Following D U B a R D, the Considered Shape of the Embryo Is a Good Taxonomic Character

Notes on Guiana Sapotaceae

P. J. Eyma (Utrecht).

the work Notwithstanding large amount of spent by several

botanists this does not satis- on family, taxonomy appear very and has factory, a general agreement on generic limits not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional The author for his names. present apologizes adding the number of to interpretations.

This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been com- without the loan of the pleted generous specimens by herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin —Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L].

the author short visit to the herbaria In 1934 paid a at Brussels [B] The collections and at Paris [P]. of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material

B i 11 Pierre and and studied by a on, Du'bard, bear numer- and ous notes analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached British to the sheets. A number of Guiana Sapotaceae from the

Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above their kind and mentioned Herbaria for hel{), particularly to Prof. Dr. P 11 Utrecht, under whose direction this A. u e, study was undertaken.

Unless otherwise mentioned the specimens cited are in the Utrecht Herbarium [U].

The principial alterations in the classification of Sapotaceae in this due the for the paper are to rejection classifying purposes of certain number of flower-parts and, to a degree, of the staminodial development also. On the other hand, following D u b a r d, the considered shape of the embryo is a good taxonomic character.

Number of flower-parts. — The number of flower- is parts is by no means as constant as suggested by the current 157

distinction Pouteria and Labatia and between 4-merous 5 —6- Lucuma. merous As a matter of fact in most generic descriptions of and certain Sapotaceae, in some specific ones, too, a variability is allowed for.

of the Individual variability, even among flowers same branch,

was noticed in Icon. IV. and already by Wight 1850, 4, p. 13, been k has lately emphasized by D u c e in Ann. Ac. Sc. Bras. VI found of this (1934) p. 210. I variations kind in Pouteria melano- in Pouteria cladantha Sandw. poda Eyma (Cf. p. 175), (Cf. p. 186), in Pouteria in Pouteria Gongrijpii Eyma (Cf. p. 185), robusta

(Mart, et Eichl.) Eyma, var. longifolia Eyma, and in Herb. Rio

22228, described as Glycoxylon praealtum Ducke.

Staminodes. — The question of the taxonomic value of the development of staminodes is of special interest, because the

distinction between Chrysophyllinae or Chrysophyllées on the one side Eubumeliées and Sideroxylinae or + Lucumées on the other,

is based on the presence or absence of staminodes. This, or a similar arrangement with different names, is to be found in most handbooks and treatises dealing with Sapotaceae, the principal exception being Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum. Bail- Hist. Plant. criticized this but Ion, (1891), p. 261, distinction, maintained it first maintained It on p. 271. Engler (Nat. Pflan- zenfam., 1890, 1897), but rejected it in Mon. Afrik. Pfl. fam.

VIII In (1904) p. 11. Engl. Jahrb. L, Suppl., 1914, p. 347,

Krause criticized D u b a r d for making Sideroxylinées and

Chrysophyllinées two of the principal subdivisions (out of 3) of Rev. Gen. Bot. In Ann. Mus. Palaquiees (in XIX, 1907, p. 295). Colon. Ill Dubard raised Marseille, 3 ser. (1915) p. 2, even

them to the rank of two of the of of principal groups (out 3) the casual Sapotaceae. K r a u s e’s objections are based on the

development of a single or a few staminodes in species normally lacking them. This has, in fact, repeatedly been noticed by different authors, especially in Oxythece, Martiusella, Donella, Zeyherella, Donella and Pachystela, Englerophytum, etc. Martiusella, Zeyhe- rella whereas are now generally referred to Chrysophyllum, Oxy- also Pouteria thece should be included in Pouteria. See Pullei n.sp.,

staminodes minute and over- P- 191. In many cases also, arc easily in looked. This, together with the casual lacking some species, may several be considered the principal cause that plants have originally been described under Chrysophyllum, without staminodes,

= Pouteria e.g. Chrysophyllum alnifolium Engl. Engleri Eyma, Chrysophyllum Melinoni Engl. = Micropholis guyanensis (A.DC.) 158

Pierre, Chrysophyllum reticulatum Engl. = Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma. in mentions Hartog, Journ. Bot. XVI (1878) p. 67, the pre- of sence in the young flower-buds of Chrysophyllum soon aborting,

staminodial tubercles. The same statement can be found in Engl.

Mon. Afr. Pfl. fam. p. 10. Unisexual flowers in the Ecclinusa. In chiefly occur genus

E. of is to be found in female guianensis n.sp. no trace stamens flowers. In E. ramiflora Mart. (Passaveria obovata Mart.) they of hairs Fl. are replaced by bundles (Cf. Bras. t. 47). This was

also observed in a flower of Pouteria scytalophora Eyma, where,

however, complete flowers were found on the same branch. In

several other cases the stamens are reduced to staminodes, as in

Gardner 2659 (described as Chrysophyllum Gardneri Mart, et Eichl., Discoluma Gardneri H.Bn.), B.W. 4384 (Chrysophyllum in cuneifolium (Rudge) A.DC.) and Krukoff 1505 (described as

Lucuma inflexa A. C. Smith). wide of in staminal A very range variability and staminodial development and in the shape of the staminodes in Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) H. J. Lam, has been figured and described by Lam in Bull. Bot. VII Jard. Buitenzorg ser. 3, (1925) pp. 213, 214. Pierre in Ur'b. Ant. V According to Symb. (1904) p. 99, staminodes occasionally develop into fertile stamens in Calocarpum

mammosum Cainito and Achras Zapota. , Chrysophyllum

— In the of the Seed. my opinion especially shape embryo' should be taken into account. Generally embryos possessing thick, destitute plane-convex cotyledons are of an albuminous sheath, but this cannot be accepted as a rule, as is shown by Pouteria

Cf. 168. Also B a i 11 and b d ptychandra Eyma. p. o n D u a r de- of clared the degree albumen development unsuitable for classifying Hist. PI. purposes (Baillon, XI, 1891, p. 256, Dubard in Ann. Mus. and Colon. Marseille ser. Nor XX, 1912, pp. 4, 5, 3 Ill, 1915, p. 2).

is the caudicle always reduced to a mere point in thick-cotyledonous

embryos. This was already admitted by Dubard himself (l.c.

— either thick-conical 1915, p. 4). Its shape, however or long-cylin- in — little so the drical generally leaves doubt, case of Pouteria and in ptychandra with a conical caudicle that of Chrysophyllum thick sericeum A.DC., which has rather cotyledons but a long cylin- sheath. It should drical caudicle and an albuminous be remarked here of the ovule that, whereas the degree of anatropy determines the in the place and dimensions of the scar seed, the reverse is not in the necessarily the case. So the variations shape and extension 159

of the scar found in Pouteria sens. lat. do not affect the relative

of the hilum and the Cf. A basal positions micropyle. p. 164. scar, with hilum and in and micropyle approached, as Sideroxylon s. str.

s.str. Mimusops always indicates full anatropy.

L e’s b e c o m t objections against D u a r d’s classification are of before all a practical kind, as he opposes against a classification which is not necessarily supported by floral characters, so that

material cannot be in the when flowering placed right genus fruits

are lacking. in Bull. (Lecomte Museum, 1917, p. 3 6, 1919, pp. 123, I with 124). fully agree Lecomte that this is a serious draw- but since almost all floral characters back, are very unstable, a classification the characters the seed neglecting of appears almost impossible.

Pouteria Aublet, Hist. Pi. Guianc franf. (1775) I, p. 8j. Generis Arbores ampliati descriptio emendata: — lactescentes, foliis plerumque sparsis, raro oppositis vel suboppositis, integris, nervatione valde diversa, estipulatis. Flores in fasciculis axillaribus vel cicatrices foliorum supra delapsorum inserti; sepala 4 —5; corolla minusve alte tubulosa vel plus campanulata, lobis 4—6 erectis vel expansis; staminodia cum corollae lobis alternantia

ad sinus inserta, integra, subulata, vel ovata, vel triangularla,

vel squamiformia, vel partim vel omnes deficientia; stamina corollae lobis isomera iisque opposita; ovarium 1 — 12-loculare, loculis i-ovulatis. Fructus uni- vel pluri-spermus; semina testa dura nitida, area ventrale derasa axi adpressa elongata linear! vel vel interdum scminis dimidiam elliptica partem vel magis laterales loculi occupante et parietes adpressa, hilo supero, micro-

pyle infera; albumen nullum, vel raro plus minusve evolutum; embryo cotyledonibus magnis crassis plano-convexis, caudicula infera plerumque punctiforme, raro plus minusve evoluto.

Genus Pouteria sensu Dubard generibus sequentibus additis

ampliatum; Lucuma Molina sensu Dubard, Labatia Sw., Oxythece Miq., Barylucuma Ducke, Glycoxylon Ducke, Pradosia Liais. Lucumae Quorum sectiones praeter Franchetellam cum ceteris, sectionibus Pouteriae genere Glycoxylon excepto, pro acceptandae.

A b 1 t’s and of the u e description of this genus only species he knew, P. is and his guianensis, very clear, especially plate 33 does

not about The leave any doubt its identity. circumstance, how- chat he attributed fruit ever, a wrong to it, has long impeded a and right understanding, may have been the principal cause that 160

have 'been described de so many species as Lucuma. So, e.g. in VIII Candolle, Prodr. (1844), was but one species beside P.

included in Pouteria, viz. P. A. DC guianensis sessiliflora (Sw.) , Labatia sessiliflora Sw., from Haiti, which is the species for which Swartz Labatia. M i in Sitz. founded his genus a r t u s, Wiss. Bd. ber. Kgl. Bayr. Ak. 1861, 1, p. 572, disclosed the error D with the fruit of P. guianensis, already suspected by e Can- dolle, but because he thought the whole of Aublet’s plate,

with the exception of only the left flower, to belong to Dasynema, Tiliaceae (== Sloanea, Elaeocarpaceae), he declared Pouteria Aubl.

a genus spurium, charactere mixto, referring the left flower of

Aublet’s plate as well as its description to Labatia. In Flora VII the fruit Brasiliensis (1863), p. 77, only was excluded from Aublet’s description and plate, and P. guianensis identified,

though erroneously, with Lucuma psammophila A. DC. var.

xestophylla Miq. et Eichl., but no priority was given to Au'blet’s

name.

Also Bent ham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum II. ii

(1876) pp. 633, 634, preferred Lucuma to Pouteria. Special attention deserves under in which a note Lucuma they point to the existence of intermediate forms connecting Lucuma and Chryso- These Pometia phyllum. are Veil., Oxythece Miq., Niemeyera F. Muell., and Amorphospermum F. Muell. In these stammodes

are either few, or wholly absent, as in Chrysophyllum, but the

seeds are exalbuminous, as in Lucuma. Niemeyera and Amor- Australian which I did but phospermum are genera, not study, Pometia should in and Oxythece my opinion be united with i68. Pouteria. Cf. pp. 165, that is mixture in The fact Pouteria a as far as A u bl e t fruit is assigned a wrong to it, fully counterbalanced by the even confusion in M 1 i a’s of greater o n diagnosis Lucuma, which was based on some very heterogeneous plants (Molina, Saggio sulla storia naturale de Molina’s Chile, 1782, p. i6x) 5 species were and, in the absence very inadequately described, of herbarium and about specimens, the vernacular names notes their use supply the of identification. Authors principal means agree, however, Luc. Molina that Luc. keule Molina and spinosa are no Sapotaceae, the former being Adenostemon nitidum Pers., Gomortega nitida the latter Ruiz et Pav. (Gomortegaceae), Gourliaea chilensis also the Clos (Leguminosae). This is probably reason why Bentham

and Hooker de as the author of Lucuma. gave Jussieu d 1 f who Things were thouroughly worked over by R a k o e r, in published two papers dealing with Sapotaceae Sitz. ber. Math. 161

Phys. Classe Kgl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss. Miinchen XII (1882) and XIV and who is the author of the (1884), also classification of the Sapot- aceae in Durand’s Index (1888). In the first and the paper, pp. 299 333, genus Pouteria is reesta-

_ with blished, 22 species, including the majority of species of D. Candolle’s section Gnapeba of Lucuma. In the same publication, and pp. 299 325, Vitellaria Gaertn. f., of which Gaertner had described and figured the and which had only fruit, up to that time been included in Lucuma, was taken up for plants of

De Candolle’s sections Eulucuma, Antholucuma and Rivicoa of

Lucuma, on account of the chiefly supposed occurrence of a thin of in their layer albumen seed (x6 spp.). After removal of all these species the genus Lucuma, for which Radlkofer retained

Molina as the left author, was with only 2 species, L. bifera Molin. and L. valparadisaea Molin. (l.c. The pp. 314, 315). synonymy of these Radlkofer according to is: 1. Luc. bifera Mol. (generally taken as the type-species of Lucuma, and placed by Dubard in

Lucuma sect. Achras Lucuma Antholucuma), Ruiz et Pav., (?) Luc. obovata Luc. obovata H.B.K., H.B.K. var. Ruizii A.DC.; 1 a. Luc. bifera Mol. forma turbinata (Mol.) Rdlk., Luc. turbinata Luc. Mol. Mol; 2. valparadisaea (type-species of Gayella Pierre, Lucuma sect. Gayella Dubard), Luc. splendens A.DC.

O. Kuntze, Revisio Gen. PI. did (1893) p. 194, not accept the identifications of Luc. bifera Mol. and Luc. turbinata Mol. as these given by Radlkofer, chiefly because species were not mentioned in the second edition of Molina’s book. The identitv of Luc. valparadisaea Mol., too, he considered so uncertain, that he the later preferred specific name Luc. splendens A.DC. Since Molina’s does genus diagnosis not in the least resemble anything Sapotaceous, and the of could as, moreover, 2 species out 5 which be identified with any certainty, are no Sapotaceae, Kuntze rejected Lucuma Molina altogether. De Jussieu’s Lucuma (Gen. PI. 1789, described p. 152) was, according to Radlkofer, independently of

Molina’s, though based on one of the same species, but O. Kuntze rejected this identification, too.

Since, according to Radlkofer, Luc. bifera and Luc. valparadisaea have ’’flores whereas the 5- (interdum 4-) meri”, species referred to Pouteria should the number of be 4-merous, flower-parts has become the whether leading factor in deciding a species should be placed in Lucuma or in Pouteria (Engler, Dubard). O. Kuntze in 1893 rightly recognized the unsoundness of this distinction,

Lucuma sensu Rdlk. and Vitellaria referring sensu Rdlk. to Pouteria Aubl. which thus attained the em., same extension as 162

Bth. Hook. result of Lucuma sensu et 1876. Mainly as a contro-

versies with his fellow-botanists on nomenclature, and on the starting point in particular, Kuntze’s other work has almost uni- versally been neglected. f E 1 in Bot So R a d 1 k o e r’s views were adopted by n g e r and in Nat. Pfl. fam. IV. Jahtb.-XII (1889) p. 514 Engl. Prantl, 1 but in Nachtr. Vitellaria (1890) p. 141, (1897) p. 273 is incor- with several described few porated in Lucuma, together genera a before Pierre and the number of years by Baillon, bringing species Lucuma about of at 46.

Pierre, Not. Bot. (January 1891) p. 43, retained but a few

species in Pouteria, of which he also misinterpreted the type- Aubl. of the species P. guianensis (Cf. p. 176), referring most species mentioned by Radlkofer to Guapeba Gomes, and making for Pouteria a new genus Pseudocladia lateriflora (Bth.) Rdlk., and Luc. lateriflora Bth. ex Miq. et Eichl., a new genus Para- labatia for Pouteria dictyoneura Rdlk. is discussed Lucuma not specially in his 1891 paper, but he made L. the valparadisaea Molina, which is one of two species left in Lucuma by Radlkofer, a new genus Gayella. Besides those mentioned he made several other new genera, e.g. by splitting up Gaertn. three Vitellaria em. Radik, in parts, abolishing the name

Vitellaria. Several of Pierre’s reduced to sections new genera were Hist. Pi. who by Baillon, 1891, himself, too, described a number

which in turn reduced of new genera, Engler mostly to sections In his in (Nachtr. 1897). posthumous paper Urban, Symb. V (1904)

Pierre to have pp. 100—108, appears adopted Engler’s larger conception of Lucuma.

who took In 1904 O. Kuntze, 1735 as the starting point for revived it in the nomenclature, Sapota Mill, 1740, using same in Nachtr. sense as Lucuma sensu Engler Nat. Pfl. fam. but in- it into cluding Pouteria. He subdivided two sections, viz. (1) and Puteria, with 4 decussate sepals, (2) Sersalisia, with j, or 4—6,

Post and Kuntze, Lexicon. Gen. PI. imbricate sepals (Von 1904,

Sersalisia R.Br. 8 was described with Australian p. 499). 1 io two species. Bentham and Hooker in 1876 referred Sers. sericea Sers. obovata Planchonella. to Lucuma, and Lam in 1925 to colon. Marseille D u b a r d, in Ann. Mus. XX (1912), Les Sideroxylinees, which is the Sapotacees du groupe des latest of of ’’Pouteria general revision this part Sapotaceae, retained

(selon Radlkofer et Engler)”, notwithstanding the fact that he, as of Pierre’s of P. a consequence misinterpretation guianensis inserted latter in Labatia Sw. l.c. and Aubl., the (Dubard pp. 30 163

38). Dubard’s principal alterations in the generic limits of Pouteria

and Lucuma as compared with Engler are the tranference of the

section Pseudocladia from Lucuma to Pouteria, of the section from and of the Crepinodendron Lucuma to Micropholis, sections and Aneulucuma Urbanella from Lucuma to Calocarpum, while of Fontbrunea, treated by Engler as a section Sideroxylon, was the put in Lucuma, as was genus Epiluma H.Bn. Arch. Bot. Rio de In Jard. Janeiro III (1922) p. 233 Ducke, in a note under Lucuma dissepala (Krause) Ducke, remarks ”les Pouteria genres Vilellaria et ne sent pas naturels et ne peuvent, In Ann. Ac. Bras. Sc. VI a mon voir, pas etre maintenus”. (1934) 208 is p. Lucuma gutta Ducke described ”e subgenere (vel genere artificiali) Pouteria”. The above review demonstrates the instability of generic limits,

especially as concerns Pouteria and Lucuma. Since the distin-

guishing characters given by Engler and Dubard are almost value- it unite less, appears reasonable to Pouteria and Lucuma. I fully with that there is agree K u n t z e, however, no justification whatever the for preferring younger generic name Lucuma to

Pouteria. The for Lucuma and principal arguments uniting Pouteria

are in my opinion: (1) that the number of flower-parts, the principal distinguishing

character according to Engler and Dubard, shows such a great within Lucuma that it diversity sensu Dubard, appears quite attribute value the arbitrary to generic to 4-merous flowers in individual variations Pouteria; moreover are so frequent as to

pervert any classification based primarily on the number of flower-

parts.

that the differences between the two understood (2) genera as

by Engler (Nachtrage) and Dubard, are of the same order as those between the sections distinguished by these authors in each of

these genera.

