kolawole, Samuel 344 legitimate business 182 Kolbaev, Kamchy 139 exploitation of 201 Kolstø, P. 106, 107 legitimate economy 146, 148, 153 ‘Komsomol economy’ 145 legitimate violence 261 Komsomol youth movement 145 Levi, Michael 196 kongsi gelap 408 Le, V.K. 394 Konomi, Skerdilaj 95 Liang Xiaoming 397 Koroma’s manifesto on 2012 election 316 liberation movements 324, 325 Kostunica, Vojislav 98–99 licit and illicit worlds, impact of 339–343 ‘Krasniqi Organization’ 94 licit economy 144–145 Krejcir, Radovan 331 licit trade 107 Kurti, Aleksander 93 Li, L. 393, 395 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index 420 labour, and criminality 375–379 linkages labour politics 382 political 280–283 violence in 376–379 state and organised crime 289 labour power 375 Lisbon Treaty (2007) 439, 441 Lachance 193 loans 177

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local councils 73 settlements and ‘government’ 62 dissolve of 74–77 traditional 169–170 timing of and reasons for 77–78 Mafiosi 195 law 81–83 Mahathir 409, 413–414 political affiliations of 78–80 Makhzenian negotiations 297 re-election of 77 Makled, Walid 268 suspension of 76–77 Malaysia locali, 52, 55 civil society 405, 410, 413 logging 421, 423, 425 complicit militancy 408–409 Longo, F. 287 criminality 405–407 López, Julie 253 democratisation process 409–410 Lorch, J. 410 gangsta 407 Lo, T.W. 397, 398 gangsterism to politics 408–410 Louise Nicholas case 370–371 mafia 407 lower ranking police officers 135 Orchestration of Violence 410 Lucchese Mafia crime family 164 Pekida 407–408 Lu, Donald 94, 95 Perpetuation of Authoritarian Power 410 Luhansk People’s Republic (LNR) 108, political big bang 411–412 112 politics 406–407 coal extraction 114 secret societies 406–407 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration underground network 406, 408, 409 227 Malaysia baharu 414 Lukanov, Andrey 123 Maldonado, Alejandro 246 Luo, Y. 393, 395 Maldonado Aranda, S. 213, 221 Lupel, Adam 309 Mali, governed organised crime, 298–301 Lupsha, P. 196 illicit trade 300 state formation 291 Maastricht Treaty (1992) 439 Management Assets Corporation LLC 111 Mabasa, Joey 331 manna 220–282 Macdonald, R. 191 Manzetti, L. 244 Mackay, Donald, political assassination Maori street gangs 364 (1975–1977) 357–358, 360 Mao Zedong 395 Mackenzie, S. 446 Marcos ‘Marquitos’ Figueroa Garcia Madafferi, Frank 354–355 267–268 Madafferi, Tony 354–355 marijuana 235, 236 Madonsela, Thuli 332 cultivation 356–357, 367 mafia 6–7, 148 markets 106, 136, 228–229 American 161–162 Martens, F. 192 Australia 354–355 Maruyama, G. 10 bombings 83 matatu 281, 282 China 390–391 Mathews, Colleen 193 expansion 51, 63 Matthews, Michael 166 family 161 Mattina, C. 32 groups 351, 361 Mattioli, S. 67 infiltration 73–78, 80–82, 196–200 Mauro, P. 284 Mafia Cops 163 mayors 77, 78, 236 mafia state 143 Mbeki, Thabo 327 Russia as 143 McCardle’s report 366–368 ‘mafia type’ 7 McDevitt, A. 86, 89, 91, 96 mafia-type ‘traditional’ criminal groups 196, McDonnell, Robert 185 197, 199 McDonnell v. United States 184–185 Malaysia 405, 407 Mdluli, Richard 331 organisations 445 Medellín cartel 254, 258, 262, 265, 268 organised crime and 6 media 145 public corruption by 162 Memia, Ylli 95

