DOCSLIB.ORG

Threatened Flora Management Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Threatened Flora Management Plan Warrell Creek to Urunga Upgrade of the Pacific Highway Threatened Flora Management Plan Prepared for: NSW Roads and Maritime Services 76 Victoria Street Grafton NSW 2460 Prepared by: Dr Andrew Benwell Ecos Environmental Pty Ltd PO Box 641 Mullumbimby, NSW 2482 ph 0266 804817; email: [email protected] Version 5: 1/7/2016 WC2U Threatenened Flora Management Plan 2 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................... 5 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Purpose...........................................................................................................9 1.2 Description of the Study Area......................................................................12 1.2.1 Location ...............................................................................................12 1.2.2 Landscape Context...............................................................................12 1.2.3 Native Vegetation ................................................................................12 1.3 Consultation .................................................................................................13 1.4 Glossary .......................................................................................................14 2 MANAGEMENT PLAN OVERVIEW...................................................................... 15 3 TARGETED FLORA SURVEYS.............................................................................. 18 3.1 Environmental Assessment Vegetation Survey...........................................18 3.2 Targeted Orchid Surveys (EcoPro 2010 & Geolink 2012)..........................18 3.3 Targeted Survey for the Threatened Flora Management Plan.....................20 3.3.1 Survey Design......................................................................................20 3.3.2 Indicative Species List .........................................................................20 3.3.3 Timing and Personnel ..........................................................................23 3.3.5 Quadrats ...............................................................................................23 3.3.6 Targeted Survey for Rhizanthella slateri.............................................23 3.3.7 Additional Threatened Flora Records for WC2NH.............................24 3.3.8 Spatial Impact Analysis .......................................................................24 3.4 SURVEY RESULTS ...................................................................................26 3.4.1 Summary..............................................................................................26 3.4.2 Slender Marsdenia (Marsdenia longiloba) ..........................................28 3.4.3 Rusty Plum (Niemeyera whitei)...........................................................31 3.4.4 Woolls’ Tylophora (Tylophora woollsii).............................................32 3.4.5 Maundia (Maundia triglochinoides) ....................................................33 3.4.6 Floyd's Grass (Alexfloydia repens) ......................................................36 3.4.7 Spider Orchid (Dendrobium melaleucaphilum)...................................37 3.4.8 Ford's Goodenia (Goodenia fordiana) (2RC-).....................................38 3.4.9 Bellingen Ironbark (.............................................................................39 3.4.10 Koala Bells (Artanema fimbriatum).....................................................39 3.4.11 Other Rare of Regionally Significant Species .....................................41 3.4.12 Rhizanthella slateri ..............................................................................42 3.4.13 Limitations of the Survey.....................................................................42 3.5 DISCUSSION - Translocation Feasibility.....................................................44 3.5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................44 3.5.2 Slender Marsdenia (Marsdenia longiloba) ..........................................44 3.5.3 Woolls’ Tylophora (Tylophora woollsii).............................................46 3.5.4 Rusty Plum (Niemeyera whitei)...........................................................47 3.5.5 Maundia (Maundia triglochinoides) ....................................................49 3.5.6 Floyds Grass (Alexfloydia repens) .......................................................50 3.5.7 Spider Orchid (Dendrobium melaleucaphilum)...................................51 3.5.8 Other species........................................................................................51 3.5.9 Conclusion - Translocation Feasibility ................................................52 3.6 DISCUSSION - Compensatory Habitat........................................................53 3.6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................53 WC2U Threatenened Flora Management Plan 3 3.6.2 Assessing Translocation Outcomes .....................................................53 3.6.3 Compensatory Habitat for Threatened Plants ......................................54 3.6.4 Process for Incorporating Compensatory Habitat for Threatened Plants in the Biodiversity Offset Strategy ......................................................................55 3.6.5 Determining the Type and Area of Threatened Plant Species Habitat 56 4 TRANSLOCATION PLAN ....................................................................................... 