Labatia. — The same arguments as in the case of Pouteria and

Lucuma be forward with to the may brought respect genus Labatia. described Swartz in his Prodr. This genus was by Veg.

Indiae with one Lab. In Occ. 1788, p. 32, species, sessiliflora.

Schreber’s edition of Linne’s Genera Plantarum, II, 1791, p. 790, Pouteria Aubl. of Swartz mentioned as a synonym Labatia, and Schreb., in vol. on p. 820 the genus Chaetocarpus published I,

for based on the fruit p. 75 as a new name Pouteria, figured by In Aublet, is also referred to Labatia Sw. Swartz’s Flora Ind. Occ. I Schreb. and Pouteria Aubl. 1797, p. 263, Chaetocarpus are 164

of Labatia. For Radikofer given as synonyms particulars see in Sitzber. Math. Phys. Cl. Kgl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss. Miinchen XIV,

1884.

In 1826 Martius described and figured a new species from

Brazil, which he considered to belong to Labatia Sw. (Mart., Nov. fruit this Gen. et Sp. II, 1826, p. 71, tab. 161, 162). The of Mart. D. Lab. macrocarpa (Pouteria macrocarpa Dietr. 1839) is baccate, 4(2)-celIed, and contains seeds in which the smooth glossy dorsal the part only occupies a narrow strip, owing to coherence of almost the whole seed with the walls of the ovary-cell. This be which Martius erroneously held to a parietal placentation, was

D strongly doubted by e Candolle. The right interpretation is given in FI. Bras. De Prodr. Swartz Candolle, VIII, 1844, p. 164, followed' Labatia and but in considering Sw. Pouteria Aubl. synonyms, retained Labatia Mart, for Lab. macrocarpa. Mart. This was also done and II and by Bentham Hooker, Gen. Pi. ii (1876) pp. 655 Labatia 657, with the only difference that they referred Sw. to

Lucuma, placing Pouteria in the ’’genera affinia aut dubia v. exclusa”. In 1884 Radlkofer, after an examination of Swartz’s plant, re-united Labatia Sw. and Labatia Mart. As a result of Pierre’s misinterpretation of the type-species of Pouteria, Pierre and Baillon the applied name Pouteria to Labatia macrocarpa Mart. and some related species.

Since the flowers of the species included in Labatia only from those of the differ in minor points species referred to of the seed Pouteria, the peculair structure has been taken as the principal distinguishing feature of Labatia. This kind of seed, looks different from those with which very a more or less oblong in or even linear scar occurring most species of Pouteria, is linked seeds of with these, however, by the Pouteria multiflora (A.DC.) Eyma *) and Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma **), in which about of the seed’s surface. both areas occupy an equal portion Cf. Fl. Hook. Ic. 2498 and Bras. tab. 29. In Pouteria trigonosperma flowers of the Antholucuma- n.sp., which has ordinary type, except seeds for the number of ovary-cells, the are triquetrous, and only the dorsal, free side is thickened and glossy, whereas the lateral sides almost membranous, and cohere with the are very thin,

*) Pouteria multiflora (A.DC.) Eyma, nov. comb., Lucuma multiflora A.DC. 1844.

Pouteria nov. comb., **) macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma, Chrysophyllum macro- Lam. Lucuma rivicoa Gaertn.f. Gaert- phyllum 1793, 1807. (I do not think ner’s valid description, based on the seed, a publication of L. rivicoa). 165

Cf. x As to the floral septa. Fig. (p. 172). structure, I should like

to remark that the bivalvate of the appearance calyx in the flower-buds, the 2 exterior sepals completely including the interior is ones, not a special feature of Labatia, as Benfham and Hooker

supposed it to be, but is be found in all of to 4-merous flowers Cf. Pouteria. Radlkofer in Sitz.ber. Math. Phys. Cl. K. Bair. Ak. Wiss., XIV Miinchen, (1884) p. 438.

The name Labatia Sw. is 1788 antedated by Labatia Scopoli, Introductio 1777, p. 197 (= Hex, Aquifoliaceae).

So far the united genera belong to a group on the close inter- of which all authors relationships agree. A consideration of the doubtful value of staminodial development as a generic character,

together with a further of application Dubard’s grouping accor-

to the of the ding shape embryo, leads to the including in Pouteria of also Oxythece, Barylucuma, Glycoxylon and Pradosia.

— M i 1 Oxythece q u- e- - described Oxythece in FI. Bras. VII -, with (1863) p. 105 two species, O. leptocarpa Miq. and O. pseudo- sideroxylon Miq., both from Amazonian Brazil. The generic

was drawn after the diagnosis up flowers and fruit of O. leptocarpa. The characters of principal Oxythece according to Miquel are (1) the absence of staminodes, which would place it near Chrysophyllum, and (2) the exalbuminous seeds, in which it differs from that genus but agrees with Lucuma (now Pouteria). Bentham and Indeed, Hooker placed it at the end of

Lucuma, together with some other species without staminodes which they considered more or less intermediate between Lucuma and Chrysophyllum. Pi. II. (Gen. ii, 1876, p. 634).

It was that found, however, some staminodes did occur occasionally (Baillon, Pierre), even In flowers of the type-specimen in Arch. Bot. Rio de (Ducke Jard. Janeiro VI, 1933, p. 74). This, with the 2-ceIled short and together generally ovary, style, exalbuminous seed with thick-leaved embryo, indicates that its relations arc with Pouteria § Pseudocladia, much more than with that Engler’s Chrysophyllinae. One wonders Miquel did not include Sideroxylon cuspidatum A.DC., Sid. elegans A.DC.,

Sid. Mart, and Lucuma robustum et Eichl., glabrescens Mart, et

Eichl. in Oxythece, especially since he himself pointed to the habitual resemblance of the two first mentioned and Ox. pseudo- Baillon, Hist. Pi. XI footnote sideroxylon. (1891) p. 292, n. 7, recognized Sid. cuspidatum and Sid. elegans as Oxytheces, and in Urban Ant. V also Pierre, Symb. (1904) p. 161, referred, 166

though with (?), Sid. robustum (erroneously Lucuma robusta) to that genus.

All species can be easily recognized by their straight, parallel nervation, resembling that of Manilkara, but always immersed above, and by the dull, often pruinose or glaucous undersurface of their leaves. The number of ovary-cells, which Pierre features of considered one of the principal Oxythece, is not the but be the rule. Pierre also always same, 2 appears to found and 2 ovary-cells in O. leptocarpa Miq. in O. pseudo- sideroxylon Miq., which both, according to Miquel, should be

5-celled, and in Sid. robustum Mart, et Eichl., for which a 4-celIed

described. Lucuma Mart, et ovary was glabrescens Eichl., too, was described with a j-celled ovary, but MS notes by Pierre in Herb. Paris the number for the give as 3, rarely 2, type- that another collection Spruce 2029, admitting, however, specimen in the had Paris Museum exceptionally 5 ovary-cells. It may be that this relates to two sheets without collector’s name from

Para. For B i 11 no apparent reason a o n made Luc. glabrescens D k l.c. a new genus Gymnoluma. u c e, p. 73, pointed to its resemblance to Oxythece.

The close relationship between § Oxythece and § Pseudo- cladia is also shown by the fact that Pierre referred Lucuma A.DC. with ramiflora (Mart.) (?) to Oxythece. Dubard, p. 35, placed this species, Labatia ramiflora Mart., Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Rdlk., in Pouteria § Pseudocladia (Pierre) Dubard. forms between It a connecting link § Pseudocladia and § with Oxythece, together some other ispecies, e.g. Pouteria egregia

Sandw., Pouteria cladantha Sandw., and Pouteria ovata A. C. less Smith. These all have a more or parallel nervation, but

as in In this not immersed above, Oxythece. respect Oxythece inophylla (Mart.) Rdlk., too, differs from Oxythece Miq. Pierre doubted its In that on account of Its place genus j-celled ovary, it and Du eke made a new genus Glycoxylon. Cf. p. 167. I am not quite certain about the relationships of Oxythece ? Schom- burgkiana Pierre, which is the same as Lucuma rigida Mart,

et Rdlk. et Eichl., Pouteria rigida (Mart, Eichl.) should be The name Oxythece Miq. 1863 regarded as an ortho- graphic variant of Oxytheca (Cambridge Rules Am. 61, 70).

This was also O. K u n t z e’s opinion, who included Oxythece as a section Oxytheca in Pometia Veil, (von Post and Kuntze, Lex. Gen. Phan., 1904, pp. 410, 45 6). Consequently Oxytheca invalidates Nutt. 1847 (Polygonacea) Oxythece Miq. as a generic name. 167

— described with Barylucuma Barylucuma Ducke, one species,

B. decussata Ducke from the State of to Para, appears be nearly

related to the Oxythece group. Its leaves are almost the same, is and their decussate position by no means a very fundamental

difference, as also in the Oxythece group the leaves are often less in more or opposite, thought never constant so, as Barylu-

cuma. Staminodes are well-developed, and the ovary is 3, mostly 4-celled. The fruit of Barylucuma is still unknown, but the other

characters are favourable to its inclusion in Pouteria s.l. Bary- lucuma Rio de IV was described in Arch. Jard. Bot. Janeiro

(1925) p. 161, pi. 19.

— Ducke founded his Glycoxylon genus on 3 species, one

already described as Chrysophyllum inophyllum Mart, ex Miq.,

other two viz. Ducke and the new, Glyc. pedicellatum Glyc.

Huberi Ducke. (Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro III, 1922, pp. and its 234, 235). More detailed diagnoses of the genus species in with appeared Arch. IV, 1925, pp. 162-166, together notes

•on affinities and an additional species, Glyc. praealtum Ducke. G. and The species mentioned represent two types. inophyllum G. pedicellatum have leaves resembling those of Pouteria § Pseudo-

cladia, the principal primary nerves being straight and parallel, and connected alternating with lesser ones, not by uninterrupted

secondary nerves. In some specimens determined as G. pedicella- in Rio tum, e.g. Jard. Bot. de Janeiro n. 17595 [U]> the consistency of the leaves approaches that of Barylucuma and Oxythece. G.

inophyllum, which Pierre referred to Oxythece, though with __ its in its nervation doubt, owing to 5-celled ovary, also differs which is prominent above.

In G. Huberi and G. praealtum the primary nerves are

connected by uninterrupted secondary ones, and lesser primaries

are lacking. This facies strongly reminds one of Pradosia. The

differences with Pradosia according to Ducke are (1) the mostly opposite leaves and branchlets in Glycoxylon, (2) the insertion •of the flowers the and the on younger branchlets, (3) green

or white flowers. These differences only exist, however, between do hold Glycoxylon and Pradosia lactescens, but not true if

Glycoxylon is compared with Pradosia glycyphloea as interpreted Kuhlmann in As I have already above by 1930. explained

I do not think it advisable to attach much importance to the of leaves and branches in opposite position the these groups of plants, and this view is supported by the variability of

•this character in Pradosia, even in the same specimen. The 168

of the hark of all of the sweet taste species Glycoxylon (hence

doce = sweet and casca doce = names Glycoxylon, pao wood,

sweet bark) is also characteristic for Pradosia glycyphloea, which , . „„ - A also bears the name casca dôce. The curious folded stamens another of (at least in bud) are point in common Glycoxylon and Pradosia.

Pradosia — L i a i s’ description of Pradosia, in his Climats, du Geologic, Faune et Geographic botanique Bresil, 1872, pp.

as is 612-616, belongs to the same species figured on tab. 25

of the Flora Brasiliensis as Lucuma glycyphloea. Liais as well Eichler this be as Martius, Miquel and thought to the same

as Chrysophyllum glycyphloeum Casar., but, according to Kuhl- mann’s interpretations in Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro V, it is that Pometia lactescens 1930, p. 206, not species but Yell., Pradosia lactescens (Yell.) Kuhlm.

Up to that time the two species had been confounded by all authors. Nomenclatorial history of these species is highly complicated, and Kuhlmann’s interpretation is chiefly based P. on the sweet bark of glycyphloea, that of P. lactescens being bitter. Both have been recorded for the States of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes.

said P. As above, glycyphloea (Casar.) Liais scnsu Kuhlm. cannot be separated from Glycoxylon. P. lactescens (Yell.) Kuhlm. is a little more different; its flowers, beside being cauliflorous, externally more resemble those of some species of Chrysophyllum Pouteria Nemaluma. With the it or § latter also agrees in the one-seeded fruit with soft The folded pericarp. anthers, on the other hand, relate it with P. glycyphloea and Glycoxylon. Pouteria is ptychandra Eyma undoubtedly very nearly related flowers in dense to this species. Its are fascicles on branches its about as thick as a finger, and anthers are folded. The fruit also but the agrees well, embryo, though with thick semiellipsoid cotyledons, has a conical caudicle, and is enclosed within two well-developed though thin sheets of albumen. Cf. p. 189, Fig. 2 (p. 190). Bent ham and Gen. Pi. II, ii Hooker, (1876) p. 654, under the placed Pometia Lucuma, among plants occupying an intermediate position between Lucuma and Chrysophyllum. o.

K. section u n t z e made Pradosia Liais a Eupometia of Pometia and section Yell., Oxythece Miq. another Oxytheca. (von Post and Kuntze, Lex. Gen. PL, p. 456). Pometia . 1904, * Veil., 1825,. ... is antedated by Pometia Forst., 1776 (Sapindacea). 169

Radlkofer in 1882 referred Pornetia lactescens to Pouteria

(in Sitz. ber. math. phys. Cl. Kgl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss. Miinchen,

XII, 1882, pp. 294, 333). Bail Ion (1891) and Engler (1891) both retained Pradosia.

It will be asked in view of such of why, a variety types ..as represented by the numerous sections of Pouteria, it would , be not preferable to assign generic rank to at least some of these. A consideration of the close interrelationships and intermediate forms as discussed under the of the headings genera newly united with Pouteria clearly shows the impracticability of this.

The same or similar arguments induced Engler and Dubard to reduce most of Pierre’s and Baillon’s their genera to sections or I number synonymy. prefer, however, Engler’s slightly greater of sections to Dubard’s fewer and consequently more heterogeneous ones. more detailed A discussion is better left to a mono- with the grapher dealing whole genus or group. For the same reason I refrained from all publishing new combinations, espec-

since a of this ially monograph genus is already in preparation elsewhere.

It be denied cannot that at first sight some of the sections rather appear distinct, but the occurrence of intermediate forms prohibits the of rank of This assigning generic to any them. especially applies to A. DC. The species in this section characterized are by large flowers with a long, slender style and with the inserted in the the stamens upper part of tube, while in the leaves the primary nerves are connected by uninterrupted ones. There several secondary are, however, con- links with necting Pouteria s. str. So Pouteria cayennensis, Chry- A. sophyllum cayennense DC., Lucuma pulverulenta Mart, et EichL, which is the type-species of Baillon’s section Pholidoluma, has the essential characters of § Antholucuma, but its flowers are and smaller, with a shorter style, as in Pouteria s. str. Lu- cuma gutta Ducke has flowers of the Antholucuma type, but and the 4-merous, nervation of its leaves approadhes that of

Pouteria s. str. The large flowers and the nervation of the of leaves Pouteria Jenmanii (Pitt.) Sandw., Lucuma Jenmanii link in which it inserted S d Pitt., § Guapeba, was by a n w i t h, to § Antholucuma. As the few-celled regards species with ovary and short style, Dubard which considered more closely related, I refer to said the what is on p. 165 on relationship between § Pseudocladia and and on those between § Oxythece, on p. 167 § Oxythece, 170

§ Barylucuma and § Pradosia-Glycoxylon. This clearly shows

that these characters have no more than sectional value. From

what has been said on the number of flower-parts follows that the distinction between Pouteria § Pseudocladia and Lucuma

§ Franchetella cannot be maintained, so the latter section is

also Of of these sections have abandoned. See p. 184. neither two the fruit, seed and embryo of the type-species been described, but

those of Pouteria A. C. Smith are of the e.g. ovata ordinary

Pouteria type.