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Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) 311, monopolisation 263 425 monopoly Merton, R. 192 on decision-making 153 Mesarovic, Nata 99 on violence 151, 153, 155 Meta, Ilir 94 Montel, L. 32 methamphetamines 218, 221, 366 Monti Government 76 Mexico Monzini, P. 24 cartel–politics relations 209–213 Monzón, Juan Carlos 248, 251 criminal intermediation 210–211, 213 Moore, Mike 366 criminal organisations 210–212 Morales, Gustavo 248 drug cartels, construction of 218–220 Morales, Jimmy 249 drug traffickers 217–218 morality 182, 184, 185 drug trafficking 215–216 Moroccan military occupation 293 Knight Templars 220–222 Morocco, governed organised crime 296–298 manna 220–222 hashish 296–298 organised violence 216–218, 221–223 illegal sector 297 political reciprocity 220–222 smuggling 297, 298 politico-criminal collusions 210 state formation 291, 301 rancheros 215–216 Mossack Fonseca 456 rancho, land property and social mobility motorcycle gangs 366 215–216 MoU see Memorandum of Understanding mianzi (respect) 392–395 (MoU) Miceli, A. 66 Mouvement national pour la libération de Michoacán region 213–215, 217–222 l’Azawad (MNLA) 301 from political to criminal intermediation Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger 213–214 Delta (MEND) 341–342 Mihalev, Mladen 121 Moyle, B. 394 Mihaylov, Victor 123, 125, 127 Mungiki 282 Miklaucic, Michael 309 Muñoz, Carlos 248 Milioto, Nicolo 198, 199 Munshi, Dulal 383–384 milk bar cowboys 364 Murder and Robbery Units 329 Millennium Challenge corporation 424 murder for money, New Zealand 364–366 Milosevic, Slobodan 96, 97 Mustacich, S. 400 Ministry of Defence, Guatemala 251 Myers III, W.H. 392 Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine 114 Naim, Moises 231, 309, 313 Ministry of Government, Guatemala 251 Najib Razak 405, 406, 409–411, 413 Ministry of the Interior (MoI) 81, 82, 127 Nance, M.T. 456 reforms 122–123 narco 15, 218, 221 Mishgjoni, Mirela 95 narco-brokers 267–268 Mishler, W. 392 Nasonini Declaration on Regional Security Mishra, S.K. 383, 384 (2002) 430 Misse, M. 228 National Anti-Corruption Unit 37 ML see money laundering (ML) National Anti-Drug Secretariat (SENAD) Mladenovic, N. 99 reports, Paraguay 234 Modise, Joe 328 National Drug and Law Enforcement Agency modus operandi 247 (NDLEA) 312, 315 Mohammed, King VI 297 national governments, political affiliations Molina, Otto Perez 245, 248–251 78–80 Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) National Liberation Army (ELN) 262, 266, 281–282 267, 269 money laundering (ML) 183, 184, 338, preponderance 270–271 455–464 National Police Service Act 2011 282 EU Directive 64–65 natural resources 136–137 Pacific Islands 423–425, 427, 428, 430 Pacific Islands 421–423

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Nauru Agreement 423 political elite 340, 342, 343 Ndoka, Arben 92, 95 ranking 343 ‘Ndrangheta drug trafficking 336 challenge to German democracy 61–63 economy 340 colonisation 58 ethnic groups 341 expansion 51, 53 failure of national integration 341 with German business 59, 60 ‘419 fraud’ 336–337 German upper class 59–61 globalisation and 337, 341 in Germany 54–55 human trafficking 335, 345 influence on politics 50, 54 illegal oil bunkering 343–345 investment 54 investment 340 migration flows 58–59 Nikolic, Tomislav 99 Neiss, W. 61 Nikolov, Rumen 121 neoliberal transformations 221 Nixon, Richard 473 nepotism 393–395 Niyazov 137 networks 58–59 Nkaissery, Joseph 281 business 139 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) corruption 154 405–406, 478 ‘Ndrangheta 58–59 non-Mafia-type groups 196, 197, 199 outlet to underground 139 non-traditional territory 58 political–criminal 30–31 normal gang view 368 structure 38 Norte de Santander 269 neutralising law enforcement threats 163 North Africa Newbold, G. 367 cocaine trafficking 299, 300 New International Economic Order 475 illicit trade 300 Newman, John, assassination (1994–2001) 358 kidnapping for ransom 299, 300 New Pacific Diplomacy 431 organised crime 287–290 New World Order 438 coast and Inland 290–291 New Zealand control of routes 291–294 blue vision of police 367–369 governed 294–296 drug trade 366–367 trafficking 299 gangs resilience of power structures 295 and corruption 370–371 Ntlemeza, Mthaudazo Berning 331 as electioneering strategy 369–370 in politics 366–367, 370 Obasanjo, Olusegun 342 from murder to money 364–366 obtaining access or redress enablers 180–181, profit-driven crime 366, 367, 369 186 rise of patched gangs 363–364 Office for Harmonization in the Internal nexus Market 444 organised crime and politics 337–339 Official Moguls category 87 political–criminal 134, 138–139, 337–339, offshore finance 457, 463, 464 397 Ohlin, L.E. 365 red–black 398–400 oil theft, Nigeria 340, 343–345 Ngcuka, Bulelani 330 Okoro, Augunos 337 Ngo, Phuong 358, 360 oligarch-bashing 153 NGOs see non-governmental organisations oligarchs 110, 152 (NGOs) Oligarchs and Clans 87–88, 101 Nigeria Delta region 343 Olldashi, Sokol 95 Nigerian community 399 Ombudsman Commission (OC) 428 Nigeria, organised crime and politics omnibus resolution 472, 480 cocaine and heroin trade 336 O’Neill, Peter 430, 431 collusion 338, 345 online banking theft 169 corruption 337, 338, 342, 345 Operation Colisee 199 banking sector 340 Operation Thunder Sweep-Drug 398 in government and organised crime 338 Operation Tore 43, 45

