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Research Conferences on Organised Crime at the Bundeskriminalamt in Germany (Vol 08177000_BKA Band 45 Research US_Layout 1 23.07.13 16:09 Seite 1 Content Hardly any other crime phenomenon is as diverse and dynamic as organised crime (OC). This book is the result of several years of research into the complexity of OC and development of Edited by successful counter strategies carried out by the Bundeskriminalamt and its European partners. The publication contains a selection of contributions from the OC research conferences held Ursula Töttel in 2011 and 2012. These international expert conferences, which have been held since 2008, are hosted each year by the Bundeskriminalamt together with its research partners from the Gergana Bulanova-Hristova United Kingdom, Sweden and the Netherlands. The OC research conferences and the work of the OC research network are supported by the EU programme, "Prevention of and Fight against Heinz Büchler Crime". The objective of the conferences is to give researchers and police officers the opportunity to present the latest research results and practical experience gained in the field on a regular basis. It also provides a forum where security-relevant questions from the area of organised crime can Research Conferences be discussed with professionals. This promotes the exchange of experience between criminalistic- criminalogical research and police practice in a targeted manner. In order to give a broad spec- trum of international professionals an insight into the most interesting issues dealt with at the on Organised Crime OC research conferences, the Bundeskriminalamt has published this book for the second time. Zum Inhalt at the Bundeskriminalamt Es gibt kaum ein facettenreicheres und dynamischeres Kriminalitätsphänomen als die Organisierte Kriminalität (OK). Dieses Buch stellt ein Ergebnis der jahrelangen Aktivitäten des Bundes- kriminalamtes und seiner europäischen Partner dar, die OK in ihrer Komplexität zu erforschen in Germany (Vol. II) und erfolgreiche Bekämpfungsstrategien zu entwickeln. Der Sammelband enthält ausgewählte Beiträge der OK-Forschungskonferenzen aus den Jahren 2011 und 2012. Diese internationalen Fachtagungen werden seit 2008 durch das BKA in Zusammenarbeit mit seinen Forschungs- Organised Crime – Research and Practice netzwerkpartnern aus Großbritannien, Schweden und den Niederlanden jährlich ausgerichtet. Die OK-Forschungskonferenzen sowie die Arbeit des OK-Forschungsnetzwerkes werden durch in Western and Northern Europe das EU-Programm „Prevention of and Fight against Crime“ unterstützt. Ziel der Tagungen ist es, Wissenschaftlern und Polizeipraktikern die Möglichkeit zu geben, regel mäßig aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse und Erkenntnisse aus der Praxis zu präsentieren sowie sicherheitsrelevante Fragestellungen aus dem Kriminalitätsbereich Organisierte Krimina- 2011 - 2012 lität mit einem Fachpublikum zu diskutieren. Dadurch wird der Erfahrungsaustausch zwischen kriminalistisch-kriminologischer Forschung und Polizeipraxis gezielt gefördert. Um einem breiteren internationalen Fachpublikum Einblicke in die interessantesten Themen der OK- This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Forschungskonferenzen zu ermöglichen, gibt das BKA diesen Sammelband nun zum zweiten Mal heraus. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible www.luchterhand-fachverlag.de Töttel · Bulanova-Hristova · Büchler Research Conferences on Organised Crime 2011- Crime on Organised Conferences · Büchler Research Töttel · Bulanova-Hristova 2012 for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN: 978-3-472-08177-7 9 783472 081777 Titelei BKA Band 45_Layout 1 26.08.13 14:11 Seite 1 Research Conferences on Organised Crime 2011 - 2012 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Titelei BKA Band 45_Layout 1 26.08.13 14:11 Seite 2 Polizei + Forschung Bd. 45 Herausgegeben vom Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) Kriminalistisches Institut Beirat: Prof. Dr. Johannes Buchmann Direktor des Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt Wolfgang Gatzke Direktor des Landeskriminalamtes Nordrhein-Westfalen Prof. Dr. Manfred Hennecke Präsident der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Kerner Direktor des Instituts für Kriminologie der Universität Tübingen Waldemar Kindler Landespolizeipräsident