Pouteria Sagotiana (H.Bn.) Eyma nov. comb., Eremoluma Sago-

tiana H. Bn., Lucuma Sagotiana (H. Bn.) Engl., has a long, i-celled and be flask-shaped ovary, may therefore maintained characters with as a section. Its other agree § Pseudocladia. Its fruit also agrees.

Lucuma retusa Spruce ex Miq. et Eichl., Vitellaria retusa Radik.,

type of Lucuma § Coptoluma H. Bn., which D u b a r d placed

in Lucuma § Gayella, is probably better referred to Micropholis.

Its fruit and seed are unknown.

Pouteria (§ Antholucuma) grandis Eyma, nov. sp. x diametiens Arbor, 35 /i m altus, 40 cm (ex For. Dept. 2131), ramulis crassis, junioribus (ex B.W. 3226) griseo-brunneo-puberulo- tomentosis. Foliorum laminae petioli 3—7 cm longi, obovato- in B.W. 3226 16 oblongae (vel longe obovatae), (14) —30 cm

latitudinem — longae, longitudine (1"Y2) 2 z'A-plo superante, apicem

acumine breve lato obtuso munitum versus subrotundatae, basi obtusae in petiolum contractae, coriaceae, margine revolutae, supra

glabrae, subtus indumento brevissimo brunneo opaco plus minusve minute B.W. puberulae, juniores (ex 3226) et supra sparse puberulae

nervo mediano indumento utrinque subnitido, supra subplano vel basi plus minusve immerso, subtus valde prominente, nervis pri-

mariis 1—2 cm distantibus, supra planis vel subimmersis, subtus valde acute prominentibus, subrectis, marginem versus curvatis, vel nervis secundariis supra subplanis subimmersis, subtus graciliter prominulis indumento saepius obtectis, primarios connectentibus, reticulatione inconspicuo. Flores in fasciculis paucifloris axillaribus vel foliorum supra cicatrices delapsorum dispositi; pedicelli robusti circ. i% cm longi, ferrugineo-puberulo-tomentosi; sepala 4, ex-

teriora 2 elliptico-oblonga, in alabastro ellipsoideo interiora inclu-

dentes, 1J/2 cm longa, ut pedicelli ferrugineo-puberulo-tomentosa,

interiora 2 vel obovato-oblonga exteriora oblonga nonnihil superantia, indumento corolla pallidiore; cylindrica, usque 1% cm longa, pallide viridis, lobis 6 oblongis apice subtruncatis, tubi partem aequantibus; staminodia subulata stamina subaequantia; 171

stamina fauci vel paullulo altius inserta, filamentis latis brevibus, antheris extrorsis sed rimis introrsis dehiscentibus; ovarium late ovoideum, pilosum, 6-loculare, stylo longo filiforme basi adpresse circ. piloso u mm attingente, stigmate non incrassato 6-verrucoso. Fructus subglobosus vel ellipsoideo-globosus, maximus visus circ.

cm minute dein 5 longus, ferrugineo-puberulus, glabrescens, calyce seminibus persistente deflexa, pedicello crasso usque cm longo, non bene evolutis.

Guiana ad rivulum Simuni Creek alt. anglica: dictum, circ. too m., prope fl. Rupununi infra Kanaku Montes (Davis, Forest Dept. British Guiana n.

2131, typus, in Herb. Kew, cum floribus lectus Aug. 1931). Surinamo: arbor fructibus Brownsberg, n. 53 (B.W. n, 3226, cum lectus Sept. 1917).

Nomcn indigenum: Guiana anglica: Bakupar (Wapisiana).

This species appears nearly related to Lucuma arguacoensium

Karsten from Colombia. According to Karsten’s diagnosis in his

Florae Columbiae Sel. 120 and 6 the has Spec. I, p. pi. 4, latter acuminate leaves not at the apex, 10—12 flowers in each bundle, the inner the 2 sepals glabrous, corolla white, with minutely dilate lobes, and staminodes which surpass the stamens.

Pouteria L — ( Antholucuma) trigonosperma Eyma, nov. spec.

Fig. 1. latice Arbor, albo, ramulis pallidis glabris, junioribus minute densissimeque obscure rubro-brunneo-tomentosis. Foliorum petioli minusve iVi— 3 cm longi, plus tomentelli, laminae obovatae, vel oblongo-obovatae, oblongae, usque 19 cm longae, longitudine

latitudinem — superante, recurvatae itaque siccitate plicatae, apice rotundatae vel obtusae vel subretusae, basi obtusae, vel subcoriaceae coriaceae, raro chartaceae, glabrae, statu sicco nitidae brunneae subtus supra opacae pallidioresque, nervo mediano supra minute acute prominulo, subtus valde prominente, nervis subtus primariis i}4 —2 cm distantibus, supra plants prominenti- nervis secundariis vel bus, supra plants grosse prominulis cana- subtus Hculatisque graciliter prominulis, nervos primaries connectentibus, reticulatione ultimo denso subtus prominulo. Flores in fasciculis vel cicatrices foliorum paucifloris axillaribus supra

x delapsorum 1 —2 cm florem versus dispositi; pedicelli /2 longi, exteriora in alabastro incrassati; sepala 4, 2 longe ovato-deiltoidea, ovoideo obtuso interiora includentes, n —13 mm longa, ut pedicelli obscure rubro-brunneo-puberulo-tomentosa, interiora 2 oblonga, corolla 13—ij mm longa, indumento pallidiore; cylindrica, usque 6 1 mm longa, alboviridis, lobis 6 oblongis, apice rotundatis trun- tubi vel catis, longitudine eum Yi partem aequante; staminodia leaf b: flower Fig. i. Pouteria trigonosperma Eyma. a: (BW. 1798); (BW. fruit d: anther e: (combined 1798); c, (BW. 311); drawing). Pouteria leaf Hall guianensis Aubl. f: (van 27); g: flower (B.W.

h: i: immature 4062); anther of g; fruit containing seed (van Hall

27); k: seed (B.W. 381). 173

subulata, stamina aequantia vel superantia, decurrentia; stamina faucem prope inserta, filamentis brevibus decurrentibus, antheris

oiblongis apicem truncatum versus subangustatis, extrorsis, sed rimis in primis apice introrsis dehiscentibus; ovarium depressum, —8 7 loculare, stylo longo cylindrico e basi adpresse pilosa apicem sensim circ. versus angustato, exserto, 12—14 mm attingente, sublobullato. Fructus stigmate subgloboso magnus, circ. 7 cm vel diametiens, subglobosus apice subelevato, pericarpio tenue, seminibus —8 bene carnoso, triquetribus 7 evolutis, quorum testa

partibus lateralibus dissepimentis arete cohaerentibus membranacea, tertia nitidissima parte externa libera coriacea brunnea, embryone

magno, cotyledonibus 2 crassissimis, radicula minutissima, punctiforme.

Surinamo: I, arbor n. 222 lectus Zandery (B.W. n. 1514, ster., Dec. 1915;'

n. cum alabastris lectus lectus 2294, Junio 1916; n. 3604, ster, Jan. 1918;

n. alabastris lectus Nov. 3898, cum Julio 1918; n. 4113, cum fructibus lectus

n. alabastris lectus folia novella 1918; 4354, cum Julio 1919, tantum gerens;

n. cum alabastris lectus I 4722, Julio 1920); Zandery (B.W. n. 2823, cum alabastris lectus Sectie arbor parvis fructibusque Apr. 1917); O, n. 66 (B.W. lectus Nov. in Herb. n. 1341, ster., 1915; n. 1798, typus, Rheno-traj., cum floribus lectus Junio 1916; n. 1816, cum alabastris parvis lectus Maio 1916;

n. fructus, lectus n. alabastris lectus 2388, typus Aug. 1916; 2920, cum Junio n. cum floribus lectus Oct. 1917; 3381, fructibusque 1917; n. 3822, cum fructibus lectus Maio lectus 1918; n. 3941, defl., Aug. 1918); Sectie O, arbor

n. floribus lectus 503 (B.W. n. 3 11, cum Apr. 1915; n. 1251, ster., lectus

Nov. n. cum floribus lectus lectus 1915; 3177, Julio 1917; n. 3948, defl., Aug.

n. defl., lectus n. fructibus lectus Nov. 1918; 4398, Aug. 1919; 5419, cum t92l). Nomina Bosch indigena: koesoewe, Mabijara (S.D.); Boesi koesoewe, Mabi Sabana mabiara jara, (N.E.); Abenbele, Janboka (Sar.); Mabijara, Jawahe papaja, lawe hepapaja, Jawohc paikoelia (Arow.); Mapijara, Mapirian, Mapi- ran, Mapiran warian, Mapilan, Mapiwalan (Kar.).

The most typical feature of Pouteria trigonosperma is the of fruit structure its and seed, which has already been discussed

on The and dimensions of page 164. shape the flowers are

typically those of Pouteria sect. Antholucuma (Lucuma sect. Antholucuma of A. De and The Candolle others). leaves show a of Pouteria striking similarity to those psammophila (Mart.) Radik, Rio de The latter be from Janeiro. can distinguished at first sight, however, by its much smaller, subsessile flowers, which,

differ in too. moreover, other respects,

in The degree of shrinking dried material can be judged by a

comparison of dry flowers of B.W. 311 with flowers of the same collection preserved in alcohol. 174

after 1 minute preserved in dry boiling alcohol

11 mm 15 inner sepals mm mm

corolla 11 mm 14 mm 16 mm

Pouteria cayennensis (A. DC) Eyma, nov. comb.; — A. Prodr. VIII Chrysophyllum cayennense DC., (1844) p. 160; Eichl. — Lucuma pulverulenta Mart, et in El. Bras. VII (1863)

P • 7°-

The only Surinam specimen referred to this species, Splitgerber of which I found unnumbered inserted 1039 [L], an duplicate under L. pulverulenta in the Paris Herbarium, has its leaves

than Martin’s 8 shorter petioled in specimen at Paris ( ± mm and the against 20 mm) lamina more shiny beneath. It bears no and is certain. flowers, so its identity not quite

Dubard included C. cayennensis in L. pulverulenta, maintaining the younger specific name. The identity of Chrysophyllum cayennense and Lucuma pulverulenta first stated who made C. was by Bâillon, cayennense the of H. Bn. type Lucuma § Pholidoluma (Hist. PL, 1891, See also I add that in Herb. Paris p. 281). p. 169. may 3 specimens of Pouteria Caimito (Ruiz et Pav.) Rdlk., a sterile one collected by Martin and two by Mélinon, of wthich one with fruit, have inserted under C. been cayennense, and perhaps also been distributed under that name. This is at least the case with some fragments of Melinon’s plant in Herb. Utrecht.

Pouteria melanopoda Eyma, n. sp. Arbor, ramis pallidis vel griseis, junioribus ferrugineo-tomen- sicco tosis. Foliorum petioli 1^2—4 cm longi, statu nigri, laminae oblongae vel obovato-oblongae, apicem acuminatum versus rotundatae, basi subacutae vel obtusae, 12—28 cm longae, longitudine chartaceae latitudinem 2^—iM-pIo superante, vel subcoriaceae, mediano vel subtus glabrae, nervo supra piano prominulo, pro-

nervis cm distantibus minente, primariis 1—3 Yi prope marginem subtus nervis curvatis, supra prominulis, prominentibus, secundariis inter utrinque acute prominulis, medio primaries in reticulationem mergentibus rarius primaries connectentibus, reticulatione ultimo' subdenso nec densissimo utrinque acute prominulo. Flores in fasciculis cicatrices foliorum axillaribus vel supra delapsorum dispositi, pallide brunnei; pedicelli 4—7 mm longi; sepala 5, ovata, intus patentia, utrinque sed extus magis quam ut pedicelli adpresse 175

lobis ferrugineo-pilosa; corolla subturbinata, 3—3Yi mm longa,

subacutis vel eum tub! (4) 5 subacuminatis, longitudine aequante;, staminodia ovato-acuminata vel ovato-lanceolata, minuta; stamina ad vel prope faucem inserta, filamentis subbrevibus, antheris ovoideis apiculatis introrsis; ovarium ovoideum vel depressum, dense in brevem ferrugineo-tomentosum, 4—5-loculare, stylum glabrum

apice clavatum sensim vel abrupte angustatum. Fructus ignotus.

Sectie arbor lectus Nov. Suninamo; O, n. 6 87 (B.W. n. 1377, ster.,

1915; n. 6010, typus, in Herb. Rheno-traj., cum floribus lectus Decembp

I?22)- Nomina indigena: Riemhout (S.D.); Lohoedoe (N.E.); Bobi waata (Sar.); Asepoekoe, Kwatasi, Hariraro assepoekoe (Arow.); Wasc poekoelan. Wase poekoerian, Asse poekoe (Kar.).

Pouteria guianensis Aubl., Hist. Pi. Guiane franf. (1775) I,

excl. fruct. — p. 86, III, pi. 33 Fig. 1 (p. 172). The of this the of identity species, type-species the genus

Pouteria Aubl., has long puzzled authors on Sapotaceae. This of referable may be partly due to the scarcity material to find A u b 1 e t’s plate; in fact I did not a single collection of this

in I did species the Paris Herbarium. not see the fragments collected Sieber by in Para referred to by Radlkofer in Sitz. ber. Math. Cl. Phys. Kgl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss. Miinchcn XII (1882) but sterile sheet of Surinam p. 331, a van Hall 27, [U], bears a

note by Radlkofer (1910) declaring the anatomical struc-

ture of the leaf identical with that of Aublet’s plant in the

British Museum. Moreover, Dr. van Ooststroom, during his visit

to London in sheet 1933, kindly compared a of B.W. 4062, with without Surinam, Aublet’s, finding any specific difference. The Surinam from the material, at least 4 different trees in Sectie and thus reserves Zandery I, O Brownsberg, may safely

be held to be the same species as that figured by Aublet. and Flowering fruiting material of van Hall 27 had already

been determined as Pouteria guianensis Aubl. by Pulle in 1909 Rec. Trav. Bot. (in Neerl. VI, 1909, p. 285).

As regards the various misinterpretations of P. guianensis, it taken should be into account that in the beginning matters have that Aublet fruit been complicated by the fact figured a wrong with his P. guianensis. This De Candolle, Prodr. VIII (1844) in Sitzber. p. 164, already suspected, and Martius, Kgl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss. Bd. excluded the whole of Aublet’s 1861, 1, p. 572, the plate except only left flower, referring the fruit to Dasynema, Tiliaceae (= Sloanea, Elaeocarpaceae). The remainder, being 176

the left flower and the of the to description same, he referred Labatia.

and in Fl. Miquel Eichler, Bras. VII, 1863, p. 77 (not A. De writes in Bull. Soc. Bot. Candolle as Huber Geneve VI, 1914,

p. 197), placed P. guianensis, with only the fruit excluded, as a

at Lucuma synonym psammophila (Mart.) A.DC., var. xesto- The cited with phylla. 2 specimens var. xestophylla, viz. Widgren Rio de and Luschnath de 689, ster., Janeiro [B] s.n., fr., Praya Lagoa da Gavia [B], though showing some superficial likeness to differ P. guianensis, in their connecting secondary nerves being

less interrupted and in their nervation being not conspicuously The fruit and light-coloured as in P. guianensis. seeds of Lusch-

of P. the nath’s plant resemble those guianensis, seeds having a

about 6 The of scar mm broad. type-specimen Labatia psammo- Prince Wied Cabo Rio de phila Mart., von s.n., fl., Frio, Janeiro

the rounded at the [B], has leaves broadly base, the stamens the of the and ciliate inserted at middle tube, staminodes, shaped like the corolla-lobes but slightly smaller.

Pierre, in his Notes sais that the Botaniques, 1891, p. 44, 3 of sheets he in or 4 Aublet’s saw the British Museum in 1883 did Labatia not appear different from macrocarpa Mart, and from determined Lab. Sagot 476 by Sagot as macrocarpa Mart. His conclusion is that the branch figured Aublet by on pi. 33 is Pouteria undated not of guianensis Aubl. In an note, however,

attached to a sheet of Sagot s.n., Karouany, Fr. Guiana [P], he did confesses that he not compare thf plants in the Br. Museum

with Aublet’s nor with and plate Sagot’s plant, that he is, not all certain at as to whether the latter should be called P. guian- did these collections in the ensis. I not see Br. Museum myself,

but from Dr. van Ooststroom’s informations follows that the

plant now labelled P. guianensis Aubl. there is neither identical

with Martius’ nor with Sagot’s. The plants with obtuse leaf-base referred which Pierre dubiously to P. guianensis should likewise Fr. be discarded. (Melinon s.n., Guiana, and Schomburgk 467, Roraima, Br. Guiana). All these plants have rather short petidles, x not leaves exceeding /2 —1 cm, glaucous beneath, close, uninter- and seeds rupted connecting secondary nerves, with the horny

of the reduced a small dorsal part testa to stripe. P. guianensis,

the other has 2 on hand, longer petioles, —4 cm long, leaves not distant and glaucous beneath, much more interrupted connecting and seeds with the of the secondary nerves, horny part testa not reduced and with an ordinary linear-elliptic scar. P i taken e r r e’s misinterpretation was over by Dubard, 177

in Ann. Mus. cites who, colon. Marseille, XX, 1912, p. 38, of Mart. P. guianensis Aubl. as a synonym Labatia macrocarpa Poiteau The specimens seen by him are: Sagot 476, Melinon s.n.,

1480, and Schomburgk 467. His misinterpretation of the type- species was counteracted, however, by his retaining the genus

Pouteria sensu Radlkofer et Engler. the It probably was the circumstance that on plate, drawn for

Pierre by Delpy in 1885 [P], two different plants but with a habit under the certain likeness in are figured, names Pouteria guianensis Aubl. and Ragala sanguinolenta Pierre, which misled Benoist the to consider them synonymous and same as Ecclinusa sanguinolenta Pierre. (Benoist, Les Bois de la Guyane fran$. de in Arch, Bot. V, 1931, Mem. n. 1). The specimens cited,

Benoist and are both Eccl. 230 304 sanguinolenta (Pierre) Engl.