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Ops Cantas Khas 411, 412 petty crime and 7 O’Regan, David 314 and politics 133–134 organisations in action 175–178 Albania 91–94 organised bankruptcy scheme 110 Australia see Australia organised crime 377 Serbia 97–99 accumulation of money 182 South Africa 321–323 and political corruption 9 and politics, Colombia 258–264 Brazil state and politics 235–236 collusion 264–265 case studies 237–238 pacific coexistence 269 Canadian laws against 201 preponderance relations 270–271 Charbonneau Commission definition of 197 strategic alliances 266–268 China 389 and politics, Nigeria guanxi 395–398 illegal oil bunkering 343–345 historical context 390–391 nexus 337–339 large-scale criminality 391 Post-Soviet Eurasia 132–134 red–black nexus 398–400 public corruption by 167–170 and state 392–395 qualitative and quantitative research and corruption 89–91, 134, 379 methods 10–14 Putin reforms 152–154 São Paulo 229, 232–235 defined 5, 243, 287 Sierra Leone and 309–311 and democracy, Australia in Sweden see Syriac Mafia goals or purposes 352–353 United Nations levels of control 351–352 Crime Congress 471–472, 475–476 tactics 353–354 crime prevention 468–469, 473–474 targets of influence 350–351 criminal justice 468–469, 473–474 Donbas region 106, 108, 110 deliberative body 470–471 enablers of 178–181 drug programme 474 European Union policy-making body 470 anti-cigarette smuggling policies political themes 474–479 446–449 regimes of cooperation 475 conception 438–439 Secretariat 470 criminal entrepreneurs and businesses Yeltsin administration 149 442–449 Organised Crime Group Mapping programme policy initiatives 437 5 policies 437, 439–442 organised crime groups 8, 124–127 evolutionary model of 196 involving law enforcement and public fight against 63–64 officials 164–165 former law enforcement officers in 123–124 Kenya in France see France effects on democratic politics 283–284 in Germany 54 effects on economy 283–284 governed 294–296 goal of 279 Mali 298–301 and politics 279–283 Morocco 296–298 United States 161 Guatemala 249–252 cybercrime 168–170 politics and 252–253 public corruption 162, 165–167 involvement of politicians 134–135 taking advantages 166–167 Kenya organised crime–politics collusion 244 and characteristics 277–278 Organised Crime Project (OCP) 366 corruption and 284 Organised Crime Threat Assessments (OCTAs) defined 277–278 440, 444 in general elections (2013) 280 organised criminal group, United Nations and politics, history 278–279 Convention definition 242–243 law enforcement and 122–127 organised criminals 201 and mafia 6 in Russia 140, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154 Pacific Islands 429–431 organised violence 216–218, 221–223

