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Master Thesis Bond University Faculty of Law MASTER THESIS ORGANISED CRIME IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ARE THE STATES EQUIPPED TO FACE THE GLOBAL CRIME THREAT? Frederic Libert Supervisor: Prof. John Farrar Student ID: 13041746 August 2010 - Semester 102 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my truthful gratitude to my supervisor, Professor John Farrar, whose guidance and support from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. I wish to express my warm and sincere thanks to Nadine Mukeba Ntumba for her continued encouragement. I am indebted to my parents, Claude Nepper and Eric Libert, for their unconditional support. I owe many thanks to my friends Marco le Carolo and Jean-Claude. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 9 1. THE CONCEPT OF ORGANISED CRIME ................................................................................ 11 1.1. Understand the Threat Posed by OC ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2. Historical Perspectives on the Concept of Organised Crime ..................................................................... 13 Preliminary Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. US ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1.1. The Original Concept of Organised Crime ...................................................................................... 13 1.2.1.2. Current Situation ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2. Europe .................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2.1. Past Situation: Events that Led to the Increasing of Organised Crime in Europe ........................... 16 1.2.2.1.1. Single European Act (1986) ..................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2.1.2. Collapse of Communism in 1989 ............................................................................................ 16 1.2.2.1.3. Inefficiency of the Police Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Countries and Russia ............................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.2.2. Current Situation ............................................................................................................................ 17 1.3. Debate about the Relation that Exists between Organised Crime and White Collar Crime ...................... 19 1.3.1. Organised Crime Encompasses White Collar Crime ............................................................................... 19 1.3.2. Organised Crime is Distinguished from White Collar Crime ................................................................... 19 1.4. Absence of a Widely Accepted Definition of the Notion of Organised Crime ........................................... 21 1.5. Definitions: Common Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 23 3 2. ORGANISED CRIME GROUPS: A WORLDWIDE OVERVIEW ......................................... 24 2.1. Italian Organised Crime Groups ............................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1. The Calabrian Mafia (‘Ndrangheta) ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1.2. Sicilian Mafia .......................................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.3. La Cosa Nostra ........................................................................................................................................ 27 2.1.4. Camorra .................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.1.5. Sacra Corona Unita ................................................................................................................................. 28 2.2. Asian Organised Crime Groups ................................................................................................................ 30 2.2.1. Chinese Organised Crime Groups ........................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1.1. Overview of the Structure .............................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1.2. Triads .............................................................................................................................................. 31 2.2.2. Japanese Organised Crime Groups ......................................................................................................... 32 2.2.2.1. Yakuza ............................................................................................................................................. 32 2.3. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ....................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1. US Situation ............................................................................................................................................ 34 2.3.1.1. Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1.2. Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1.2.1. In the US Local-Level ............................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1.2.2. Regional-Level ......................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1.2.3. National Level ......................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.1.3. The Hells Angels .............................................................................................................................. 37 2.3.1.4. Bandidos ......................................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.2. Australian OMGs Situation ..................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2.1. Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 38 2.4. Latino Organised Crime Groups ............................................................................................................... 39 2.4.1. Colombian Cartels .................................................................................................................................. 39 2.4.2. Mexican Cartels ...................................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.3. Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) ...................................................................................................................... 43 2.5. Russian Organised Crime Groups ............................................................................................................. 45 2.5.1. The Russian Mafiya................................................................................................................................. 45 2.6. West African Organised Crime Groups .................................................................................................... 47 4 3. LEGISLATIVE RESPONSES TO ORGANISED CRIME ......................................................... 49 Preliminary Statement ................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1. United Nations Level ............................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.1. UN Priority .............................................................................................................................................. 49 3.1.2. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) ...................................... 50 3.1.2.1. The Role of the UN ......................................................................................................................... 50 3.1.2.2. The Adoption of the UNTOC Convention and its Three Supplementary Protocols ........................ 50 3.1.2.3. Analysis of the Organised Crime Notion
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