I did not find the type-specimen of Chrysophyllum sessiliflorum the Eccl. Poir., which Benoist also mentions among synonyms of sanguinolenta, but according to Pierre’s MS notes in Hb. Paris, this may be right. There several the Surinam material are fruiting specimens among Pouteria the of of guianensis. In most cases, however, contents the fruits have been eaten by ants, and only the outer, harder the parts of the fruit-wall and testa of the seeds have been left. The description of the embryo is from B.W. 381 and 2829, both from tree n. 42 in the Zandery I reserve.

Fructus primo late ellipticus, dein subglobosus, circ. 4— cm longus, laevis, glaber, pericarpio firme, inprimis quoad partes exteriores; semina plerumque 2 evoluta, late oblongo-ellipsoidea, dura utrinque rotundata, non complanata, circ. 2 cm longa, testa derasa axi circ. hilo nitida, area adpressa elliptica, 14 mm lata, albumen crassis supero; nullum; embryo cotyledonibus plano- convexis, caudicula punctiforme.

Pouteria hispida Eyma, n. sp.

Arbuscula, 6 m alta, latice albo, ramulis crassis, partibus junioribus angulatis, pilis rigidis erectis pallide ferrugineis vel aureo-fulvis obsitis. Foliorum ad apices ramulorum congestorum oblance- petioli 3^2 —cm longi, ut ramulis hispidi, laminae latitudinem dlatae, 8 —20 cm longae, longitudine super- subacutum vel subobtusum ante, apice subacuta, basin versus attenuatae, chartaceae vel papyraceae, ad nervationem principalem utrinque sed inprimis subtus fulvo-hispidae et praeterea pilis sparsis minores pallidis marginalibus et ad nervos munitae, nervo mediano supra inprimis basin versus plus minusve impresso, subtus valde 178

nervis distantibus ad prominente, primariis 7—xx mm subrectis subtus valde marginem curvatis, supra prominulis, prominentibus,. crebris nervis secundariis primaries angulo circ. 90° connecten- subtus ultimo tibus, utrinque sed magis ac supra ut reticulatione acute prominiillis vel prominentibus. Flores (alabastra subglobosa diametientia in ramulos cica- 2 mm solum visa) junioribus supra

trices foliorum delapsorum dispositi; pedicelli 1 mm longi; sepala

statu sicco dense 4, ovata, acuta, pilis adpressis pallidissimis corolla circ. lobis rotundatis subdenti- obsita; 2 mm longa, 4 culatis tubum aequantibus; staminodia subulata; stamina ad basin tubi inserta, glabra, filamentis filiformibus, antheris ovoideis acutis extrorsis; ovarium ovoideo-conicum, pilosum, 4(?)-loculare,

stylum crassum cylindricum versus attenuatum. Fructus ignotus.

silva Wonotobo ad fl. Surinamo: in prope Corantyn (B.W. n. 2863, alabastris lectus Octobri typus, in Herb. Rheno-traj., cum 1916). Nomen indigenum: Toewonoele (Kar.).

Its relations are with Glaziou and from probably 2x700 21701 Goyaz, mentioned without description in Glaziou’s list under the Lucuma names Lucuma minutiflora Pierre and dentata Pierre, which

have stamens inserted about the middle of the tube, as is also the flower-buds Krukoff case in minute of 6344 (S. Amazonas).

Pouteria (§iNemaluma) Enigleri Eyma, nom. nov.

Chrysophyllum alnifolium Engl, in Engl. Jahrb. XII (1890)

non Baker in Flora Trop. Africa III p. 522, (1877) p. 499. This described species was as a Chrysophyllum, without stamin-

odes. A sketch with the type-specimdn (Melinon, Fr. Guiana) in

Paris, however, shows one small deltoid staminode. I also observed this in several flowers the Surinam among material, e.g. B.W. but also flowers 2403 and B.W. 4034, were found in which all

staminodes were in B.W. equally well-developed, e.g. i22j. In.

latter but in some other this case, flowers, too, the staminodes deltoid base.. are ovate acute, with a In flower-buds of B.W. faint 4389 not even a indication of staminodes could be found, of B.W. whereas a fullgrown flower 4783, collected from the had same three, 4 well-developed truncate staminodes. Although the Surinam material of this species is rather abundant, the corollas of flowers and most are lacking, so no great numbers of flowers could be sacrificed in order to ascertain of the range variability of staminodial development on the same tree. A Guiana fruiting specimen from British (Forest Dept. Br. Guiana n. 2362, Francois Creek, Mahaicony R. [K]), and another from Surinam from the (B.W. 4242, same tree as the flowering. 179

B.W. 4783), have exalbuminous seeds containing an embryo with thick, semiellipsoid cotyledons and inconspicuous, punctiform radicle. This, together with the occurrence of staminodes exclude* this from species Chrysophyllum and refers it to Pouteria. In its 1-seeded fruit and the soft fleshy pericarp, collapsing round seed in the the dry fruit, it approaches sect. Pradosia, with which it also in the outward of its but from agrees appearance flowers,

which it differs in the straight, not folded filaments of its anthers,

which are inserted near the base of the tube. in Herb. Paris is of Judging after MS notes this one the 2 attributed or 3 species which Baillon to his genus Nemaluma

(Hist. Plant., p. 293).

Pouteria Caimito (Ruiz et Pav.) Radik, in Sitz. ber. Math,

Cl. Ak. Wiss. — phys. Kgl. Bayr. Miinchen, XII (1882) p. 333; Ruiz Achras Caimito et Pav., Fl. Peruv. ct Chil. Ill (1802)

t. — Lucuma Caimito Roem. p. 18, 240; (Ruiz et Pav.) et Sch.,

IV — Labatia Caimito et Syst. (1819) p. 701; (Ruiz Pav.) Mart., Herb. Fl. Bras. (1837) p. 170.

Achras Caimito was originally described from eastern Peru, but in IV Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi (1904) p. 388, seems to doubt there. Prodr. its spontaneous occurrence A. De Candolle,

VIII (1844) p. 167, and also Pierre in a MS note in Herb.

Paris, remark that plate 240 is rather bad, showing the leaves lanceolate and the about acuminate obtuse, pedicels as long as

the petioles, and the flowers larger than in Pavon’s plant. Also,

as remarked by De Candolle, was the style erroneously described of dis- as 8-lobed instead 4-lobed. These, however, are minor

in of varia- crepancies, well fitting with the rather wide range

bility of this species as now understood, and to which Huber, l.c., drew attention when discussing the cultivated abiu of Para. Huber and dimensions According to the variability affects shape

of and taste of the leaves fruit, as well as the consistency and

the latter. Cf. also Pio Correa, Dice. Plant, uteis do Bras. The this I (1926) p. j. specimens afterwards referred to species well with those of Ruiz and Pavon in various herbaria agree [e.g. P, B, D]. The resemblance of P. Cainito ‘and P. laurifolia (Gomes) Rdlk.,

I much described from Rio dc Janeiro, is so great, that am very the Fl. inclined to ascribe the difference in seed, given in Bras.

VII and but doubted by Radlkofer, l.c. pp. 79 80, already pp.

— — in P. Caimito hilum basal, in P. laurifolia apical to 333, 273 If this be the P. be due to some error. might prove to case, 180

laurifolia could well be considered a small and narrow-leaved

P. is: form or variety of Caimito. Synonymy of P. laurifolia

P. laurifolia (Gomes) Rdlk. (1882) p. 333; — Guapeba laurifolia in Mem. Ac. Mem. Corr. Gomes Ulyss. Ill, (1812) p. 19, t. 2;

— A. VIII 166. Lucuma laurifolia DC, Prodr. (1844) p. Guapeba laurifolia is Gomes’ only species and accordingly the type-species of Guapeba Gomes.

Labatia reticulata FI. Bras. Mart., Herb. (1837) p. 170, likewise

described from Rio de Janeiro, was already in D.C. Prodr. Martins referred to Luc. laurifolia as a variety. himself had already it with To suspected to be synonymous Guapeba laurifolia. this l.c. variety De Candolle also referred, p. 671, Achras Guapeba

Casar. Nov. Stirp. Bras. Dec. p. 6r.

Lucuma H.B.K. Nov. Gen. temare et Sp. (18x8) p. 241, fol. Richardella Not. Bot. ed. p. 189, temare Pierre, (1891) p. 20 S. (type Humboldt 929, Fernando, Esmeralda, Orinoco [P, ster.]), has rather similar nervation as has P. but the a Caimito, shape of Its the leaves is long oblong, to 18x4 cm. flowers are unknown; the fruit is described as „ovoideo carnoso glutinoso trispermo, seminibus ovato-oblongis”.

Pouteria laevigata (Mart.) Radik., l.c. XIV (1884) p. 453, Labatia Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. (?) laevigata (1837) p. 172, Lucuma ? A.DC., Prodr. VIII laevigata (Mart.) (1844) p. 167, included by Dubard in P. Caimito (in Ann. Mus. Col. Mars. XX, 1912, far from p. 31), is, as as I can judge two detached leaves of the type-specimen (Martius, R. Japura, Aftxazonas) in Herb. Utrecht, different obovate a species. Its leaves are oblong rounded or retuse at the and the undersurface apex, of the dry leaf does not show the conspicuous coloured dense light reticulation on dark which characteristic a ground is so for P. Caimito, but is ochraceous-brown evenly coloured, with a rather lax reticulation.

It was described without but with flowers, sessile fruit, con- in Caimito taining 4 seeds „uti Labatia comparata”.

According to a note with Baker 75 [U] the fruits of P. Caimito are at Para infested by the larvae of commonly a Trypetid fly. This is cause why evidently also the only small, woody fruits are in Surinam material. present the

Pouteria filipes Eyma, n. sp.

Arbor ramulis ut petioli gracilibus ferrugineo-puberulis tomen- tosisve. Foliorum petioli graciles cm longi, laminae lan- vel ceolatae medio vel paullulo medium oblongo-lanceolatae supra 181

latissimae longitudine latitudinem 3-plo superante, apice acumi- vel basi 18 natae cuspidatae, acutae, usque cm longae, chartaceae, subtus vel supra glabrae, pills griseis griseo-fulvis parallele subtus adpressis munitae, nervo mediano supra pnominulo, pro- nervis distantibus nervis minente, primariis 7-12 mm bine inde

minoribus dimidio brevicribus alternantibus, curvatis, supra planis vel prominulis, subtus valde prominentibus, nervis secundariis vel nonnihil crebris utrinque aequaliter subtus magis quam supra connectentibus. acute prominulis primariorum partes superiores in circ. cicatrices foliorum Flores fasciculis 7-floris supra delap-

sorum ad ramulos juniores dispositi; pedicelli graciles, filiformes, circ. 7 mm longi, adpresse pilosi; sepala 4, oblongo-elliptica, horizontaliter dense circ. 3 mm longa, patentia, margine ciliata,

exteriora 2 in alabastro valvata interiora includentia extus dense

adpresseque griseo-pilosa, interiora 2 tenuiora lateribus inprimis

basi glabris; corolla cylindrica vel paullulo subturbinata, 3-4 lobis circ. mm longa, flavido-alba, 4 rotundatis, longitudine 1/3

partem tubi aequante, margine ciliis crispis dense ciliatis; staminodia uti lobi corollae efformata sed dimidio minora; stamina

circa medium tubi Inserta, glabra, filamentis bene evolutis, antheris extrorsis apiculatis; ovarium ellipsoideum, pilosum, 4-loculare,

stylo cylindrico non exserto. Fructus ignotus.

Suriname: arbor lectus Brownsberg, n. 1141 (B.W. n. 2091, ster., Julio

1916; n. 6366, typus, in Herb. Rheno-trajectino, cum floribus lectus Jan. 1924). Nomina indigena: Moraballi firobero (Arow.); Tometome kjiu kwaterc (Kar.).

Closely related to For. Dept. British Guiana n. 2289 [K] from Moraballi Creek, Essequibo R., which differs in its glabrous the absence of and the reddish leaves, lesser primary nerves, colour of the indumentum of the branchlets. on the younger parts

Pouteria scytalcphora Eyma, n. sp.

Podoluma Glaziovii H. Bn. ex Glaziou in Bull. Soc. Bot. France

— ? Pseudocladia LVII, Mém. III (1910) p. 442, nomcn;

Melinoni PI. — ? Lucuma H. Bn., Hist. XI (1891) p. 291, nomen; Pfl. fam. Nachtr. Melinoni (H. Bn.) Engl, in Engl.-Prantl, Nat.

(1897) P- 275, nomen. Arbor excelsus, ramulis junioribus obscure ferrugineo-tomentosis.

Foliorum petioli ij/j-a cm longi, laminae longo-ellipticae vel latitudinem elliptico-oblongae, usque 23 cm longae, longitudine

superante, apice cuspide angusto obtusoque 4-12

mm basi vel longo cuspidatae, obtusae acutae, subcoriaceae, supra 182

nisi juventute glabrae, subtus dense minute ferrugineo- vel cinereo- indumento puberulotomentosae, non nitente, nervo mediano supra piano vel prominulo, subtus prominente, nervis primariis 6-13

(-16) mm distantibus curvatis, nervis minoribus brevioribus inter- nervis jectis, secundariis crebris parallelis primariorum partes nervatione superiores connectentibus, supra piano vel inconspicue sed prominulo, subtus acute prominente reticulatione indumento obtecto. Flores in fasciculis densifloris axillaribus dispositi; pedicelli late 4-7 mm longi; sepala 4, ovata, ciliata, extus ut pedicelli adpresse ferrugineo-pilosa; corolla cylindrica vel subturbinata,

mm virescens, tubo extus lobis longa, adpresse piloso, 4 erectis tubi vel x ad rotundatis, longitudine eum /2 1/3 partem staminodia aequantibus, glabris; crassa lineari-oblonga truncata, unde nomen specificum; stamina ad basin tubi inserta, glabra,

filamentis gracilibus, antheris extrorsis non apiculatis, stamina in floribus nonnullis deficientia linea transversa pilosa solum indicata; ovarium depresso-globosum 8-costatum, pilis ovoideo- ovarium globosum, 2-loculare, stylo cylindrico pilosum aequant;; alabastra brunnea. Fructus ellipsoideus vel oblique ovoideo-ellips-

cm latitudinem oideus, usque 3 longus, longitudine circ. duplo obtusus vel basi superante, apice apiculatus, rotundatus, in statu

vivo viridis, in statu sicco griseus vel brunneus, glaber, semine unico exalbuminoso lateraliter hilo complanato, angusto basin

versus subampliato, ombryone cotyledonibus crassis semiellipsoideis, radicula minutissima, punctiforme.

Surinamo: arbor n. 1026 n. Brownsberg, (B.W. 1726, cum alabastris lectus fructibus lectus Apr. 1916; n. cum n. 3315, Sept. 1917; 3468, cum Nov. fructibus lectus 1917); arbor n. Brownsberg, 1230 (B.W. n. 6719, cum lectus alabastris Junio n. 6873, cum alabastris lectus 1924; Junio 1925;

n. cum floribus lectus Dec. 1926); arbor 6949, Brownsberg, n. 1237 (B.W. n. in Herb. Rheno-traj., cum floribus lectus 6623, typus, Junio 1924; n.

6 115 lectus 77f. tyP /ructus, Jan. 1925); Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6548, cum floribus fructibusque lectus Julio 1924).

? Guiana Melinon gallica: specimina a ad fl. Maroni lecta in Herb. Paris alabastriferum nomine Pseudocladia asservata quorum Melinoni H Bn fortasse notatum, quamquam nonnullis -diversa, huc referenda; vide infra. Brasilia: Rio de Caminho do Janeiro; Macaco ad Vista Chincza

(Glaziou n. n. cum 128, ster. [P]; Glaziou 16239, alabastris lectus [P, B]

Podoluma Glaziovii H.Bn. ex Glaz.).

Nomina Surinamo: Konoko balli indigena: (Arow.); Remoc epe (Kar.).

The Surinam plants with those collected agree by Glaziou in the State of Rio de Janeiro, only differring in their older leaves being minutely but densely reddish puberulous beneath, whereas 183

Glaziou of 16239 has them glabrous or almost so. The insertion the stamens at the base of the tube, which is also shown on a drawing with Glaziou 16239 at Paris, is not in accordance with Podoluma H. Hist. the characters of Bn., Pi. p. 290, where the stamens are said to be inserted near the mouth of the tube.

Podoluma Glaziovii was published without description in the list of Glaziou’s plants.