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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Peace Accords, Guatemala 245, 246 Europe (OSCE) Observer Mission (OM) peace-making process 424 114 Pearce, J.L. 395 Ortisejafor, Ayo 336 peer review mechanism 477–479 Ostaiza, Jefferson 268 Pekida 407–414 outsiders (wairen) 393 pentapartito coalition 79 Perrella, Gustavo 237–238 Pablo Escobar 258, 262, 265, 268 Pesic, V. 99 pacific coexistence 260, 263 petty corruption, defined 86–87 Colombia 269 petty crime 7 Pacific Islands Philip Morris International 447–448, 450 corruption 422–428, 431 Picarelli, J. 110 globalisation 420–421 Pikoli, Vusi 330 broken promises 425–426 pirated goods 443–445 money laundering 423–425 Pistone, Joseph 197 natural resources 421–423 PNG see Papua New Guinea (PNG) location 418 PNG-Australia Law 427 oversight institutions 426–431 Poci, Spartak 91 weak crime prevention 426–431 police Pacific Islands Forum 430 blue vision of 367–369 Pacific Plan (2005) 430 corruption 370–371 Pacific Transnational Crime Network (PTCN) integrity 97 429, 430 intelligence 368–369 Pakatan Harapan 413 interactions in gang 368 Palazzolo, Vitto 326–327, 329 misconduct 371 Palermo Convention (2000) 440 reforms 122–123 Paoli, L. 195, 287, 440 Police Complaints Authority (1989) 371 Papua New Guinea (PNG) police corruption 342, 370 economic growth 425–426 Kings Cross 356 money laundering 423–425 police involvement, illicit drug production National Security Policy 426 356–357 natural resources 421–423 policing, South Africa 329–332 police force 428 policy-making body 470 Taskforce Sweep 428 political affiliations 279 Paraguay 234 of local councils 78–80 paramilitaries 262, 267, 268, 270 political assassination para-politics scandal 267 Mackay, Donald 357–358 Parliamentary Report on the National Crime Newman, John 358 Authority 358 political Balkanisation 280 Parry, J.P. 377–378 political big bang 411–412 Partido de la Revolucion Democratica (PRD) political–construction–union–Rizzuto, Quebec 217–218 195 Parti Pribumi Bersatu 413–414 political corruption 29, 101, 134–135, 174, 189, Pascoal, Hildebrando 237 264, 342, 343 patched gangs Albania 100 blue vision of police an 367–369 Canada 189–193 and corruption 370–371 defined 86–87 electioneering strategy 369–370 defining 9 from murder to money 364–366 inefficiency of judiciary 94 politics of 366–367 Serbia 100 rise of 363–364 state capture and 88 patriotic Triad policy 398 United States 182–185 patron-client interactions 212–213 Western Balkans 89 Pax priista 209–211 political–criminal PCN 338 alliances 313–315

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intermediation 220 Serbia 97–99 networks 30–31 South Africa 321–323 nexus 134, 138–139, 397 and organised crime, Colombia 258–264 relationships 26, 211–212 collusion 264–265 brokering 28–30 pacific coexistence 269 criminals and violent political auxiliaries preponderance relations 270–271 27–28 strategic alliances 266–268 electoral machines 28–30 regional responses 429–431 Marseille 27 relations with cartel 209–213 Sicily 27 state and 235–238 political politics–crime linkage elites 120, 122, 127, 267 Cyril Beeka case 324 brokers and 268 South Africa 323–324, 327 de facto states 106 politics–crime nexus 337–339 infiltration 72 politics, Kenya corruption and 100 organised crime and, history 278–279 influence 164 organised crime groups and interests 325 drivers of 279–280 interference 88, 90, 91 links with politics 280–283 leadership 134–135 politics, Nigeria, organised crime and corruption and 135 illegal oil bunkering 343–345 linkages, with organised criminal groups nexus 337–339 280–283 Ponta Porã, drug trafficking in 234–235 mobilisation 40–41 Pontell, H. 200 parties 350, 353, 355, 359 poor governance 9 party funds 328 popular decision-making 361 protection 94–95, 120 Popular Liberation Army (EPL) 269 protest 138–139 Poroshenko, Petro 112 reciprocity 220–222 post-Communism 119, 120 Mexico 220–222 post-Djindjic Serbia 99–100 responses 342–343 Post-Soviet Eurasia scandals 23, 24, 26, 28 collusion variation socialisation 279 elite corruption 137 system, Sierra Leone 313–315 foreign governments 137 transitions, South Africa 321–323 geography 135–136 political–mafia systems, Corsica 26, 30–31 international aid 137 politicians international financial institutions 137 accusations 339 natural resources 136–137 drug trafficking leaders and 266 political leadership 134–135 fraud schemes 252 Western financial institutions 137 in organised crime 253–254 corruption 134–137 politico-criminal collusionss 210 political–criminal collusion in 132–134 politics political–criminal nexus 138–139 defining 8–9 post-Soviet transitional period (1991–2000) and governance 133–134 146–151 Guatemala big criminal revolution 148 ‘La Linea’ case 252–253 clan politics 147 organised crime and 252–253 commercialisation of state services 149–150 influence of ‘Ndrangheta on 50, 54 official reforms 149, 150 Malaysia 406–407 privatisation reforms 146–148 Michoacán region, criminal intermediation ‘shock therapy’ reforms 147 213–214 voucher privatisations 146–147 and organised crime 60–61, 132–134 Yeltsin government 147, 149 Albania 91–94 Pourreaux, Serge 198 Australia see Australia poverty 340, 341, 343, 345

