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Riding at the Margins Riding at the Margins International Media and the Construction of a Generic Outlaw Biker Identity in the South Island of New Zealand, circa 1950 – 1975. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Cultural Anthropology By David Haslett University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand 2007 Abstract New Zealand has had a visible recreational motorcycle culture since the 1920s, although the forerunners of the later ‘outlaw’ motorcycle clubs really only started to emerge as loose-knit biker cliques in the 1950s. The first recognised New Zealand ‘outlaw club’, the Auckland chapter of the Californian Hell’s Angels M.C., was established on July 1961 (Veno 2003: 31). This was the Angels’ first international chapter, and only their fifth chapter overall at that time. Further outlaw clubs emerged throughout both the North and the South Island of New Zealand from the early 1960s, and were firmly established in both islands by the end of 1975. Outlaw clubs continue to flourish to this day. The basic question that motivated this thesis was how (the extent to which) international film, literature, media reports and photographic images (circa 1950 – 1975) have influenced the generic identity adopted by ‘outlaw’ motorcycle clubs in New Zealand, with particular reference to the South Island clubs. The focus of the research was on how a number of South Island New Zealand outlaw bikers interpreted international mass media representations of ‘outlaw’ biker culture between 1950 – 1975. This time span was carefully chosen after considerable research, consultation and reflection. It encompasses a period when New Zealand experienced rapid development of a global mass media, where cultural images were routinely communicated internationally in (relatively) real time. Drawing on the work of Okely and Cohen, I argue that ‘outlaw’ motorcycle clubs, like many other subcultures, construct their communities symbolically, and that some of the rituals and symbolism seen in New Zealand outlaw biker clubs today are substantially similar to those observed in ‘outlaw’ clubs in other parts of the world (Thompson 1966, Okely 1983, Cohen 1985, Veno 2003). My fieldwork clearly established that representations of outlaw motorcycle clubs were being actively consumed by South Island bikers via the international mass media from the early – mid 1960s. However, my research also revealed that, whilst the globalisation of the mass media was integral to the evolution of the generic New Zealand ‘outlaw’ biker social identity, it was not their only influence. South Island outlaw bikers, like any other consumer of mass media, accepted and at times appropriated some of the international and regional representations of their subculture, whilst clearly rejecting others. I also established that like any other international subculture, there were regional differences that were often determined by factors contingent to the locality, and that the South Island outlaw clubs from that period that still exist today were also influenced by conflict with significant others, including the police, during their formative stages. This supports Lavigne’s and Veno’s contention that warfare is good for clubs during their formative stage, as violent conflict weeds out the weak, whilst bonding surviving members to their clubs and their club brothers (Lavigne 1987: 301, Veno 2003: 263). Key words: community; sub-cultures; media; identity; gangs; outlaw motorcycle clubs David Haslett School of Sociology and Anthropology University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand Contents Acknowledgement List of Plates Chapter One: Introduction 1 Aim of thesis 1 The Generic OMC image 4 Methods 12 Thesis Chapter Outline 18 Chapter Two: Anthropology, the Media and Groups at the Margins 21 Media and the Construction of Meaning – an introduction 21 Anthropology, the Media and Globalisation 23 The Anthropology of Marginalised and ‘Outsider’ Groups 27 Chapter Three: Post-War Culture, the Visual and Print Media, and 36 the Evolution of an International ‘Outlaw’ Motorcycle Subculture Youth Culture and the Media – an Introduction 36 The Visual Media 40 The Print Media 43 Chapter Four: Hell’s Angels, Outlaws and the ‘Outlaw’ Motorcycle 50 The Hell’s Angels M.C. 50 ‘Outlaws’ and the Biker Image 56 The Motorcycle 59 Risk 65 ‘Hell’s Angels,’ Moral Panic and the Media 73 Mods and Rockers and Moral Panic in the United Kingdom 75 Conclusion 78 Plates: Plates 1-13 Chapter Five: The Mass Media and the Symbolic Construction 81 of a Generic South Island (New Zealand) ‘Outlaw’ Biker Community Introduction 81 Youth Culture and the Evolution of the OMCs in New Zealand 83 International Media and South Island OMCs 91 Characteristics of South Island OMCs 104 Conclusion 119 Chapter Six: Media, Police and Moral Panic 121 The ‘Big Blue Gang’ (South Island OMCs and the Police) 121 The New Zealand Police and Moral Panic 129 Conclusion 144 Chapter Seven: Conclusion 146 Footnotes: 155 Glossary: 165 References: 167 Acknowledgements: There are a number of persons who I need to specifically thank