In the habitually rather similar Pseudocladia Melinoni from

French Guiana, the stamens are inserted about the middle of the if after the the Paris tube, one may judge analytical drawings in

Herbarium. It also differs in the dense dark red tomentum on the undersurface of the leaves, which are narrower than in the Surinam material Baillon x 4 cm). According to a note by the sheet in Herb. Paris its on flowers are 4-merous with a 2-celled but ovary, a more recent note, with some analytical

Lecomte, the number of as drawings, by gives flower-parts 5, and only one ovule. Pseudocladia Melinoni was first mentioned of as one of 2 species Pseudocladia Pierre (Baillon, Hist. PL, with that in this female p. 291), a note species only flowers were known. This agrees with the casual occurrence of female flowers in the Surinam plants, though there they are to be found on the same branches as the normal flowers. The combination Lucuma Melinoni (H. Bn.) Engl, was also published with- both the Index Kewensis out description, but names are given in if the had been as species effectively published.

it I thought preferable to describe the Surinam plants under a new name, instead of validating one of these nomina nuda. One that Surinam reason is, among the plants full-grown flowers and fruits mature from the same tree are available, whereas Glaziou’s plants have only flower-buds, and those of Melinon minute flower-buds and fruits. the young Although very young of the flower-buds the different of state may explain position does advisable the stamens in Pseudocladia Melinoni, it not appear to take this the of the described. specimen as type species just As to Podoluma Glaziovii, which, though from a more distant the locality, more closely resembles the Surinam material, name Glaziovii is with Pouteria likely to be confounded Glazioveana Dub. The latter is different first described a very species, as

Lucuma psammophila A. DC. var. macrophylla Raunkiaer.

Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma, nov. comb.; — Chrysophyl- lum reticulatum in XII Engl, Engl. Jahrb. (1890) p. 522. 184

The collection of this is Glaziou type species 12070 from Rio

dc Janeiro. In GI a z i o u’s list in Bull. Soc. Bot. de France X number is mentioned (1910) Mem. iii p. 437 this under Lucuma with Glaziou minutiflora Fr. Allem., together 11155 and 2041, de is the also from Rio Janeiro. Glaziou 2041 another species than noticed other two, as was probably already by Dubard. Lucuma,

minutflora Fr. Allem. was described from Mt. Hiapaba in Ceara. Judging from Allemao’s description and plate it resembles in P. reticulata, differring chiefly having a 5-celled ovary. As I from I think it did not see any specimens Ceara safer not to use

the name minutiflora for the other specimens. The name Lucuma Pierre in minutiflora appears as a nomen nudum Glaziou's list, Glaziou for a different from p. 438, very plant, 21700 Goyaz. be Glaziou This may the same species as 21701, also from Goyaz,

dentata nud., l.c. Its Lucuma Pierre, nom. p. 438. relations are probably with Pouteria hispida Eyma.

reticulata Lucuma Pouteria appears related to tarapotensis Eichl. Franchetella which ex Pierre, tarapotensis (Eichl.) Pierre, is the of the Franchetella Pierre and type species genus the only species in Dubard’s section Franchetella of Lucuma. Indeed, Dubard, united the the Lucuma p. 23, two species under name tarapotensis Eichl.. In the of my opinion, however, type-specimen the latter, from Eastern Peru Spruce 4561 Tarapoto, [B, P, G], differs too much, having leaves rather densely fulvo-tomentose beneath and dull glaucous above, whereas P. reticulata has glabrous, shining

leaves which are of a brown colour when dry. Besides, the reticula-

tion of the leaves is denser in P. reticulata. An intermediate distinct from position, though specifically both, is occupied by Lucuma anibaefolia A. C. Smith, from Matto Grosso, which has rather and dull, glabrous leaves, glaucous above, with a wider than Its reticulation P. reticulata. flowers are 6-merous, whereas the The of other two are 5-merous. occurrence short lateral flower- is the in ing branchlets one of points favour of uniting § Franchetella with § Pseudocladia.

Pouteria reticulata should not be confused with Labatia reticulata

Mart., which is with Pouteria laurifolia. Cf. synonymous p 180. well with the The Guiana material agrees type-collection of

C. reticulata That from Surinam was from [D, P]. collected a Sectie O that single tree, n. 71 1 in reserve, from British Guiana from tall the Camasia a tree along Road, Cuyuni River, Forest

n. 102 The Arawak name of the latter is Dept. j [K], given as

Kokiritiballi. For the other vernacular names see Flora of Surinam. All specimens mentioned have well-developed deltoid staminodes^ 185

Also the analytical drawings made for Pierre from the type material show them, which makes Engler’s overlooking them difficult In Forest also the to explain. Dept. 1025 epipetal stamens

are staminodial, at least In the few flowers analysed. The insertion

of the stamens in B.W. 4182 is lower than in the others, but noted similar variations were in other species (Cf. p. 186), and, flower-buds of B.W. could be dissected. moreover, only 4182

Pouteria Pseudocladia) Gongrijpli Eyma, n. sp.

Arbor, trunco recto cylindrico subangulato, cortice obscure griseo, latice albo, ramulis junioribus minute ferrugineo vel fulvo- Foliorum sicco tomentosis. petioli j/j—134 cm longi, statu nigri,

laminae obovato-oblongae vel suboblongae, io—20 cm longae, circ. longitudine latitudinem superante, apice cuspidatae, distinctis basi acutae, coriaceae, supra glabrae, subtus pilis adpressis

flavis minutis nonnisi lente cernendis munitae, statu sicco inpri-

mediano mis subtus ochraceo-brunneae, nervo supra plano vel

x — distant- prominulo, subtus prominente, nervis primariis 1 \ /i cm

ibus, curvatis, supra subplanis, subtus prominentibus, plerumque

nervis minoribus brevioribus interjectis, nervis secundariis utrmque

prominulis distantibus primariorum partes superiores plus minusve connectentibus. Flores in fasciculis axillaribus vel cicatrices supra 6 foliorum delapsorum dispositi; pedicelli graciles circ. mm longi;

sepala (4)5, ovatae, in flore aperto (B.W. 440) patentia, circ. rufo- vel iŸ2 mm longa, extus ut pedicelli adpresse aureo-pilosa; albo-flavida, corolla (ex B.W. 440) cylindrica, circ. 2 mm longa, acutis tubi lobis (4) 5 ovatis, vel obtusis, longitudine % partem

aequante; staminodia subulata; stamina ad faucem inserta, filamentis brevibus subcrassis, antheris ovoideis, subextrorsis; ovarium

depressum, pilosum, 2-loculare in stylum crassum digitiforme glabrum attenuatum. Fructus solitarii ellipsoidei, utrinque rotundati,

visus 16 maximus mm longus, 13 mm diam., pedicello ij4 cm vivo viridis sicco longo, corolla persistente deflexa, statu niger, nondum maturus ex scheda obscure brunneus, seminibus bene evolutis.

Surinamo: arbor n. in Herb. Zandery I, n. 120 (B.W. 138j, typus, bene lectus Rheno-traj., cum alabastris floribusque nondum expandis Nov,

cum fructibus lectus n. cum alabastris lectus 1915, n. 159J, Jan. 1916; 4051,

I, arbor 121 n. floribus lectus Nov. 1918); Zandery n. p.p. (B.W. 440, cum Nov. 1914).

Nomina indigena: Koni-koni-hoedoe (N.E.); Kokonihoedoe (Sar.R moloko Moraballi, Aseepoekoe (Arow.); Wokko tMU, Aroomd, Oro orom<5 (Kar.). 186

in Kew Bull. Pouteria cladantha Sandwith 1931, n. 10, p.

480. — Fig. 2 (p. 190).

The Surinam, collected from different is habitu- material, 3 trees, with Sandwith from British ally identical 113 Guiana, differring in as a rule, however, having almost always j-merous flowers,

whereas the described as A species was 4-merous. 4-merous flower

was found, however, among the normally 5-merous ones on a

branch of Lanjouw 813. Also a specimen from Br. Guiana, For. record collected in has Dept, n. 2233 [K], 1931, normally j-merous

flowers. There remains some slight variability in the shape and

insertion of the stamens:

tube the Jenman 2395 (from diagnosis): as long as lobes, stamens inserted in the middle of the tube, the staminodes under the sinuses.

For. Br. record tube twice as Dept. Gui. n. 2233: fib., long as the lobes,

stamens and staminodes inserted at about the same level in the throat, fila- anthers ments curved, very thick, truncate. tube and staminodes inserted B.W, 4789; fl., long, stamens at about the

in filaments not same level the throat, curved, very thick, anthers acute. Lanjouw 813: fib., tube rather long, stamens inserted slightly below the filaments anthers staminodes, curved, very thick, truncate. Pulle tube shorter, inserted below 342: fib., stamens the staminodes, filaments short and straight, anthers truncate.

In P. cladantha the flower-clusters are borne on rather slender short which or elongated branchlets, sometimes also bear ordinary

leaves, but more often are destitute of them, or have them reduced small dimensions. This to very suggests* a lateral inflorescence with well-developed rhachis.

of Among the species showing the same kind inflorescence two

are more related P. closely to cladantha, viz. Pouteria ovata A. C. Smith and Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Rdlk.

P. ovata A. C. Smith (type Frees 1841, Maranhao [dupl. U] )

is P. but has a very near cladantha, light-coloured nervation, which side is also more prominent on the upper of the leaf. The last- be of mentioned character may considered minor importance, in Pulle both of nervation however, as 342 types occur. On the other hand the curious broad midrib on the upper side of the leaves of P. cladantha the rather flat against or sharply prominulous be of some value. one in P. ovata, may Frees 1841 has

flower the stamens inserted 4-merous buds, appear on or near the throat, filaments short, almost straight, staminodes thick, subulate.

Labatia Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Rdlk., ramiflora Mart., Lu- cuma A. DC., Labatia ramiflora (Mart.) elliptica Pohl, appears more related P. than to P. closely to ovata cladantha as regards 187

nervation of the leaves and robustness of the inflorescences”. Martius’ diagnosis gives the midrib and primary nerves as rufous

villous-tomentose beneath, but in a specimen collected by Pohl at Corrego de S. Domingo [U] the whole lower surface is covered with lax whereas of a rather grey web, in some Glaziou’s plants, the leaves e.g. 19608 [B], 21704 [B], 21705 [B], 21706 [B], dull but the villose-tomentose midrib are glabrous beneath, except in 19608 and 21706. In both P. cladantha and P. ovata the lower

surface of the leaves is more or less shiny. The flowers of P. rami- been flora are usually 4-merous. P. ramiflora has reported from Minas Geraes and Goyaz. More material of these species is needed

before anything can be decided as to their specific value.

Pouteria ff dura nov. — ( Oxythece ) Eyma, sp.; Sideroxylon durum Klotzsch VII in in scheda ex Fl. Bras. (1863) p. 56, et Reisen III Rich. Schomburgk, in British Guiana (1848) p. 975,

— A.DC. nomen; Sideroxylon cuspidatum var. crassifolium Miq.

et Eichl. in Fl. Bras. I.C., ubi diagnosis.

Species nervis utrinque impressis, folds subtus non pruinosis, distincta.

Specimina a me visa: indicate Sunnamo ; loco non (Coll, van Hall n. 80, stcr., lectus Junio 1907). Guiana ad rivulum Moraballi Creek Fl. anglica: dictum, pr. Essc- Bartica floribus lectus quibo pr. (Sandwith n. 328, cum Sept. 1929 [K]); ad fl. Pomeroon floribus lectus (Schomburgk n. 1470, cum Sept. 1843, typus Sid. Fl. cuspidati var. crassifoliae in Hb. Berlin ex Bras., duplum a me visum in Hb. loco indicate Paris); non (Schomburgk n. 910, cum floribus lectus

anno 1841 [P, U]). Nomina indigena: Suriname: Sulparatarie (Ind.); Akwasiba, Sagwenkihoedoe.

Guiana anglica: Kokiritiballi (teste Sandwith).

The name crassi folia could not be used in combination with Pouteria because of the older homonym Pouteria crassi folia (Eichl.) Radik. Although the distinction between species of sect. Oxythece is often and very difficult their specific value not always quite distinct certain, var. crassifolium appears sufficiently to give it specific rank.

It be that and may var. crassifolium var. ellipticum are the same , , . and the intermediate Persaud species, somewhat 105 [K] seems I that to point in that direction, but do not believe these are

varieties of the plant described as Sideroxylon cuspidatum (Schom- Glaziou mentioned burgk 518 [B]). 9505, under Sideroxylon

cuspidatum DC. in Glaziou’s list in Bull. Soc. Bot. dc France LVII 188

Mem. (1910) in, p. 440, has a very different facies, and prob-

ably does not belong in § Oxythece at all.

Pouteria (§ Oxythece) robusta (Mart, et Eichl.) Eyma, nov.

comb.; — Sideroxylon robustum Mart, et Eichl. in El. Bras. VII

— ? robustum Pierre in Urb. Ant. V (1863) p. 5 6; Oxythece Symb.

(1904) p. 161.

var. longifolia Eyma, nov. var. — fig. 2 (p. 190).

Differt laminis foliorum plerumque longioribus, (8 —) 10—20

cm longis, longitudine latitudinem 2 —3-pio superante, apice ro-

tundatis vel obtusis vel plerumque abrupte obtuso-acuminatis, nec

retusis nec emarginatis, florum pedicellis apice non incrassatis, sepalis plerumque angustioribus extus ut pedicellis pilis fulvis surinamensibus adpressis munitis. In speciminibus a me examinatis staminodia desunt.

Fructus ahoris unicus typi n. 545 suppetens fractus, itaque des-

criptio fructuum arboris n. 142 sequitur. lectus Dec. Fructus maturus (B.W. 2560, 1916) subpyriformis, obtusum subito basin in apicem versus contractus, versus stipitem vel attenuatus subcontracts, t,]/ 2 cm longus, 1% cm diametiens,

minute adpresse griseo-tomentellus, perlcarpio firmo, latice copioso, unicum unilocularis; semen oblongo-ellipsoideum, lateraliter com- cicatrice planatum, testa papyracea, lineari totam faciem ventra-

lem percurrente, exalbuminosum; embryo cotyledonibus crassis, radicula inconspicua.

Fructus juniores ejusdem arboris minute rufo vel fulvo-tomentosi.

B.W. arboris Suriname Typus n. 5069, n. 545 in Sectie O cum floribus Surinamo ab arboribus lectus Febr. 1921. Specimina plurima sequentibus lecta in Herb. Utrecht huc referenda: arbor conservata Brownsberg, n. 1088, arbor arbor n. I, arbor n. 142, n. 132; Sectie O, arbor 1254; Zandery n. 543. florifer in Guiana St. ad Specimen gallica prope Jean fl. Marowyne a Benoist verisimiliter sub n. 1037 [P] lectum etiam huc referendum.

The leaves of this variety show a striking resemblance to those of species of Manilkara.

In the slender pedicels var. longifolia approaches Schomburgk’s

described as British Guiana plant Sideroxylon cuspidatum A. DC. but var. ellipticum Miq. et Eichl. [B], in the robustness of its and much better with branches leaves it agrees P. robusta from Southern ad flumina Venezuela (Spruce 3331, Casiquiari, Vasiva et Pacimoni [B, P] ). Lucuma glabrescens Miq. et Eichl. 1863, Vitellaria glabrescens Radik. H. Bn. 1882, Gymnoluma glabrescens 1891, appears rela- and will ted, perhaps have to be reduced to a variety of P. robusta.

Its leaves are more yellowish brown beneath, its nervation is more: 189

the ascending and more curved near margin and finely prominulous

and some staminodes be found. It is clear beneath, may not why Baillon made this a new genus Gymnoluma.

Pouteria Prado — sia) ptychandra Eyma, n. sp. Fig. 2 (P- l9°)- Arbor excelsus, latice albo, ramulis junioribus plus minusve fusco-tomentosis. Foliorum petioli i]/[ —2 cm longi, laminae obovato- lanceolatae, 8—13J/2 cm longae, longitudine latitudinem 2 Yz —3Yi- pio superante, apice in acumen sublongum obtusum acuminatae, basin versus angustatae, chartaceae vel subcoriaceae, infra ad nervos pilis sparsis adpressis munitae, nervo mediano supra canali- culatior immerso, subtus valde prominente, nervis primariis 7—12 nervis mm distantibus, supra planis, subtus prominentibus, curvatis, secundariis crebris parallelis nervos primarios connectentibus. Flores defoliatos ad ramos vetustiores fasciculis perdensifloris dispositi; circ. sub- pedicelli validi 19 mm longi; sepala 5, ovata rotundata, minutissime patentia, 2 —zYi mm longa, extus ut pedicelli adpresse

corolla mm in pilosula; subcylindrica, 4—5 longa, brunnea, statu sicco tubo lobis nigra, extus ut sepala pilosulo, 5, elliptico-oblongis obtusis tubum duplo superantibus; staminodia nulla; stamina in fauce tubi inserta, glabra, filamentis crassis, basi lata infra insertionem deccurrentibus, superne attenuatis, parte V 3 apicali subito extrorsum deflexa ad insertionem in connectivum iterumque subito antheris ovarium reflexa, extrorsis; longo conico 5-costatum, 5-loculare, ferrugineo-pilosum, apice sensim in stylum glabrum Fructus transiente, stigmate 5-lobo. ellipsoideus, 4 cm longus, in sicco circ. glaber, flavus, statu niger, pedicello robusto 12 mm semine unico nonnihil longo, pericarpio carnoso, evoluto, lateraliter lineari complanato, cujus testa hilo except© cornea nitidissimaque, embryone lateribus albumine tenue cincto, cotyledonibus 2 semiellipsoideis, caudicula exserta nec punctiformis.

fructibus lectus Suriname: Brownsberg (B.W. n. 6154, cum Junio

ad fl. Lucic in Herb. cum 1923); sup. (B.W. n. 6943, typus, Rheno-traj., floribus lectus April! 1926).