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power 201 reassertion of state control 153 of government/party 280 reforms 152 of politicians 280 Soviet period and 154 of state 212 state control 152–153 power dynamics shift 153 power structures 295, 296 quasi-governmental functions 155 Prebble, Richard 366 Quebec’s construction industry 189–191, 195, precursor chemical importation (2003–2005) 196, 201 355–356 mafia infiltration 196–200 preponderance relations 260, 264 Quetzal port 251 Colombia 270–271 quid pro quo 184, 193 Prevention of Crime Act (1959) 412 Prevention of Organised Crimes Act, No. 6 Rabelo, Jabes Pinto 237 (2010) 282 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) 412, 416 Organizations Act (RICO) 161, 162, 199, Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) 213, 201, 323, 457 233–235 Ralón, Stuardo 246 Printing Press and Publication Act (PPPA) Rama, Edi 89, 94 409, 416 Ramaphosa, Cyril 333 prisons 132, 133 rancheros 215–216, 215–216, 219 private actor, corruption 244 Ranmuthugala 425 privatisation processes 295 Rawlinson, P. 145 privatisation reforms 146–148 RCMP-led Combined Forces Special Proceeds of Crimes Act (1990) 365–366 Enforcement Unit 199 profit-driven crime 364, 366, 367, 369 Reagan, Ronald 174 profits 336–338, 342–345 rebel-controlled territories, extracting and Prohibition 161, 178 exporting coal 113–115 Project Star 450 Red and White Flag societies 406 Prokopenko, Yaroslav 113 red–black nexus 389, 398–400 pro-Russian rebels 112 Red Devils case 371 prosecution service, South Africa 331, 332 Red Mafia 396–397, 402 protection 120–122 redress enablers 180–181 business transactions 121 Red Shirts 405 and collusion 21 re-election 77 public corruption Regime Disciplinar Diferenciado (RDD) 234, by mafia 162 239 United States 162 Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon cybercrime and groups 168–170 Islands (RAMSI) 425 downward trend 167–170 registrar of society (ROS) 411 goal of 163–165 Regulation and Abolition Act (1970) 383, 384 by organised crime 167–170 regulatory system, United States 165–166 situations and conditions 165–167 replacing democratic institutions 351 public interests 313 research methodologies 10–15 Public Ministry, Guatemala 249, 250, 252 resilience of power structures 295 public officials 164–165 Reski, P. 59 Public Safety Canada 201 Reuter, Peter 195 public sector corruption 315 Review of the Pacific Plan 431 Putin administration 112, 155 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) 310 anti-corruption programmes 154 Reynolds, R.J. 447 ‘dictatorship of law’ policy 152–153 RICO 161, 162, 199, 201, 323, 457 dictatorship of state functionaries 145 Rif 291, 296, 297 fighting against organised crime and Rimbunan Hijau 421, 422 corruption 152–154 Rio de Janeiro, drug trafficking 229 Khodorkovsky’s arrest 152–153 Rizzuto family 198, 199 power dynamics shift 152–153 Rizzuto, Nicolo 195