57 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................57 4.2 General Considerations................................................................................59 4.2.1 What Kind of Translocation?...............................................................59 4.2.2 WC2U Translocation Objectives .........................................................60 4.2.3 Designing Translocated Populations....................................................61 4.2.4 Genetic Management ...........................................................................62 4.2.5 Experimental Component ....................................................................63 4.3 Pre-translocation Assessment ......................................................................64 4.3.1 Species Ecology...................................................................................64 4.3.2 Description of the Original/Donor Site................................................69 4.3.3 Selection of the Receival Site ..............................................................70 4.3.4 Receival Sites.......................................................................................72 4.3.5 Logistical Assessment..........................................................................74 4.4 The Translocation Proposal .........................................................................75 4.4.1 General Approach ................................................................................75 4.4.2 Translocation Procedures.....................................................................75 4.4.3 Implementation Schedule.....................................................................79 4.5 Species Proposals.........................................................................................81 4.5.1 Slender Marsdenia (Marsdenia longiloba) ..........................................81 4.5.2 Wooll's Tylophora(Tylophora woollsii)...............................................84 4.5.3 Rusty Plum (Niemeyera whitei)...........................................................85 4.5.4 Maundia (Maundia triglochinoides) ....................................................85 4.5.5 Floyds Grass (Alexfloydia repens) .......................................................87 4.5.6 Spider Orchid (Dendrobium melaleucaphilum)...................................88 4.5.7 Ford's Goodenia (Goodenia fordiana).................................................90 4.5.8 Koala Bells (Artanema fimbriatum)....................................................90 4.6 The Translocation Action ............................................................................92 4.6.1 Preparation for Transplanting ..............................................................92 4.6.2 Timing..................................................................................................92 4.6.3 Transplanting .......................................................................................92 4.6.4 Pruning and Hygiene............................................................................92 4.6.5 Watering...............................................................................................92 4.6.6 Anti-transpirant and Plant Stimulant ...................................................93 4.6.7 Mulching..............................................................................................93 4.6.8 Shade-cloth Shelters.............................................................................93 4.6.9 Seed/cutting Collection and Propagation.............................................93 4.7 Post-translocation Actions ...........................................................................94 4.7.1 Maintenance.........................................................................................94
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Critically Endangered - Wikipedia
    Critically endangered - Wikipedia Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Critically endangered From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Contents This article is about the conservation designation itself. For lists of critically endangered species, see Lists of IUCN Red List Critically Endangered Featured content species. Current events A critically endangered (CR) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Random article Conservation status Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.[1] Donate to Wikipedia by IUCN Red List category Wikipedia store As of 2014, there are 2464 animal and 2104 plant species with this assessment, compared with 1998 levels of 854 and 909, respectively.[2] Interaction Help As the IUCN Red List does not consider a species extinct until extensive, targeted surveys have been About Wikipedia conducted, species which are possibly extinct are still listed as critically endangered. IUCN maintains a list[3] Community portal of "possibly extinct" CR(PE) and "possibly extinct in the wild" CR(PEW) species, modelled on categories used Recent changes by BirdLife International to categorize these taxa. Contact page Contents Tools Extinct 1 International Union for Conservation of Nature definition What links here Extinct (EX) (list) 2 See also Related changes Extinct in the Wild (EW) (list) 3 Notes Upload file Threatened Special pages 4 References Critically Endangered (CR) (list) Permanent
    [Show full text]
  • Renata Gabriela Vila Nova De Lima Filogenia E Distribuição