The relations of this discussed 168. species are on page

Pouteria surinamensis — oleae- Eyma, n. sp.; Chrysophyllum folium auct., non Miq., Pulle, Enumeration (1906) p. 368. Stahel arbor Arbor (Pulle 336: 5 m alt., 39; excelsus), ramulis hinc inde oppositis gracilibus pallidis glabris, Junioribus apice adpresse pilosis. Foliorum petioli 7 mm longi, adpresse pilosi, Fig. 2. Pouteria robusta (Mart, et Eichl.) Eytna, var. longifolia Eytna, leaf b: fruits a: (B.W. 5069); (B.W. 2560). leaf d: of Pouteria ptychandra Eytna. c: (B.W. 6943); anther ct

e: fruit (B.W. 6154). Pouteria cladantha Sandw. f: leaf (B.W. 4179). 191

laminae 6 elliptico-oblongae, —cm longae, longitudine lati-

tudinem — 2 superante, apice plus minusve longe obtuseque basi acuminatae, acutae, coriaceae, nervo mediano subtus adpresse mediano piloso excepto glabrae, nervo supra canaliculatim immerso,

subtus valde nervis —8 prominente, primariis 5 mm distantibus canaliculatim curvatis, supra immersis, subtus prominulis vel pro- nervis inter minentibus, secundariis reticulationem densurn parum vel subtus conspicuis, supra planis immersis, prominulis, primaries connectentibus. Flores in fasciculis axillaribus vel cicatrices supra foliorum delapsorum dispositi; pedicelli 2 mm longi, adpresse

pallide pilosi; sepala 5, suborbicularia, obtusa, patentia, extus basi corolla circ. pallide adpresse pilosa; turbinata, 1Y2 —3 mm longa, virescens Pullc lobis vel (vel alba, 336), 5 ovato-oblongis ovatis, circ. longitudine partem tubi aequantibus; staminodia nulla; stamina fauci inserta, filamentis apicem versus attenuatis, antheris late ovoideis, subtruncatis, extrorsis, glabris; ovarium e basi lata 5-angulare, 5-loculare, aureo-pilosa, in stylum glabrum subaequi- longum attenuatum, stigmate 5-angulare. Fructus ellipsoideus, maximus visus 19 mm longus, 11 mm latus, in statu vivo imma-

turus obscure viridis, maturus flavus, minute tomentosus, semine unico hilo lineari evoluto, cujus testa excepto cornea nitidissimaque,

exalbuminoso, embryone cotyledonibus 2 semiellipsoideis, caudicula

parva exserta, nec punctiforme.

Surinamo: ad fl. Suriname Goddo in sup. prope (Stahel n. 39, typus,

Herb. Rheno-traj., cum floribus lectus ad fl. Jan. 1926); Saramacca prope floribus Janbasigado (Pulle n. 336, cum lectus Jan. 1903); Kaboeri, arbor n, n. lectus fructibus lectus 505 (B.W. 4839, ster., Sept. 1920; n. 59x9, cum Julio 1922). Nomen indigenum: Kienboto (N.E.).

Pouteria Pullei Eyma, n. sp. circ. Arbor, 35 m altus, latice albo, ramulis e cicatricibus fascicu- lorum florum verrucosis, griseis, junioribus ferrugineo- vel brunneo-

tomentosis. Foliorum — lanceolatae petioli 1 ij/j cm longi, laminae

utrinque attenuatae, apice ipso obtuso, 7—14 cm longae, longitudine latitudinem subtus 3^ —4-plo superante, chartaceae, supra glabrae, indumento brevissimo minusve in opaco rufo plus tomentosae, sicco subtus mediano statu ferrugineo-brunneae, nervo supra plano, subtus nervis circ. sub- prominente, primariis 5 mm distantibus, rectis, prope marginem curvatis, utrinque subaequaliter prominulis, nervis secundariis crebris parallelis, utrinque aequaliter acute gra- cileque prominulis, primarios connectentibus. Flores (non nisi alabastra fere in fasciculis axillaribus vel cica- matura visa) supra trices foliorum delapsorum dispositi; pedicelli usque 4 mm longi; 192

sepala 5, ovata, ut pedicelli minute adpresse pilosa; corolla 2 mm

lobis eum tubi circ. longa, j, oblongo-ellipticis, longitudlne j-plo staminodia minuta dentiformia vel deltoidea flore superante; pro evoluta singula vel pauca plus minusve inaequalia; stamina circa medium tubi inserta, filamentis subcrassis, brevibus, antheris

ovoideis apicem versus subattenuatis, extrorsis, glabris; ovarium

truncatum pilosum, 5-loculare, apice stigmatibus 5 triangularibus munitum. Fructus ignotus.

cataractis Surinamo: ad flumen Kabalebo prope Avanavero (Pulle n. alabastris lectus 456, typus, in Herb. Rhcno-trajectino, cum Septembri 1920).

of be ascertained The exact place this species cannot as long as

the seed is unknown. Its facies and floral characters are more

favourable to its inclusion in Pouteria than in Chrysophyllum. Its

relations are probably with Pouteria surinamensis Eyma and with

the species described as Glycoxylon praealtum Ducke. From the with latter it differs in having anthers straight, not folded, fila-

ments.

The same applies to Chrysophyllum cochlearium H. Lee. from is French Guiana, of which the fruit unknown, too.

Sarcaulus brasiliensis (A. DC) Eyma, nov. comb.; — Chryso- A. Prodr. VIII brasiliense — phyllum DC., (1844) p. 156; Herb. Fl. Bras. Chrysophyllum macrophyllum Mart., (1837) p, 175,

non auett. ah; — Sarcaulus macrophyllus (Mart.) Radik, in Sitz. her. Ak. Kgl. Bair. Wiss. XII (1882) p‘.p. 293, 310. The Sarcaulus is monotypic genus characterized by its thick, fleshy, globose corolla, with valvate lobes, and its 5-celled ovary. Its facies and other characters are those of Pouteria § Pseudocladia,

and more particularly of the Franchetella part. The staminodes,

overlooked by previous authors, were discovered by Radlkofer. The fruit of Sarcaulus is unknown. which Radlkofer The specific name macrophyllus, adopted from be Chrysophyllum macrophyllum Mart., has to discarded because of several older homonyms. See also Cambridge Rules Art. 61.

Achrouteria Eyma, nov. gen. Genus floribus Pouteriae, fructibus Chrysophylli Achradisve, unde Arbor alternis nomen. folds estipulatis integris, nervis secun- dafiis primaries hinc inde connectentibus. Flores in fasciculis axillaribus vel cicatrices foliorum delapsorum supra congesti; sepala 5; corolla tubi urceolata, lobis j, V3 partem aequantibus; staminodia in sinubus stamina ad basin parva subulata; tubi inserta, filamentis 193

longis, antheris extrorsis; ovarium depressum j-Ioculare, stylo siccitate cylindrico crasso. Fructus pericarpio firme carnoso non evolutis deformato, cortice tenue laeve, seminibus pluribus quorum albumine testa hilo lineari excepto cornea nitidissimaque, embryone 2-foliato incluso, cotyledonibus foliaceis, caudicula bene evolula.

Species unica guianensis. Specimina nonnulla Brasiliae meridionalis vcrisi- militer etiam hue referenda.

The flowers same combination of staminodia-bearing and seeds and containing an embryo with leafy cotyledons surrounded by albumen is also found in the American Micro- genera Syzygiopsis, pholis and Achras. The lacking of intermediate forms makes it advisable to describe Achrouteria as a new genus.

is described D Syzygiopsis a monotypic genus by u c k e from Para Arch. Bot. Rio de (in Jard. Janeiro IV, 1925, p. 158). has leaves with close S. oppositifolia opposite a secondary nervation connecting the primaries, flowers with stamens inserted on the throat, and x-seeded fruit with a soft pericarp.

Micropholis differs in the parallel nervation of its leaves, the the and short insertion of its stamens on throat, its style. The has similar fruits and genus Achras, which seeds, differs in the parallel nervation of its leaves and in its large flowers with almost the staminodes equalling corolla-lobes, stamens inserted on the throat, and with a long slender style. The West African Breviea genus has large flowers with a long tube and inserted in the of the stamens upper part tube.

Achrouteria n. — pomifera Eyma, sp. Fig. 3 (p. 194). Arbor circ. circ. (For. Dept. 1040: 30 m alt., 30 cm diametiens;

Lanjouw 816: 10—12 m alt.), trunco basi costato, latice albo

(For. Dept. 804 et 913), ramulis glabris, junioribus siccitate sulcatis.

Foliorum petioli circ. 1 cm longi, laminae obovatae vel oblongo-

circ. — obovatae, 7 (5 —11) cm longac, longitudine latitudinem 1J4 vel vel i%-plo superante, apice obtusae subrotundatae saepe emar- basi chartaceae vel sub- ginatae, acutae in petiolum contractae, median© subtus coriaceac, glabrae, nervo lato supra subpiano, nervis hide prominulo, primariis 4 —7 mm distantibus, hinc nervo minore sed interjecto, utrinque, subtus magis ac supra, prominen- nervis secundariis in tibus, subrectis, prope marginem arcuatis, subtus in Forest typo supra prominulis, prominentibus, specimine nonnullis vel in Forest Dept. 804 planioribus, specimine Dept. 913 reticulatione plurimis primaries connectentibus, supra inconspicuo, denso. Flores subtus acute prominulo, non in fasciculis axillaribus 194

a: flowering branch Fig. 3. Achrouteria pomifera Eyma. (Forest Dept. 1040), flower of <1: fruit b: leaf of a; c: a; young (Lanjouw 816); e: f: fruit immature fruit (Forest Dept. 804); (Forest Dept. 913); g, h. seed i: of k: of of e; albumen g; embryo g. 195

vel cicatrices foliorum supra delapsorum congesti; pedicelli i]/2 —

i mm longi, late tenues, adpresse pilosi; sepala 5, ovata, 2 —3 mm longa, extus pilis sparsis adpressis obsita; corolla urceolata, circ.

lYi mm viridi-alba fere lobis late longa, alba, j rotundatis, _ longitudine V3 tubi staminodia partem aequantibus; parva, subulata; stamina ad basin tubi inserta, filamentis longis taeniiformibus, antheris ovoideis apiculatis extrorsis; ovarium depressum pilosum,

j-loculare, stylo cylindrico crasso.

Fructus solitarii vel bini, maturi subglobosi, maximus visus

(n. circ. cm late 913) 5 diametiens, immaturi obovoidei, stylo partim persistente apiculati, pedicello crasso, sepalis persistentibus firme siccitate deflexis, pericarpio carnoso non deformato, cortice tenue laeve, seminibus evolutis hilo pluribus quorum testa lineari excepto cornea nitidissimaque, embryone albumine 2-foliato incluso, cotyledonibus foliaceis, caudicula bene evoluta.

Guiana inter fl. Aruka anglica: et fl. Amakura, in colle (Forest Dept.

British Guiana n. cum fructibus lectus ad 913, Apr. 1929 [K]); fl. Cuyuni, in colle Tinamou alt. circ. in pr. Falls, 45 m (Davis Forest Dept. British

Guiana n. in Flerb. 1040, typus, Kcw, cum floribus lectus Mart. 1931); ad fl. Kurnabaru, fl. Demerara pr. (Hohenkerk in Forest Dept. British Guiana n. cum fructibus lectus 804, Aug. 1919 [K]).

Surinamo: pr. fl. Suriname, in Patricksavanne (B.W. n. 193, ster., lectus Oct. 1912); ad fl. in silva Coppename, pr. Raleighfalls (Lanjouw n. 816. fructibus cum immaturis lectus Sept. 1933). ? Brasilia: Santos (Mosén in Hb. Glaziou n. 3650, cum fructibus immaturis obovatis magis pallidioribusque [P]); Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca (Glaziou n. 12935a, cum flore unico sessile [PJ). Nomina indigena: Guiana anglica: Limonaballi (913, 1040) (Araw.); Hai- mara-kushi (804). Surinamo: Batabaly (193).

The of the and drawings seed the embryo were made from I'orest Dept. because these 804 fruits had been better preserved than the ones of Forest seeds identical larger Dept. 913. The are for the except dimensions. Glaziou has been included 12935a under the name Lucuma Moseniana Glaz. n.sp.? in the list of Glaziou’s plants in Bull.

Soc. Bot. France, Mem. Ill LVII, (1910), p. 439, but without description. An unnumbered in fruiting sheet, Glaziou s.n., Herb.

Paris, bears a reference to meruocana Lucuma Fr. Allem., though neither with agreeing Allemao’s plate nor with the other Glaziou numbers referred to that Achrouteria species. pomifera Eyma bears some resemblance to Chrysophyllum obtusifolium Fr. Allem as on Trabalhos Commiss. figured plate 12, Scientif. de

Botan. (1866), but this shows a much 3 plate denser secondary nervation and no staminodes. 196

Bot. Micropholis (Griseb.) Pierre, Not. (1891) p. 37. Grise- Pierre adopted the generic name Micropholis from the which bach’s section Micropholis of genus Sapota Plum., S. Gr. As Grisebach cites Chryso- contained only one species, rugosa phyllum, Sw.! under his Sapota rugosa, Chrysophyllum rugosum Prodr. and Fl. Ind. Occ. I (1797) 484, from Sw., (1788) p. 49 p. the of be considered as type-species Micropholis. Jamaica may of Swartz’s I add the misinterpretation species, may that, owing to has been employed in various combina- the specific name rugosa tions for different plants. where the first In his Notes botaniques, Sapotacées (1891),

the is to be found, together with description of genus Micropholis

20 Pierre did not mention an enumeration of species, specially the differences with Sideroxylon, in which the species of Micro- that but his pholis. had been generally included up to day, in by Urban in Symb. Ant. V (1904) posthumous paper published the of the different form of the scar on the p. in importance ventral in more or seed — long, narrow and Micropholis, short,

in — is This same less concave and basal Sideroxylon emphasized.

E 1 e r Prantl, Nat. Pfl. character was mentioned by n g (In Engl. the differences between his fam. IV. i, 1890, p. 144) among two american sections Eichlerisideroxylon and Mastichodendron of the Sideroxylon, the former of which is Micropholis Pierre, the genus

L. sensu Dubard. In latter part of Sideroxylon Nachtrage, 1897, the sections of in E n 1 e r arranged 27 Sideroxylon two p. 276, g

to the torm ot the "scar and the insertion of groups according the hilum. Du'bard even attributed so much importance to the form

the he made it the character in of scar, that leading arranging Sapot-

two as understood Dubard, can aceous genera. The genera, by by the nervation of the at once be distinguished their leaves, distant and curved in primary nerves being generally Sideroxylon, close and and almost closer to very parallel generally straight in other in in Micropholis. Although cases, e.g. Pouteria, similar than sectional the differences have no more value, absence of intermediate forms and especially the different shape of the in the segregation of from scar my opinion justify Micropholis Sideroxylon.

As stated I think the charaters of the seed and the on p. 158 taxonomic value in this than embryo lof more family the presence or absence of staminodes. This approaches Micropholis to Chryso- The likeness phyllum, instead of to Sideroxylon. between species of Is sometimes indeed. the these genera very great Obviously Brasiliensis authors of Sapotaceae in the Flora were also struck 197

this tab. and Si- by likeness, as on 45 Chrysophyllum rufum In deroxylon Gardnerianum are figured side by side. Micropholis, the of however, development staminodes appears to be very constant, whereas in the American Chrysophyllums they are always lacking, except in the somewhat aberrant Chr. imperiale

(Linden) Benth. et Hook., Martiusella imperialis (Linden) Pierre, where sometimes minute The a few staminodes may be found. same is the case with the African sections Gambeya, Zeyherella and Donella of Chrysophyllum. Since especially Chr. imperiale

does not show the slightest habitual resemblance to Micropholis, it include in I do not think justified as yet to Micropholis Chrysophyllum. in Urb. Pierre, Symb. pp. 111-131, distinguished 7 sections in former of Baillon and Micropholis, chiefly genera himself, which reduced in were to 2 by Dubard Ann. Mus. colon. Mar- seille 66 and XX (1912) pp. 72, viz. Eumicropholis Pierre sensu Dub. and Crepinodendron Pierre.

Dubard included all the reduced sections in § Eumicropholis. In natural is my opinion, however, a more grouping attained by placing Sprucella (Pierre) H. Bn. and Platyluma (H. Bn.) Pierre in § Crepinodendron instead of In § Eumicropholis.

I have retained Dubard’s name Eumicropholis in preference to Engler’s Eichlerisideroxylon, published earlier, in Engl. Prantl, Pfl. fam. IV. because the contains Nat. i, 1890, p. 144, latter name a reference the it to genus Sideroxylon, as a part of which was meant by Engler. The two species mentioned for Eichlerisideroxylon, S. Sch. and Gardneriana rugosum (Sw.) R. et S. A. DC., are of the but in his Eumicropholis type, publication in Engl. Jahrb. XII and in Pfl. fam. (1890) p. 518 Nachtr. (1897) p. 276 also included Engler some species now referred to § Crepino- dendron. Crepinodendron he included as a section in Lucuma

(Nachtr. p. 274). Lucuma retusa Spruce ex MIq. et Eichk, 1863, Vitellaria retusa Rdlk., 1882, placed by Baillon with some doubt in Lucuma, as a section Coptoluma, and which Dubard, also with doubt, referred to Lucuma § Gayella, shows a striking resemblance M. and M. to cyrtobotrya resinifera, except that it lacks the obvious racemules which are so in these two species. I therefore refer section it as a Coptoluma to Micropholis, though its true taxonomic place remains uncertain till its fruit

and seed are known. v

The proposed definitions are the following (species and specific names chiefly after Dubard):

Sectio 1 Eumicropholis Pierre, emend., non sensu Dubard. 198

FoHorum laminae nervis parallelis confertissimis densissime striatae. Florum fasciculi axillares sessiles.