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robbery 325 seabed mining 421, 423 Roberts, John 185 Secretariat, of the United Nations 470 Robin Hoods 138 secret societies, Malaysia 406–407 Rodriguez, Juan de Dios 250 secure employment 374, 375 Rose, R. 392 security enablers 179–181, 186 Roth, J. 61 security sector reforms 122–123, 311 Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) 198 security, South Africa 329–332 Royal Commission inquiry 356 Sedition Act (SA) 409, 415 Rrapo, Almir 94 Selebi, Jackie 327–330 Ruddock, Phillip 354 self-censorship 429 Rule of law 361 self-defence groups 219 Russia sensitive information 163, 164 as mafia state 143 Serbia organised criminals in 140, 146, 148, 150, attacks on journalists 97 151, 153, 154 corruption and organised crime 96–97 post-Soviet transitional period (1991–2000) Corruption Perception Index 96 146–151 Djindjic’s assassination 97–99 Putin administration see Putin see also Albania administration Serbian Anti-Corruption Agency 96 Soviet period (1922–1991) 144–146 Serbian Secret Security Service 98 statist period (2000–present) 152–154 Serbian Special Operations ((JSO) 97, 98 Yeltsin government 147, 149 Sergeev, V.M. 153 Ryan C. 10 Sergi, Pasquali 354–355 Serious and Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) Saadis state-making 293–294 312, 313 Saffron, Abe (1965–1981) 358–359 Serious and Organised Crime (SOC) Strategy 5 Sahelian–Saharan route, hashish smuggling Serious and Organised Crime Threat 299 Assessment (SOCTA) 440–441, 444 Sahel–Sahara 287 serious crime 5 Saint-Martin, Denis 189, 196 Seselj, Vojislav 99 sale of infants 335 settlements 54, 58 Salerno, Ralph 195 sex trade 335 Salter, Liora 193 sexual exploitation 252 salt trade 293 Shabani, Qamil 98 Salwaru, B. 341 shadow citizenship 272 Samandzhiev, Krasimir 123 Shadowcrew 168–169 Samaniego case, drug trafficking 270 shadow economy 132, 145 Sam Koim 423, 431 Shamel, Mohib 312 Samper, Ernesto 265 Sharman, J. 137, 464 sanctions 106 Sheriff, Ali Modu 342 São Paulo Shullazi, Emiljano 94 drug trafficking 229 Sicilan Mafia see Cosa Nostra growth of violence 230 Sierra Leone organised crime in 232–235 cocaine seizure 315–316 growth of crimes 233 cocaine trafficking 312 investments in prison system 233 corruption ranking 311 ‘megarebellion’ of 2001 233–234, 239 democracy 314 SAPS 329 forms of corruption 315–317 Saric, Darko 100 Guinea Bissau Sayne, A. 340 cocaine trade in 314 Scarpinato, Roberto 63 political system 313–314 Schelling, Thomas C. 195, 263 state structures 315 Schengen Space 25 illicit trade 310 Sciarrone, R. 7 international presence in 311–313 Scorpions 330, 331 and organised crime 309–311

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political system 313–315 Soviet period 144–146, 154 poor/weak governance 313, 314 special commission 80–81 state capture 309–311, 313, 315, 318 Spillane, S. 432 state structures 314, 315 Stafuka, Enver 95 Transnational Organised Crime Unit Standen, Mark 355–356 310–313, 315–316, 318 Standing, A. 278 silovi grupirovki 119, 122–127 state Simpson, Sidney P. 175, 186 crime and 290–301 Singh, Amrendra Kumar 376 organised crime and 392–395 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 474 and politics 235–238 SIRASCO 26, 30 repression 411–412 Skate, Bill 425 state actor, corruption 244 Slade, G. 132 state capture 16, 88, 99, 101, 259, 309–311, Smirnov, Igor 107 313, 315, 318, 328, 329, 343 Smith, Dwight 200 bulwarks against 332, 333 Smith, T. 443, 444 defined 309 smuggling 108, 113, 232, 267, 300 state control 145, 152–153 coal 114 reassertion of 153 drugs 419, 420 state formation goods and cigarette 437 Almoravid dynasty 291–292, 301 Morocco 297, 298 Moroccan 291, 301 Snyder, R. 210 Saadis 293–294, 301 social groups 295 state-organised crime 134 social injustice 341, 342 State Security officers, relationships with ex- social microcosm of criminals 200 police and 124–127 social mobility 215–216 state structures 314, 315 social transformations 216 state tenders 328 socio-economic development 230 statist ideology 152 Södertälje statist period (2000–present) 152–154 history 41 Stavisky scandal 23–24 Syriac Mafia in see Syriac Mafia Stockholm Programme (2009) 439 Sofiyski Imoti company 121 Stock Theft Units 329 soggiorno obbligato 59, 69 Stojarova, V. 89 Solomon Islands Stoltenberg, Jens 112 fast money schemes 425 Storti, L. 7 globalisation 421 St Peter and Paul Orthodox Syriac Church 39 Solomon Islands Development Bank 425 strategic alliances 260 South Africa Colombia 266–269, 271 arms deal 328 Strategy to Combat International Organized Beeka’s case 321–324, 327 Crime (2008) 162 bulwarks against captured state 332–333 strong state 87, 134, 395 corruption 328 structured gangs 366–367 drug trafficking 323–325, 327 Subhas Chandra Bose 380 Hawks 330–331 Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally liberation movements 324, 325 (US-RDA) 299 organised crime 321–323 Sumana, Sam 316 policing 329–332 Sun Yee On 398 political transitions 321–323 Superintendencia de Administration Tributaria politics–crime linkage 323–326 (SAT) 242 prosecution service 331, 332 corrupted officials 247–248, 250 security 329–332 Supreme Court of United States 184–185 South African Narcotics Bureau (SANAB) 329 Surinder Nath Halder 380 South African Revenue Service (SARS) 331 Surprenant, Gilles 197, 198 South of Italy 53, 59, 76 Sweden Souza, Percival de 234 corruption in 35, 37