    RENATA GABRIELA VILA NOVA DE LIMA FILOGENIA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA DE CHRYSOPHYLLUM L. COM ÊNFASE NA SEÇÃO VILLOCUSPIS A. DC. (SAPOTACEAE) RECIFE 2019 RENATA GABRIELA VILA NOVA DE LIMA FILOGENIA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA DE CHRYSOPHYLLUM L. COM ÊNFASE NA SEÇÃO VILLOCUSPIS A. DC. (SAPOTACEAE) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Botânica. Orientadora: Carmen Silvia Zickel Coorientador: André Olmos Simões Coorientadora: Liliane Ferreira Lima RECIFE 2019 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas da UFRPE Biblioteca Central, Recife-PE, Brasil L732f Lima, Renata Gabriela Vila Nova de Filogenia e distribuição geográfica de Chrysophyllum L. com ênfase na seção Villocuspis A. DC. (Sapotaceae) / Renata Gabriela Vila Nova de Lima. – 2019. 98 f. : il. Orientadora: Carmen Silvia Zickel. Coorientadores: André Olmos Simões e Liliane Ferreira Lima. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Recife, BR-PE, 2019. Inclui referências e anexo(s). 1. Mata Atlântica 2. Filogenia 3. Plantas florestais 4. Sapotaceae I. Zickel, Carmen Silvia, orient. II. Simões, André Olmos, coorient. III. Lima, Liliane Ferreira, coorient. IV. Título CDD 581 ii RENATA GABRIELA VILA NOVA DE LIMA Filogenia e distribuição geográfica de Chrysophyllum L. com ênfase na seção Villocuspis A. DC. (Sapotaceae Juss.) Dissertação apresentada e
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Or Threatened Vascular Plant Species of Wollemi National Park, Central Eastern New South Wales
    Rare or threatened vascular plant species of Wollemi National Park, central eastern New South Wales. Stephen A.J. Bell Eastcoast Flora Survey PO Box 216 Kotara Fair, NSW 2289, AUSTRALIA Abstract: Wollemi National Park (c. 32o 20’– 33o 30’S, 150o– 151oE), approximately 100 km north-west of Sydney, conserves over 500 000 ha of the Triassic sandstone environments of the Central Coast and Tablelands of New South Wales, and occupies approximately 25% of the Sydney Basin biogeographical region. 94 taxa of conservation signiicance have been recorded and Wollemi is recognised as an important reservoir of rare and uncommon plant taxa, conserving more than 20% of all listed threatened species for the Central Coast, Central Tablelands and Central Western Slopes botanical divisions. For a land area occupying only 0.05% of these divisions, Wollemi is of paramount importance in regional conservation. Surveys within Wollemi National Park over the last decade have recorded several new populations of signiicant vascular plant species, including some sizeable range extensions. This paper summarises the current status of all rare or threatened taxa, describes habitat and associated species for many of these and proposes IUCN (2001) codes for all, as well as suggesting revisions to current conservation risk codes for some species. For Wollemi National Park 37 species are currently listed as Endangered (15 species) or Vulnerable (22 species) under the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. An additional 50 species are currently listed as nationally rare under the Briggs and Leigh (1996) classiication, or have been suggested as such by various workers. Seven species are awaiting further taxonomic investigation, including Eucalyptus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • MPI Queensland Fruit Fly Host Material List
    Queensland fruit fly host material Please note: While the host status of some species is in dispute with some countries; for the purpose of export phytosanitary certification MPI will treat all species in this list as host material until further notice. Tissue culture and frozen commodities are not considered to be a host of Queensland fruit fly. This list may be updated. Plant name Common name Acca sellowiana (syn Feijoa sellowiana) feijoa Acmena graveolens Acmena smithii Acroychia acidula Actinidia arguta kiwiberry Actinidia chinensis green kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa gold kiwifruit Aegle marmelos Golden apple Aglaia sapindina Alyxia ruscifolia Amorphospermum antilogum Anacardium occidentale cashew nut, cashew apple Annona cherimola cherimoya Annona glabra pond apple Annona muricata soursop Annona reticulata bullock's heart, custard apple Annona squamosa sugar apple, sweetsop Artocarpus altilis breadfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus jackfruit Averrhoa bilimbi blimbe Averrhoa carambola carambola, star fruit Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Beilschmiedia taraire Taraire Beilschmiedia tawa Tawa Blighia sapida Akee apple Calophyllum inophyllum Alexandrian laurel Cananga odorata perfume tree Canarium vulgare Java almond Capparis lucida Capparis mitchellii Capparis nobilis Capsicum annuum bell pepper Capsicum annuum var acuminatum chilli Capsicum annuum var cerasiforme cherry pepper Capsicum annuum var conoides tabasco Capsicum frutescens Carica papaya papaw, papaya Carica pentagona babaco Carissa ovata Casimiroa edulis white sapote Cassine australia Castanospora alphandii Chrysophyllum cainito caimito, star apple Cissus sp Citrullus lanatus Watermelon Citrus spp. Citrus aurantiifolia West indian lime Citrus aurantium Seville orange Citrus grandis (syn maxima) pummelo Citrus hystrix kaffir lime Citrus jambhiri rough lemon Citrus latifolia Tahatian lime Citrus limetta sweet lemon tree Citrus limon lemon Citrus maxima (syn grandis) pomelo, shaddock Citrus medica citron Citrus meyeri Meyer lemon Citrus reticulata mandarin Citrus reticulata var.