Species: i. M. acutangula (Ducke) Eyma nov. comb. (Sideroxylon

M. acutangulum Ducke); 2. M. Burchelliana Pierre; 3. compta

M. et M. Pierre; 4. crassipedicellata (Mart, Eichl.) Pierre; 5.

cuneata (Raunk.) Pierre; 6. M. cylindrocarpa (Poepp. et Endl.)

8. M. Pierre; 7. M. egensis (A. DC.) Pierre; eugeniifolia (H. Bn.) Pierre FI. M. Gardneriana (Myrtiluma Bn.); 9. (A. DC.) Pierre; M. Glazioveana M. 10. Pierre; 11. gnaphaloclados (Mart.) Pierre; Martiana 12. M. linoneura Pierre; 13. M. Pierre; 14. M. Meli- noniana M. Pierre (Stephanoluma FI. Bn.); 15. paraensis (Fluber)

i6. Eyma nov. comb. (Sideroxylon paraense Huber); M. polita

M. 18. M. (Gris.) Pierre; 17. rigida Pierre; rugosa (Sw.) Pierre; M. Schwackei M. 19. (Engl.) Pierre; 20. Spruceana (Mart, et comb. Miq.) Pierre; 21. M. Ulei (Krause) Eyma nov. (Sideroxylon

Ulei K. Krause); 22. M. venulosa (Mart, et Eichl.) Pierre (Meioluma H. Bn.).

Pierre Sectio 2 Crepinodendron laminae nervis in sectione Foliorum primariis quam praece- dente distantioribus baud striatae. Florum pedicelli emergentiis axillaribus cicatricibus cylindricis pedicellorum delapsorum squa- mulisquc lunulatis dense obsitis insertl racemulos efformantes.

Species: 1. M. achradiformis Pierre; 2. M. chrysophylloides M. Pierre sensu Dubard; 3. crotonoides Pierre (Crepinodendron M. Bn. Pierre); 4. cyrtobotrya (Mart.) H., (Sprucella Pierre); j. M. garciniifolia Pierre; 6. M. guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre (Pla- M. tyluma H. Bn.); 7. Imrayana Pierre; 8. M. resinifera (Ducke) comb. Eyma nov. (Sideroxylon resiniferum Ducke); 9. M. rufa Pierre. (Mart, et Eichl.)

Sectio — Lucuma ? 3 Coptoluma (H. Bn.) Eyma; § Coptoluma H. Bn. Habitu omnino sectionis Crepinodendron sed florum

fasciculis axillaribus sessilibus nec emergentiis cylindricis insertis.

Species:,M. retusa (Spruce ex Miq. et Eichl.) Eyma, nov. comb.

(Lucuma retusa Spruce ex Miq. et Eichl.). The curious racemules are most developed in M. resinifera, and where they attain a length of 20 mm 3 mm diam., and in M. cyrtobotrya. They are well-developed in M. crotonoides, in Moritz too, so e.g. s.n. [U] 7 mm by 1% mm. In M. guyanensis all these they rarely exceed 3 mm. In species the pedicels are inserted in two rows. Racemules of a similar kind occur in some and species of Rapanea (Myrsinaceae) in some Flacourtiaceae. M. somewhat garciniifolia occupies a intermediate position between sections rather dense 1 and 2, having a parallel nervation 199

faint with conspicuous connecting nervules and some indications of racemules.

Micropholis venulosa (Mart, et Eichl.) Pierre, Not. Bot. (1891) id. in V Benoist in Arch. p. 40; Urb. Symb. (1904) p. 112;

Bot. V Mem. — venulosum Mart, (1931) 1, p. 239; Sideroxylon

FI. — et Eichl. in Bras. VII (1863) p. 52, t. 20, t. 37; ? Micropholis calophylloides Pierre, Not. Bot. (1891) p. 40; id. in Dubard in Ann. Mus. colon. Urb. Symb. V (1904) p. 112;

Marseille XX — (1912) p. 71; Platyluma calophylloides (Pierre)

Hist. PI. — H. Bn., XI (1891) p. 284, quoad nomen; Sideroxylon Nachtr. calophylloides (Pierre) Engl., (1897) p. 276, quoad nomen;

— Meioluma H. Hist. PL XI — guyanensis Bn., (1891) p. 282; Nachtr. Sideroxylon guianense (H. Bn.) Engl., (1897) p. 276, non A. DC.; — Micropholis mucronata Pierre in Urb. Symb.

V (1904) p. 112.

Some confusion ahs existed owing to B a i 11 o n’s misinter- preting specimens of M. guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre as M. calophylloides Pierre, under the name Platyluma calophylloides, and specimens specifically identical with M. calophylloides as Meioluma H. Bn. This has been cleared D guyanensis confusion up by u- who of the b a r d, established most synonymy mentioned above, A but retained the younger specific name calophylloides. more

detailed synonymy, however, of M. venulosa and M. guyanensis Cf. was thought useful. p. 200. The type-specimen of S. venulosum is Spruce 3306 from the Rio ostium fluminis flowers have Negro „supra Cassiquiari”. Its been described but of the shows as j-merous, plate 20 El. Bras, Pierre in 4 sepals, and a note by Urb. Symb. p. 112 states that he found flowers in all viz. 4-merous specimens examined, for Spruce 506 (probably a misprint 3506), Spruce 1476, and

Schwacke s. n. Among some analytical drawings and notes on references a sheet of Spruce 1476 [P] from Barra do Rio Negro well flowers The flowers to 4-merous as as to j-merous occur. Bot. of M. calophylloides are said by Pierre, Not. p. 40, to be souvent meres” and the 4-j-celled. „le plus 4 ovary

M. venulosa is also rather polymorphous in other respects, in the the which from especially form of leaves, vary elliptic or oblong-elliptic and abruptly cuspidate to ovate-lanceolate with rounded base but gradually narrowed towards the cuspidate sheets Melinon in Fr. apex (e.g. 2 collected by Guyana [P]). and The Surinam specimens are 4-merous, agree fairly well for the with those mentioned by Dubard, except shape of 200

their which in the Surinam staminodes, are triangular ones,

while they are rounded in the others. in M. Pierre Very similar general appearance are Melinoniana from Pr. Guyana, with truncate fruit, and M. acutangulum of with (Ducke) Eyma from the state Para, aberrant, very strongly whereas angulated or almost alate, acute fruit, the fruit of M.

venulosa is acute and terete.

Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre, Not. Bot. (1891) id. in V p. 40; Urban, Symb. (1904) p. 113; Dubard in Ann. Mus. Marseille Benoist colon. XX (1912) p. 67, 72; in Arch. Bot.

V — (1931) Mem. 1, p. 240; Sideroxylon Guyanense A. DC.,

Prodr. VIII 182, non Nachtr. (1844) p. Engl., (1897) p. 276,

in Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. VI — Pulle (1909) p. 285; Chryso- acuminatum II phyllum Poiret, Suppl. (1811) p. 15, quoad plan- Melinoni — in tarn cayennensem; Chrys. Engl, Engl. Jahrb.

XII — (1890) p. 521; Platyluma calophylloides (Pierre) H. Bn.,

Hist. PI. XI excl. — (1891) p. 284, syn. Pierre; Sideroxylon Nachtr. calophylloides (Pierre) Engl., (1897) p. 276, ut praec.

his of D e Candolle, in description Sideroxylon Guyanense from A. DC. Fr. Guyana, refers to Chrysophyllum acuminatum

Lam. to P i C. Poir., non According o r e t acuminatum occurs

in S. Domingo and in Cayenne. The first is locality that given Lamarck, 111. des Genres II by (1793) p. 44, n. 2469, for the Caimitier acumine, which to Poiret refers at the end of his

description. This species was included dn Chrys. monopyrenum the Index Sw. in Kewensis (1893) and by Britton and Bahama Millspaugh, Fl. (1920) in Chrys. oliviforme L., of which Pierre in Urb. V Symb. (1904) p. x6o had supposed

it to be As remarked Pierre a variety. by (1904) p. 160 the in in Paris specimen Herb. Lamarck belongs to the Indian species

C. Don, and this is also indicated the Roxburghii by note „leaves of the of the Pitacarra tree” on one two sheets, Pitakara being the vernacular mentioned name by Roxburgh, Fl. indica I (1832)

Since shows some p. 599. this species superficial resemblance to M. this explain Poiret’s guyanensis, may including the plant from Cayenne, which is the type-specimen of M. guyanensis, in Chrys. acuminatum. Another plant in Herb. Lamarck, labelled 162 „no e domingo Chrysophyllum acuminatum”, and according

to Pierre and Urb. collected MS in Symb. by Martin, bears a reference to C. I La- oliviforme var. by Dubard. did not see in marck’s herbarium references any specimens with to C. oliviforme in Lam. Enc. I (1783) p. 552. 201

For the confusion of M. venulosa guyanensis with M. (Mart, et Pierre, M. Eichl.) calophylloides Pierre, see p. 199.

Fiabitually very similar to M. guyanensis, but differing in the colour of the paler indumentum, are M. chrysophylloides Pierre

sensu Dubard, reported, with numerous local varieties, from

Porto-Rico, Martinique, Dominica, and Santa Lucia, and the

probably, synonymous M. Cruegeriana Pierre from Trinidad.

Plant, ed. Gen. Chrysophyllum L., Spec. 1 (1753) p. 192, Plant, ed. Cf. 5 (1754) p. 88, p.p., Richter, Codex, p. 208. Linne’s In Species Plantarum, one 1753, only species, Chry- sophyllum Cainito, from tropical America, is mentioned. Another from species Chr. glabrum, also tropical America, was added the in second edition (1762). Since then the number of species has steadily increased, and in Lemee’s Dictionnaire (1930) it is estimated at no. these Among are, however, quite a number of plants which greatly differ in floral organization and leaf- nervation, and which have either been included because they

lacked staminodes, or because of their albuminous seeds. Several

attempts have been made to put these into some more homo- either geneous groups, by subdividing Chrysophyllum into sections De and (A. Candolle, Miquel Eichler, Engler), or by proposing new genera (Pierre, Baillon). For the American species I prefer

a single polymorphous genus. Nemaluma H. Bn. and Elaeoluma Fi. Bn., which Engler included in § Aneuchrysophyllum, should, be however, removed. Cf. p. 179.

No exists the taxonomic of agreement on status some groups of African plants, viz. Gambeya, Donella and Zeyherella. Their inclusion in Chrysophyllum is probably justified, notwithstanding the casual development of staminodes. For the relations between and Chrysophyllum Micropholis, see p. 196.

Ecclinusa Mart, in Beibl. Flora XXII (1839) I, p. 2 (Fierb. FI. Bras. p. 177). his In desire to honour L. A. Passauer, Martius himself Fl. changed the name Ecclinusa into Passaveria, Bras. VII

Passaveria should be treated (1863) p. 8j. Consequently as a of done Bentham and Fi synonym Ecclinusa, as was by o o- k e Gen. PI. Ilii and in Nat. Pflanzen- r, (1876) p. 654 Engler be fam. IVi and should not retained for a (1891) p. 147, part Not. Bot. segregated from Ecclinusa, as did Pierre, (1891) pp.

the revival of the name Passaveria should be 52, 54. Although when rejected, Pierre was right he pointed to the different 202

Mart Eichl. appearance of Passaveria lancifolia et if compared almost the with Ecclinusa. This difference solely exists in ner-

vation of the leaves — Passaveria sensu Pierre: close parallel with of lesser primaries, the principal ones alternating groups 3 primaries, and the secondaries forming no straight connections

— Ecclinusa: between the principal primairies primaries more

distant, connected by secondary nerves. As differences of the order in Pouteria same are admitted the genera Chrysophyllum and

I do not think there are (not by Pierre, however!), strong argu- Passaveria Pierre in ments against including sensu Ecclinusa, though the nervation and the anatomical differences mentioned

Pierre the formation of two sections. The by may justify new combination has to be: Ecclinusa lancifolia (Mart, et Eichl.) Eyma,

= Mart, Eichl. In nov. comb. Passaveria lancifolia et El. Bras.

VII Rio (1863) p. 86, t. 47, type specimen Spruce 1949, Negro between Barcellos and S. Isabel.

I likewise do not think l.c. distinct Ragala Pierre, p. 57, enough to be maintained, as was Engler’s opinion, too (Nat.

Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. zu IVi, 1897, p. 278). For the confusion of Ecclinusa sanguinolenta (Pierre) Engl., Ragala sanguinolenta Pierre, and Pouteria guianensis Aubl., which

is the of the Pouteria, see type species genus p. 177.

i Hist. PI. and E 1 B a 11 o n, n g e r, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nach-

also referred Prieurella Pierre Ecclinusa. P i trage, to e r r e’s des- in Not. Bot. made cription, (1891) p. 68, was after a few cauliflorous inflorescences without leaves collected, or fruits, by Le- These prieur in French Guiana [P]. are identical with those of Chrysophyllum cuneifolium (Rudge) A. DC., Bumelia cuneifolia Rudge [type in Brit. Mus.], as was probably already discovered Bail Ion this by (l.c. p. 297). Although species resembles an in the of its and and in Ecclinusa shape ovary style its nerva- it excluded from that tion, should be genus on account of its and of its albuminous lacking stipules seeds containing an with foliaceous and embryo cotyledons well-developed cau-

dicle. the reasons with its For same I agree place in Chrysophyllum.

The plant mentioned as Ecclinusa floribunda Pierre in Glaziou’s list in Bull. Soc. Bot. France LVII (1910) Mem. and 3, p. 436, distributed under that de name, (Glaziou 21707, Macacos, Rio Janeiro [P,B]), has long pedicelled flowers and a rather long digitiform and For these style no stipules. reasons it cannot stand in Ecclinusa. Its relations are probably with Pouteria sect. Pradosia. It may be the same as Eccl. brevipes Pierre, Not. Bot. p. J7 (type Schwacke 2874, Cajuerco de Campo, Parana) 203

of which I saw fragments (leaves and some analytical drawings) in Paris.

Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma, n. sp.

Arbor (30 m altus, B.W. 6151) latice albo, ramulis breviter cinereo-tomentosis, partibus junioribus sulcatis. Stipulae caducae circ. Foliorum longe ovatae 7 mm longae. petioli i/4-iV2 cm laminae 16 longi, adpresse pilosi, oblongae, usque cm longae, latitudinem circ. in longitudine 3-plo superante, interdum, e.g. basi obtusae rarius Lanjouw 733, ovatae, apice acuminatae, vel

subacutae, coriaceae, basi nervi mediani subtus ut petioli adpresse in pilosa excepta glabrae; nervo mediano supra valle acute prominulo, subtus valde prominente, nervis primariis parallelis, circ. 5-8 mm distantibus, subrectis, ad marginem arcuatis, supra

impressis, subtus acute prominentibus, nervis secundariis crebris connectentibus subtus parallelis nervos primarios supra impressis subplanis, reticulatione ultimo denso utrinque impresso, laminae superficiem inprimis subtus granulatam efficiente. Flores sessiles, in axillis folorium vel supra cicatrices foliorum delapsorum glomerati, corolla alboviridi; sepala 5, ovata, extus adpresse cinereo-pilosa; 3 lobis tubi (—4) mm longa, (4) 5 ovatis, longitudine earn 2-3-plo Hnea mediana superante, extus adpresse pilosa; staminodia nulla; stamina in filamentis parte basali tubi inserta, bene evolutis,

antheris connective truncato elongate apiculatis, in floribus

femineis nil nisi cicatricibus notata; ovarium globosum, vel

sterile cylindricum, pilosum, 5-loculare, stylo brevi crasso cylin- Fructus maximus visus drico, stigmatibus 5 planis. globosus, a me

circ. 1 cm attingens, tomentosus, seminibus 2 bene evolutis axi vix lateraliter hilo basi insertis, complanatis, quorum testa lato nitida lineari laterali-basali circ. 2 mm excepto subcoriacea

nec firma, embryonc cotyledonibus crassis totum semen explcntibus caudicula minutissima punctiforme.

et Surinamo: arbor n. typus fructus, Brownsberg, n. 15 (B.W. 6527,

arbor n. 1138 (B.W. n. alabastra gerens, lectus Julio 1924); Brownsberg, lectus Martio in Herb. cum 1709, ster., 1916; n. 6431, typus, Rhcno-traj.,

floribus arbor n. lectus Aprili 1924); Zandery I, n. 45 (B.W. 1263, ster.,

lectus n. defl., lectus Nov. 1915); Watramiri, arbor n. 1624 (B.W. 2000,

Junio ad fl. calaractis Raleighvallcn (Lanjouw n. 733, 1916); Coppename pr. floribus ct fructibus floribus lectus B.W. n. 6151, cum parvis cum Sept. 1933; fructibus lectus Julio 1923); ad basin mentis Voltzberg (Lanjouw n. 927, cum foliis Kaboeri, arbor parvis lectus Sept. 1933, specimen parvis notatum); n. Oct. in colle ad fl. 584 (B.W. n. 4975, ster., lectus 1920), Dalgerberg, Kabalebo floribus lectus 1920). sup. (Pulle n. 397, cum Sept. fl. Guiana gallica: Godebert (Wachenheim n. 114, ster. [P]); ad 204

lectus loco indicato Maroni (Gandoger n. 133, ster., anno 1892 [P]); non

(Patris s.n., ster.).

fl. alt. Guiana anglica: ad Rupununi pr. Apoteri, circ. 90 m (Forest floribus lectus Dept. British Guiana n. 2066, cum Julio 1931 [K], n. 2070, floribus cum lectus Julio 1931 [K]).