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law enforcement 44–45 Thirsty Dragon (Mustacich) 400 legal principles 36 Thompson, James D. 175, 177, 183, 185 role of local municipalities in 44 Thompson, Peter 314 Syriac Mafia in see Syriac Mafia Thoumi, Francisco 265, 271 Swedish National Council for Crime Thrasher, F. 200 Prevention (Brå) 37 Tierra Caliente region 215 Swedish Security Service (Säpo) 37 drug traffickers 217 Syriac Mafia Tiga Line 408 causes for development in Södertälje 43–45 Tilly, C. 290, 291, 301 families 41–42 Tizzone, Gianfranco 357 illegal banking 43 tobacco smuggling 136 political mobilisation 40–41 TOC see transnational organised crime (TOC) violence 42 Todorov, Georgi 125 welfare fraud of 38–39 Todorov, Ivan 125 systemic corruption model 377–379, 384–386 Tolley, Anne 369 Tomkins, John 195 Tafili, Dorian 95 Tongs 390–391 Tahiri, Saimir 91 tongxiang 401 Tambov gang 139 Townsville Peace Agreement (2000) 424 Tampere Programme 439 trabendo 290 Tanev, Vanyo 125 Trade Unions Act (1926), section 2 381 Tangentpoli (Bribesville) xviii trafficking 23–24 Tangier cartels 297 drug 28, 29 Tanzi, V. 243 Transnational Crime Units (TCUs) 430 Task Environment 175–181, 183 transnational organised crime (TOC) 182, 263, Task Force Report on Organized Crime (1967) 338, 455–459, 462–465 162, 165–167, 181–186 national and bilateral responses 426–429 Tata regional responses 429–431 apprentices, bonus complaints 385 United Nations 469, 476 contract workers 383, 384 Transnational Organised Crime Unit (TOCU) labour politics 382 310–313, 315–316, 318 violence in 376–379 transnational tobacco companies 446–449 negotiation with unions 382 Transnistrian war 108 policy 382 Transparency International report 90, 96, 370, TWU in see Tata Workers’ Union (TWU) 389 Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) Transparency Register 64 379–380, 383–384 trans-Saharan trade 291–293 Tata Motors Chassis Division 385 Treaty of Lisbon (1 December 2009) 66 Tata Workers’ Union (TWU) Treaty on the Functioning of the European coercion and alternative 382–385 Union (TFEU) 441 labour and criminality 375–379 Triads 390–391, 398, 419, 444 monopoly of representation 381–382 Trimbole, Robert 357 1981 strike 383–384 Truman, Harry 180 systemic corruption model 376–379, 384–386 trust 390, 394, 395 violence in 376–377, 379 Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, taxation 292, 294, 297 The 279 taxi bosses 324 Tsamenyi, M. 422 Taylor, M. 353 Tuareg 299–301, 305 Tchorzewski 114 TWU see Tata Workers’ Union (TWU) Teachout, Zephyr 184, 204 tender fraud 328 Ukraine territory 58, 226–227 Donbas region see Donbas region Brazil 227–228 illicit trade 110 Tetouan cartels 297 smuggling commodities 113 thief in law 132–133, 138–139 Yanukovych Leaks 111–113