    [Show full text]
  • Following D U B a R D, the Considered Shape of the Embryo Is a Good Taxonomic Character
    Notes on Guiana Sapotaceae by P. J. Eyma (Utrecht). the work Notwithstanding large amount of spent by several botanists this does not satis- on family, taxonomy appear very and has factory, a general agreement on generic limits not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional The author for his names. present apologizes adding the number of to interpretations. This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been com- without the loan of the pleted generous specimens by herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin —Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. the author short visit to the herbaria In 1934 paid a at Brussels [B] The collections and at Paris [P]. of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material B i 11 Pierre and and studied by a on, Du'bard, bear numer- and ous notes analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached British to the sheets. A number of Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above their kind and mentioned Herbaria for hel{), particularly to Prof. Dr. P 11 Utrecht, under whose direction this A. u e, study was undertaken. Unless otherwise mentioned the specimens cited are in the Utrecht Herbarium [U]. The principial alterations in the classification of Sapotaceae in this due the for the paper are to rejection classifying purposes of certain number of flower-parts and, to a degree, of the staminodial development also.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material Saving Rainforests in the South Pacific
    Australian Journal of Botany 65, 609–624 © CSIRO 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT17096_AC Supplementary material Saving rainforests in the South Pacific: challenges in ex situ conservation Karen D. SommervilleA,H, Bronwyn ClarkeB, Gunnar KeppelC,D, Craig McGillE, Zoe-Joy NewbyA, Sarah V. WyseF, Shelley A. JamesG and Catherine A. OffordA AThe Australian PlantBank, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia. BThe Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CSchool of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia DBiodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography Group, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. EInstitute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. FRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, RH17 6TN, United Kingdom. GNational Herbarium of New South Wales, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. HCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1 (below) comprises a list of seed producing genera occurring in rainforest in Australia and various island groups in the South Pacific, along with any available information on the seed storage behaviour of species in those genera. Note that the list of genera is not exhaustive and the absence of a genus from a particular island group simply means that no reference was found to its occurrence in rainforest habitat in the references used (i.e. the genus may still be present in rainforest or may occur in that locality in other habitats). As the definition of rainforest can vary considerably among localities, for the purpose of this paper we considered rainforests to be terrestrial forest communities, composed largely of evergreen species, with a tree canopy that is closed for either the entire year or during the wet season.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Nature Report
    STATE OF NATURE Foreword by Sir David Attenborough he islands that make up the The causes are varied, but most are (ButterflyHelen Atkinson Conservation) United Kingdom are home to a ultimately due to the way we are using Twonderful range of wildlife that our land and seas and their natural is dear to us all. From the hill-walker resources, often with little regard for marvelling at an eagle soaring overhead, the wildlife with which we share them. to a child enthralled by a ladybird on The impact on plants and animals has their fingertip, we can all wonder at been profound. the variety of life around us. Although this report highlights what However, even the most casual of we have lost, and what we are still observers may have noticed that all is losing, it also gives examples of how not well. They may have noticed the we – as individuals, organisations, loss of butterflies from a favourite governments – can work together walk, the disappearance of sparrows to stop this loss, and bring back nature from their garden, or the absence of where it has been lost. These examples the colourful wildflower meadows of should give us hope and inspiration. their youth. To gain a true picture of the balance of our nature, we require We should also take encouragement a broad and objective assessment of from the report itself; it is heartening the best available evidence, and that is to see so many organisations what we have in this groundbreaking coming together to provide a single State of Nature report.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened and Significant Flora of Roadsides in the Windellama Districtdownload
    Threatened and significant flora of roadsides in the Windellama district Location and conservation significance of roadside sites with few-seeded bossiaea, Michelago parrot-pea, matted bush-pea and Wolgan snow gum © 2017 State of NSW and Office of Environment and Heritage With the exception of photographs, the State of NSW and Office of Environment and Heritage are pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part for educational and non-commercial use, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. Specific permission is required for the reproduction of photographs. The Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) has compiled this report in good faith, exercising all due care and attention. No representation is made about the accuracy, completeness or suitability of the information in this publication for any particular purpose. OEH shall not be liable for any damage which may occur to any person or organisation taking action or not on the basis of this publication. Readers should seek appropriate advice when applying the information to their specific needs. All content in this publication is owned by OEH and is protected by Crown Copyright, unless credited otherwise. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), subject to the exemptions contained in the licence. The legal code for the licence is available at Creative Commons. OEH asserts the right to be attributed as author of the original material in the following manner: © State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2017. Cover: few-seeded bossiaea (Bossiaea oligosperma) Photo: John Briggs/OEH.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture on Biodiversity