Nomina indigena; Surinamo: Bartaballi (S.D.); Battamballi (N.E.); Malobbi, Battambaali (Sar.); Bataballi, Barataballi, Baalata, Kodiebie

joesie (Arow.); Wasepoekoe, Ajowo, Araata were, Poeromotto, Malta matta

wewe (Kar.).

Guiana anglica: ? Bartaballi (Arawak).

Related to Ecclinusa ramiflora Mart., Passaveria obovata Mart, which et EichL, from Bahia, Para and Amazonas, has leaves more less and much or cuneate towards the base, more hairy beneath, and the at least on the primary and secondary nerves on petioles,

and secondary nerves prominent beneath.

with Pulle and Forest According to notes 397 Dept. 2066 the latex of Ecclinusa guianensis is used to adulterate balata latex.

Achras ed. Zapota L., Spec. Pi., 1 (1753) App. p. 1190.

The application of the name Achras Zapota L. was amply

discussed by Cook in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. XVI (19x2)

p. 277.

Pittier in Contr. U. S. Nat. According to Herb. XVIII (1917) 80 and considerable variation p. frequent was noted in the

relative length of the calyx and coroUa, of the latter’s lobules and the staminodes. Also in the fruits diferent types exist (cf. and Pittier The Cook pi. 101 p. 81). flowering material from

Surinam is too scarce to form an opinion on its variability. Some differences with former descriptions were noticed, however.

In the first place the flowers of Pulle Hi2 showed the into stigma beautifully cut 12 sections, whereas it has been des- in Fl. cribed as 6-tubercled (Miquel Bras.), 6-denticulate (Bail- 6-lobed A Ion), or minutely (Engler, Lam). 12-lobed or -parted accordance with the stigma is more in number of ovary-cells, which is rule Another noticed as a 12, too. point in the same absence of rim flowers was the a connecting the bases of stamens and staminodes as figured in Engler-Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. IV. and Pittier 1, p. 137, as described by for his A. chicle and A. calcicola Wash. Ac. Sc. IX. (in Journ. 1919, pp. 437, 438). In this with respect the Surinam plant agrees Bot. Magazine pi. and 3111 Fl. Bras. VII pi. 22.

An adherence of the staminodes the to corolla-lobes, as men- 205

tioned Pittier for by A. Zapota, was not noticed.

A fasciated flowering branch, similar to that figured in De Natuur VI East Tropische (1917) p. 152 (Dutch Indies), was also collected in Surinam [U],

Manilkara Fam. II [Rheede] Adanson, Plant. (1763) p. 166.

in Ann. Marseille Dubard, Mus. Colon. 3 ser. Ill (19x3), grouped the Mimusopeae in a similar series as the Sideroxyleae, according to the structure of the seed and the embryo. I am inclined to accept these characters as a base for classification, but from what I found in in follows Pouteria, e.g. § Pradosia, of that the development of a layer of albumen and the length the caudicle are of secondary importance. This was admitted by Du bard himself in Ann. Mus. Colon. Marseille XX (1912) in the pp. 2-j and same periodical 3 sér. Ill (1915). Dubard in the This admitted xx genera Mimusopeae. number will probably have to be reduced for the reasons just given.

One of the results of Dubard’s principal Investigations was the of the Manilkara for of reviving genus a group species which had, except by Adanson, generally been included in Mimusops.

The same had already been suggested by Pierre in Urban.

Symb. Antill. V (1904) p. 163. Pierre even considered Manilkara more closely related to Achras than to Mimusops s. str.. For con- he venience’s sake, however, retained Mimusops in the old sense.

The generic status of Manilkara was firmly defended by Lecomte, who, however, attached more importance to the number of which he considered in flower-parts, very constant this group of Sapotaceae, and to the anatomical structure of the leaf, than to the characters of he seed (Lecomte in Bull, du Museum, and in 1917, PP- 35-39, Notulae systematicae III, 1918, pp. 340- in Lemee’s DIctionnaire 341). Consequently, some genera kept sepa- of their floral rate by Dubard, are included in Manilkara on account

basal In Ann. Ac. organization, e.g. Labramia, which has a scar. „ , Bras. Sc. VI Ducke the of (1934) p. 210 rejected segregation of the Manilkara from Mimusops because of the inconstancy num- branch ber of flower-parts. Variations on the same had already IV. been noticed by Wight, Icon. 4 (1850) p. 13, tab. 1387, 1388. I think, however, that the combination of several characters, if taken not always very constant nor very important separately, but all differring in a parallel way, justifies the distinction of two genera.

These characters are: 206

(1) seed Manilkara - long ventral scar, hilum and micropyle distant.

basal hilum and Mimusops - broad scar, micropyle approached.

- albumen (2) embryo Manilkara cotyledons thin, foliaceous, pre-

sent.

- albumen Mimusops cotyledons thick, plane convex, wanting.

(3) flowers Manilkara - 6-merous.

Mimusops - 8-merous.

(4) leaves Manilkara - nervation generally straight, parallel, and rather close; leaves containing

sclereids (according to Lecomte).

Mimusops - nervation wider, curved; leaves without

sclereids (according to Lecomte).

International Botanical It was proposed at the Sixth Congress

to A dan son’s Families des Plantes at Amsterdam, 1935, place This referred (1763) on a list of „opera rejicienda”. point was

for to the to a special committee investigation, report to next

In the meantime the name Manilkara Adanson congress. remains legitimate. If, however, Adanson’s work is accepted for the list, of the and opinions on the taxonomy genera of Mimusopeae advisable remain the same, it will be to conserve Manilkara Fisch. against its synonyms Synarrhena et Mey. (1841) and Mahea

Pierre These have never attained (1891). general use, whereas Manilkara has been adopted by several authors, viz.: Adanson, II Families des Plantes, (1763) p. 166; Dubard in Ann. Mus.

ser. Ill Lecomte in Colon. Marseille, 3 (1915) pp. 6-28; Bull, d i du Museum (1917) pp. 3J-39 an n Notulae systematicae III Britton and Wilson in Scientific Surv. (1918) pp. 340-341; Isl. VI. Porto Rico and the Virgin. 1 (1925) p. 72; H. J. Lam

Bot. ser. VII in Bull. Jard. Buitenzorg, 3, (1925) pp 7, 12, 238- and VIII 481; Benoist in Arch. Bot. 241, (1927) pp. 383-387, Hutchinson V, Mem. 1 (1931) p. 241; and Dalziel, Fl. Chevalier W. Trop. Afr. II. 1 (1931) p. M; in Rev. Bot. XII Stand- appliquee Sc Agric. tropic. (1932) PP- 261-282, 350;

1 in 45; PI. e y Trop. Woods 31 (1932) p. Lemee, Dictionnaire IV Phanerog. (1932) p. 291.

Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. in Rev. Bot. appl. Sc

XII — bidentata A. Agric. trop. (1932) p. 270; Mimusops DC.,, 207

Eichl. in VII Prodr. VIII (1944) p. 204; Miq. el FI. Bras.

— Eichl. in FI. (1863) p. 43; Mimusops Balata auct., Miq. et Bull. Paris Bras. p. 44, p.p.; Pierre in Soc. Linn. (1885) p. 506;

Mon. Afrik. VIII Engler, Pflanzenfam. (1904) p. 60, fig. 12;

Pierre — in Urban, Symb. Antill. V (1904) p. 164; Manilkara Balata Dubard in Ann. Mus. colon. Marseille Ill auct., 3 ser. Mulleri Bl. — ? in Ann. Sc. VII (1915) p. 19; Sapota nat. 4 ser.

et in De Amsterdam 6 et (1857) p. 225, Volksvlijt, (1857) n. 7,

c. icone; — Mimusops surinamensis Miq. in Fl. Bras. p. 43; — Manilkara l.c. surinamensis (Miq.) Dub., p. 22. The shown circumstance that, as is by Chevalier, Aublet

(in MS in Hb. Paris) thought this species to be the Persea of

Plunder, but did not Include it in his book, has led to the applica-

tion of the name Achras Balata Aubl., which belongs to a species

introduced from Mauritius (Isle de France), to the wild Guiana

plant. A. De Candolle described the latter in 1844 under the

name Mimusops bidentata. Notwithstanding this, the name Mimus- ops Balata (Aubl.) Gaertn. continued to be used for the Ameri- the Flora Brasiliensis the can species, and so In curious statement

can be found that Schomburgk collected, far in the interior of

British Guiana, a plant belonging to a species which, according

to Aublet, had been Introduced in French Guiana from Mauri-

tius. Pierre, having seen Aublet’s plants in Hb. Jussieu [P], was

of the opinion that Aublet’s references to Manilkara and to the Mauritius but that plant were erroneous, nevertheles the name

Mimusops Balata, based on „Achras Balata Aubl. excl. syn.”, be should applied to the Guiana material. As stated above Che- in valier 1932 came to another conclusion. The name M. bidentata A. DC. had already been reestablished for the Guiana balata by in with S f f Bol. Mus. Goeldi Huber, collaboration t a p (m

IV, 1904, p. 402). M. Beside Balata, for which no Surinam collections are listed,

but which is, erroneously, said to be the Surinam Bolletrie, the

Flora Brasiliensis contains the description of another species occurring in Surinam. This, Mimusops surinamensis Miq., according

to its author differs from M. bidentata in having leaves glabrous beneath and glabrous exterior sepals. It has been reported from Surinam and Southern Venezuela, and Dubard also referred from Dubard doubted to it a plant French Guiana. the specific value of M. surinamensis, but refrained from including it in M. bidentata because of the incompleteness of the material he had staminodes seen. In Miquel’s diagnosis the are said to be more into or less deeply split 2 or 3 parts at the top, and the dorsal 208

The appendages are said to be entire. type specimen, Hostraan

in Hb. has not corolla and the sheet 739 Utrecht, a single left,

of Hostmann in Paris is not much better. In the 739a recent Surinam collections I only found staminodes of the undivided bifid type, and mostly more or less deeply dorsal appendages. These for the characters of the flower are, however, unsuited least in this is distinction of species, at particular case, as shown

below. Since not the slightest other difference could be found between and Tree Hostmann 739 e.g. n. 3 6, their specific identity

cannot be doubted.

An analytical drawing with Hostmann 739a in Paris shows the staminodes the extraordinary variability of in the same flower, where bidentate be regular staminodes may found together with with small lateral tooth acute undivided ones only a on each well all kinds of intermediate forms. That side, as as no less variability exists in the shape of the appendages is shown by flower B.W. 3688, where in the same entire as well as deeply noticed. In the bifid appendages were latter case the lobes are sometimes unequal. This also explains that Pierre in Urban 166 describes the of Symb. p. appendages var. Schomburgkii

Pierre as whereas E 1 Afr. entire, rarely i-3-fid, n g e r, Mon. 6 describes and Pflanzenfam., p. 1, figures them bifid.

As regards the diferences said to exist between M. surinamensis

M. these do not and bidentata, appear to be constant enough to justify the distinction of two species. The glabrescence of the exterior sepals Is, indeed, very variable, and often a matter of

and no more should in this be age, importance case attached to the glabrescence of the leaves. material from Surinam has been described Fruiting as Sapota

Mulleri Bl. Engler, he. p. 61, retained this name for a variety in Surinam. The in occuring type-material Hb. Leiden has larger leaves than most of the other Surinam material. I am not quite certain whether this plant as well as several other varieties refer-

red to this species really belong to M. bidentata. Indeed much more flowering material with detailed field notes of Manilkara is needed before useful definitions of the any species and their excludes varieties can be given. Engler, l.c., var. Melinonis Pierre and var. Sieberi (A. DC.) Pierre, which I also think preferable. Cf. p. 210. Collector’s the notes invariably give vernacular name of this in species Surinam as Bolletrie; in a few instances the name Balata is and Indian added, all labels containing names have

Borowe as the Arowaccan and Parata as the Caribbean name. 209

The is Botrie. negro name The Dutch name Paardevleeschhout

(horse-flesh wood, from the red colour of the wood) is sometimes encountered in literature, but never on collector’s labels. This be commercial appears to the only species from which balata is procured in Surinam.

Manilkara Huberi (Ducke) Chev. in Rev. Bot. appl. & Agric.

trop. XII (1932) p. 351; — Mimusops Huberi Ducke in Arch. Bot. Rio de II Ducke in Arch. Jard. Janeiro (1918) p. 14, fig.,

Bot. Rio de III errone- Jard. Janeiro (1922) p. 238, analytical fig.

ously under M. rufula; — Mimusops elata auct., non Fr. Allem., Huber in Mus. IV Bol. Goeldi (1905) pp. 433, 436. This is for its species conspicuous leaves, which are light-coloured often at first, beautifully orange or yellow, beneath, with distinct darker nervation, the ground-colour becoming paler, to with The has recorded white, age. species hitherto been for the of the greater part state of Para, and so I do not hesitate to it refer to some sterile specimens from the interior of Surinam A from the (B.W. nn. 366, 3573, 3746, 3879). deflorate collection

North-West District of British Guiana is also referable to M.

Huberi Br. Gui. Barima (Wilgress Anderson, Fl. n. 9 I, Aruka R., and [K]), also a sterile specimen from the same region (Wilgress Br. Gui. Anderson, Fl. n. 9 II, Manura Hill, Aruka R., Barima and said [K] ). Both 9 I 9 II are to be larger than the true Bullet and the vernacular tree, names are given as Black Balata or

Black Bullet tree. Some leaves collected by the Surinam Forest Officer Venezuela Gonggrijp on a voyage to may equally belong to this species (B.W. n. 4969, near the sources of the Acure, on a in plateau about 150 m alt., Delta Amacuro, N. E. Venezuela). In which Huber’s paper, p. 435, M. elata, with is meant

M. Huberi is mentioned the trees commer- Ducke, among yielding cial but in none of Ducke’s articles is reference made balata, any M. This is in to Huberi as a balata-producing tree. accordance with the notes and vernacular names on the labels of the Surinam the Bollctrie plants, names Valsche Bolletrie, Basterd (=false Bolletrie), Brosse Bolletrie, Brosse Balata (= brittle B.) and Bad- wood, Bad Bolletrie, all pointing to the inferior quality of the is stated that did latex. In one case (B.W. 366) the latex the not flow. According to Gonggrijp Venezuelan tree, which he of false balata from considered identical with a kind Surinam, had the white, thick-flowing latex, coagulating on incisions of and flame. Its vernacular the bark, burning with a sooty name is Purgo negro. 210

On the other hand, according to Sampaio (teste Chevalier Lc.), of of balata M. Huberi should yield latex a good quality (33% with according to le Cointe), and a professional balata-bleeder between Rondon’s expedition to the region Obidos, on the Amazon, and the Tumac Humac Mountains, declared that the coagulating the visited Huberi latex did not stick to the fingers. In region M. of in is said to be one the most frequent trees, not only the forests

on the Cumina R., but also in the Tumac Humac Mts. said The two specimens from British Guiana are to yield gutta- percha, but nothing is said of the quality.

Manilkara spp. Beside the material which could be identified with M. bidentata

and M. Huberi there are several sterile or fruiting specimens the Surinam material referable among not to these species. These different of them labelled Basterd represent types, most Bolletrie,

Bad Bolletrie or Badwood, and yielding inferior latex. They are

not always easily distinguishable from M. bidentata. An investi-

gation as to whether the amount and quality of the latex varies in the result of environmental conditions same species as a ap-

pears desirable, especially since informations supplied to Pittier

on chicle-producing Achras seem to point in that direction. (Journ. Wash. Ac. Sc. IX, 1919, p. 434). Two collections, B.W. 367 and 368, from the Upper Suriname be referable the River, may to species first described as Mimusops balata Melinonis which var. Pierre, but I, with Engler, do not think with Manilkara conspecific Mimusops balata, or bidentata, the latter’s as name should be. Melinon’s plants from French leaves and Guiana [P] have obovate cuneate obcordate staminodes laciniate The with denticulate or upper margin. Surinam plants in the of the leaves and also in the agree shape nervation, which is light-coloured, rather wide and thicker than in M. bidentata.

The latex of B.W. 368 is said to coagulate, that of B.W. 367

is said to be non-coagulating. The'vernacular name of B.W. 368 is Basterd Bolletrie.

Another species, the vernacular name of which is Anansitete

was collected on the Upper Saramacca River Botrie, (B.W. 5619 and in the Emma at about 5640) and Range 250 m alt. (B.W. These all B.W. 5774). are fruiting specimens. 5774 yielded a white after condensation copious thick latex, which into a tough, threads. mass could be drawn out into EYMA, NOTES ON GUIANA SAPOTACEAE

Errata

pp. 182, 189, 191, 193, 195, 203:

for “hilo” read “cicatrice”.