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Ukraine–Russia border 112, 113 political corruption 182–185 Ukrainian Energy and Coal Industry Ministry public corruption 162 estimates 114 cybercrime and groups 168–170 Ulemek, Milorad ‘Legija’ 97 downward trend 167–170 ultra-Malay discourse 410 goal of 163–165 ultra-Malay movement 408 by organised crime 167–170 underboss 161 situations and conditions 165–167 underground economy 144–145 regulatory system 165–166 underground network, Malaysia 406, 408, 409 Task Force Report (1967) 162, 165–167, unemployed youth 282 181–186 united front tactic 397–398 urban crime 23, 230 United Malays National Organisation urban violence 232 (UMNO) 408 USAID (2016) reports 314 United Nations (UN), 243, 246 US Drug Enforcement Agency 313 characterising organised crime 277 organised crime Vaillancourt, Gilles 199 Crime Congress 471–472, 475–476 Valencia-Milenio Cartel 218 crime prevention 468–469, 473–474 Vander Beken, T. 287, 440 criminal justice 468–469, 473–474 Van Dijk, J. 343 deliberative body 470–471 Van Duyne, P.C. 440, 442 drug programme 474 Vannucci, A. 9, 195 policy-making body 470 Vanstone, Amanda 354, 355 political themes 474–479 Varese, Federico 5, 6, 134, 150, 263, 390, 391 regimes of cooperation 475 Vasilev, Iliyan 125 Secretariat 470 vehicle hijackings 325 United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention Veno, A. 368 and Criminal Justice 471–472, 475–476 Venter, Neels 327, 329 United Nations Convention against village mentality 401 Corruption (UNCAC) 474, 477–478 Vines, A. 343 United Nations Convention against violence 276 Transnational Organized Crime Brazil 232 (UNTOC) 5, 201, 242, 277, 263, 323, 474, ethnic 279 476–479 in general elections 280 United Nations Drug Convention, 1988 474, in labour politics 376–379 480 legitimate and illegitimate 261 United Nations Economic and Social Council organised 216–218, 221–223 (ECOSOC) 470 São Paulo 230 United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Syriac Mafia 42 Office (UNIPSIL) 311–313 violent pluralism 212 United Nations International Narcotics violent political auxiliaries 27–28 Control Strategy Report 313 Vogel, B. 61 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone Volkov’s enforcement partnership model 377 (UNAMSIL) 311 Volynets, Mikhail 110 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime von Lampe, Klaus 200, 353 (UNODC) 88, 312, 313, 339, 470, 479, 480 vote mobilisation 40–41 United States (US) voucher privatisations 146–148 alien conspiracy 174–175 Vucic, Aleksandar 99 enablers 178–181 fragmented law enforcement system 166–167 Wakali Kwanza 281 fragmented political system 166–167 Wakali Wao 281 illicit enterprise 174–178 Walker, Summer 313, 316 mafia in 161–162 Wallerstein, I. 338 morality 182 Walliman, N. 10–11 organised crime groups see organised crime Wang, C. 393 groups Wang, P. 391, 393–397, 400

Felia Allum and Stan Gilmour - 9781786434579 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 06:44:30PM via free access

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Waqa, Baron 422 Xia, M. 395 war in Donbas region 112 Xi Jinping 389 war-profiteering 101 Xu, J. 397 Warren, Earl 181 weak governance 314 Yankov, Dimitar 121 weak legislation 336, 337 Yanukovych Leaks 111–113 Nigeria 336, 337 Yanukovych, Oleksandr 111–112 weak state 46, 134 Yanukovych, Viktor 105, 111–112, 138 Weinberg, Melvin 181 yellow card 423 welfare fraud 38–39 Yeltsin administration 147, 149, 153 West Africa Coast Initiative (WACI) 310, see also Putin administration 312 Yi 392 Western Balkan youth population 341 Albania case see Albania Yukos affair 152, 154 corruption 88–89 Yusuf, Mohammed 342 Serbia case see Serbia state capture 88 Zagani, Dritan 91 weaknesses in law enforcement 88–89 Zaluar, Alba 228 Western trans-Saharan trade routes 291 Zambito, Lino 193, 195, 200 white-collar crime 200, 201 Zemun Clan 97–98 Wilkins, C. 367 Zetas 218, 253, 254, 268, 456 Williams, P. 110, 396 Zhabarov, Todor 126 wire-tapping 65–66 Zhang, S.X. 391, 401 Woodiwiss, Michael 200 Zhan, J.V. 392 Wood, J.R.T. 356 Zhelyakov, Dimitar 121 World Bank 339–340 Zimmermann, Friedrich 51 Wright, A. 337 Zuma, Jacob 322, 324, 328, 329–331, 333

Felia Allum and Stan Gilmour - 9781786434579 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 06:44:30PM via free access

ALLUM–9781786434562–t.indd 505 22/02/2019 13:07 Felia Allum and Stan Gilmour - 9781786434579 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/01/2021 06:44:30PM via free access

ALLUM–9781786434562–t.indd 506 22/02/2019 13:07