    The impact of ammonia emissions from agriculture on biodiversity An evidence synthesis Susan Guthrie, Sarah Giles, Fay Dunkerley, Hadeel Tabaqchali, Amelia Harshfield, Becky Ioppolo, Catriona Manville For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2695 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK R® is a registered trademark. RAND Europe is a not-for-profit research organisation that helps to improve policy and decision making through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. (www.randeurope.org) Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute © Copyright 2018 The Royal Society The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. (www.royalsociety.org) The text of this work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. The license is available at: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Images are not covered by this license. III Preface This report provides a synthesis of the The Royal Society is the independent scientific existing evidence on the impacts of ammonia academy of the UK and the Commonwealth, emissions from agriculture on biodiversity and dedicated to promoting excellence in science.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved Conservation Advice for Haloragis Exalata Subsp. Exalata (Wingless Raspwort)
    This Conservation Advice was approved by the Minister on 29 Apr 2014 Approved Conservation Advice for Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata (wingless raspwort) (s266B of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) This Conservation Advice has been developed based on the best available information at the time this Conservation Advice was approved; this includes existing plans, records or management prescriptions for this species. Description Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata (wingless raspwort), Family Haloragaceae, also known as the square raspwort, is a robust perennial forb growing to 1.5 m high with more or less square stems, opposite toothed leaves, and small inconspicuous flowers, 3–15 per inflorescence (Wilson 2002). Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata is divided into two varieties: var. exalata, which has scabrous stems and leaves, 3-7 flowered dichasia (inflorescence) and a scabrous ovary; and var. laevis, which has glabrous stems and leaves, 7-15 flowered dichasia and glabrous ovary (Wilson, 2002). Conservation Status Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata is listed as vulnerable. This species is eligible for listing as vulnerable under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) as, prior to the commencement of the EPBC Act, it was listed as vulnerable under Schedule 1 of the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth). This species was proposed to be removed from Schedule 2 (where it remains listed as vulnerable) of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and bears the ROTAP code 3VCa (Briggs & Leigh 1996). The NSW Scientific Committee has supported a preliminary determination to de-list the species (OEH 2009). Distribution and Habitat Haloragis exalata subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Communication
    395 SHORT COMMUNICATION Range extensions and conservation status of 18 restricted plant species in north-eastern New South Wales Lachlan M. Copeland1 and John T. Hunter2 1Division of Botany, University of New England, Armidale, 2351. 275 Kendall Rd., Invergowrie, 2350. Introduction During recent surveys within north-eastern New South Wales new records of range extensions for some significant plant taxa were recorded. The implications for the conservation status of each taxon in terms of their ROTAP status (Briggs & Leigh 1996) are discussed. It is important that management decisions concerning rare taxa are made using the most up-to-date information possible, hence the need to report new distributions and suggest changes in conservation status. Vouchers of all taxa discussed have been lodged at the NCW Beadle Herbarium at the Division of Botany, University of New England and/or at the Herbarium of the North Coast Regional Botanic Garden, Coffs Harbour. In the following notes National Park is abbreviated to NP and Nature Reserve to NR. 1. Acacia barringtonensis Tindale (family Fabaceae) Previously believed to be restricted to a few disjunct localities in the Barrington Tops, Backwater, Boonoo Boonoo and Gibraltar Range areas but recently discovered in the east of Oxley Wild Rivers NP and in Carrai NP (P. Richards pers. comm. 1997), and along the Racecourse Trail in Werrikimbe NP (Copeland 1999). The current ROTAP code, 3RCa (Briggs & Leigh 1996) is considered adequate. 2. Acacia macnuttiana Maiden & Blakely (family Fabaceae) Previously recorded from Pindari Dam area near Ashford (North Western Slopes) to Boonoo Boonoo Falls (Northern Tablelands). Populations are known from Boonoo Boonoo NP and the Torrington State Recreation Area (Clarke et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture on Biodiversity
    The impact of ammonia emissions from agriculture on biodiversity An evidence synthesis Susan Guthrie, Sarah Giles, Fay Dunkerley, Hadeel Tabaqchali, Amelia Harshfield, Becky Ioppolo, and Catriona Manville For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2695 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK R® is a registered trademark. RAND Europe is a not-for-profit research organisation that helps to improve policy and decision making through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. (www.randeurope.org) Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute © Copyright 2018 The Royal Society The Royal Society is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. The Society’s fundamental purpose, as it has been since its foundation in 1660, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. (www.royalsociety.org) The text of this work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. The license is available at: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Images are not covered by this license. III Preface This report provides a synthesis of the The Royal Society is the independent scientific existing evidence on the impacts of ammonia academy of the UK and the Commonwealth, emissions from agriculture on biodiversity and dedicated to promoting excellence in science.
    [Show full text]