for their help and support throughout this project. Firstly, I want to sincerely thank my academic supervisor Associate Professor Patrick McAllister of the University of Canterbury’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology for his endless patience, his unstinting support, and for his outstanding guidance throughout both this thesis project and my earlier honours year research project. Patrick was my first anthropology lecturer when I belatedly decided to commence my university studies at the age of 51, and is largely responsible for my having reached this point in my studies. I also wish to thank my associate academic supervisor, Associate Professor Greg Newbold for his supervision, and for his friendship, insight, and encouragement throughout my university studies. Thanks too to the other lecturers and staff of the University of Canterbury Department of Sociology and Anthropology Department for their help and support over the past five years. I particularly want to thank Antoine Monti for his excellent advice and assistance during the preparation of my photographic inserts. Thanks too to my fellow students, particularly Laura, Raewyn, and Mason for their encouragement and support throughout. I also thank Professor Mike Hill of Victoria University of Wellington for generously providing me with some excellent contemporary material relating to moral panic. I want to specifically thank Jarrod Gilbert (currently nearing the end of his mammoth ‘The History of New Zealand Gangs’ PhD project), for his friendship, encouragement and support throughout, and for his willingness to act as a sounding board, share information, and carry out informal peer reviews of my work, as I progressed. My heartfelt thanks to my wife Lynne, my sons Nick and Luke, my sister Diane and my Dad for their unequivocal encouragement and support throughout this project. Lynne’s proof reading skills, Nick’s technical expertise, and Diane’s considerable research skills have been invaluable. I also want to thank my friends Rod and Higgy for their encouragement throughout (particularly Rod’s for his impromptu Pol. Sci. 101 lectures!) I sincerely thank my participants for their unstinting generosity and support throughout. I was humbled by their readiness to accept me, and their willingness to discuss their lives with me in such an open and honest way. I particularly want to thank two of my key participants. The first is ‘John’ who has been a great friend to me over recent years, as well as having been an outstanding guide and mentor throughout my considerable journey. I also want to thank Woody for his friendship, his boundless enthusiasm, his wisdom, and for his considerable help and support. Their willingness to introduce me to others, to vouch for me, and to interpret, help and guide me throughout was largely instrumental in my successfully completing this complex project. It is difficult to find the words to adequately express my appreciation to them both. I would like to remember two people who are no longer with us, but who have greatly inspired me along the way. This first is Doctor Steve Hudson who first encouraged me to lift my horizons and consider tackling tertiary studies. The second is my Mum who never questioned my decision to change my direction in life, and never lost her faith in me. My thanks to Robert Ferris (BArch Hons) for permitting me to include sections from his unpublished manuscript ‘Runnin’ With the Wind’ in this thesis, and to Ralph for introducing me to the indomitable Fred Collett, who generously permitted me to include his unique ‘Hell’s Angel’ photograph in my thesis which was taken at Gore, Southland, New Zealand, circa 1949/50. Lastly, I thank all of those of you who could not see the point in my expending time, money and energy on such a project at my age, were dismissive of my choice of academic discipline, and repelled by my expressed areas of interest and choice of participants. Negativity and prejudice can be a great personal motivator. Dave Haslett 2/07 List of Plates Plate 1: Hell’s Angels: A Strange and Terrible Saga (1966) Plate 2: Bikers: Birth of a Modern-Day Outlaw (1985) Plate 3: Taken from Yates: Outlaw Machine: Harley-Davidson and the Search for the American Soul (1999) Plate 4: The Wild One (1954) Plate 5: Taken from Yates: Outlaw Machine: Harley-Davidson and the Search for the American Soul (1999) Plate 6: Robin Stummer, The Independent on Sunday, News Section 3, UK (4th April 2004) Plate 7: Easy Rider (1969) Plate 8: Peter Cave: Chopper: England’s King of the Angels [1971] (1995) Plate 9: The Saturday Evening Post, November 20 1965 Plate 10: Map of New Zealand and Chatham Islands Plate 11: Stanley Cohen’s: Folks Devils and Moral Panics [1972] (2002) Plate 12: “Hell’s Angel” – Fred Collett, 1929 Harley-Davidson 750cc Colt, Gore Southland (New Zealand) circa 1949-1950 Plate 13: ‘Bikies – Palmerston’, ‘Canta’, University of Canterbury 1972 Chapter One Introduction “There’s a race of men that don’t fit in, A race that can’t stay still; So they break the hearts of kith and kin, And they roam the world at will”.
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