im Bayerischen Staatsministerium Klaus Neidhardt Präsident der Deutschen Hochschule der Polizei Prof. Dr. Peter Wetzels Professur für Kriminologie an der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Hamburg Titelei BKA Band 45_Layout 1 26.08.13 14:11 Seite 3 Edited by Ursula Töttel Gergana Bulanova-Hristova Heinz Büchler Research Conferences on Organised Crime at the Bundeskriminalamt in Germany (Vol. II) Organised Crime – Research and Practice in Western and Northern Europe 2011 - 2012 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Titelei BKA Band 45_Layout 1 26.08.13 14:11 Seite 4 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Alle Publikationen der BKA-Reihe Polizei + Forschung (ausgenommen VS-NfD-eingestufte Bände) sind im Internet im PDF-Format unter www.bka.de (Kriminalwissenschaften/Kriminalistisches Institut) eingestellt. Projektleitung im BKA: Dr. Heinz Büchler Ursula Töttel Kriminalistisches Institut KI 14 – Forschungs- und Beratungsstelle für Organisierte Kriminalität, Wirtschaftskriminalität und Kriminalprävention Alle Rechte vorbehalten ©2013 Wolters Kluwer Deutschland GmbH, Köln. Luchterhand – eine Marke von Wolters Kluwer Deutschland. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Satz: Konrad Triltsch Print und digitale medien GmbH, Ochsenfurt-Hohestadt Druck: Paper&Tinta, Nadma Foreword Hardly any other crime phenomenon is as complex and dynamic as organised crime (OC). In an increasingly globalised and highly technical world, OC spans a number oF convergent crime fields. In spite of its conspiratorial nature, OC poses a very serious threat, is capable of inflicting extensive damage and repre- sents a considerable security problem. The worldwide scale of OC is not only demonstrated by the examples of the notorious mafia organisations in Italy, but also by the longstanding fight against drug cartels in Latin America or the in- ternationally operating human trafficking groups. OC is therefore not an imaginary phenomenon skilfully marketed in the media by various stakeholders. We are in fact dealing here with criminal activities carried out by perpetrators who exploit social and economic conditions in order to make illicit profits. OC also manifests itself each day on the streets oF Euro- pean cities, where people are forced into prostitution, are smuggled into a country and exploited as ”slave labour”, or where drug dealers earn vast profits through their extensive trafficking networks. The perpetrators use the financial system to launder their criminal proceeds and become members of the legal business community. They thus continue to pose a serious threat – this is con- firmed not only in the Bundeskriminalamt’s OC Situation Report 2011 for Ger- many, but also in Europol’s Threat Analysis 2011 (OCTA) for the whole of Europe. OC groups are characterised by the fact that they can quickly identify new business fields and are invariably able to adjust their modi operandi to match the economic and social circumstances prevailing. This characteristic Flexibility and adaptability also enables the perpetrators to respond to the dramatic chan- ges taking place in the 21st century as a result of the rapid development of information and communication technology. Long ago OC perpetrators disco- vered the opportunities offered by the Internet, which has in the meantime be- come an integral part of our everyday life. Whether as a communication and information channel, as a market and recruiting platform or as an instrument for conducting financial transactions throughout the world – the Internet facili- tates almost all typical OC crimes such as trafficking in drugs, weapons and human beings, facilitated illegal immigration and the laundering of proceeds from such activities. At the same time it has become apparent that behind the typical offences in the field of cybercrime – such as hacking, phishing, fraud involving access authorisation, data falsification, data manipulation, computer sabotage and the dissemination of malware – there are frequently groups oF perpetrators. As a rule, they are connected in networks, but often do not know each other personally and usually use encrypted communications. Perpetrators especially profit from the international character of the Internet and take advan- tage of that to outsmart the mainly nationally operating investigation
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