Expression Analyses of Flower Developmental Genes in Eschscholzia Californica

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Expression Analyses of Flower Developmental Genes in Eschscholzia Californica Expression analyses of flower developmental genes in Eschscholzia californica Expressionsanalyse von Entwicklungsgenen in Eschscholzia californica Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Dem Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Svetlana Orashakova Bremen 2011 Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Annette Becker Evolutionary Developmental Genetics University of Bremen Prof. Dr. Uwe Nehls Section of Botany, Department of Ecology University of Bremen Examiner: Prof. Ulrich Fischer Department of Marine Microbiology University of Bremen Dr. Andrea Krause Department of Micobe-Plant Interactions University of Bremen Staff: Sabrina Lange University of Bremen Student: Nils Engelke University of Bremen 2 Danksagungen Ich möchte mich bei Prof. Dr. Annette Becker bedanken, dass sie mir die Möglichkeit gegeben hat meine Dissertation in ihrer Arbeitsgruppe zu machen. Ich möchte Prof. Dr. Uwe Nehls danken, dass er das Zweigutachten meiner Dissertation übernommen hat. Ebenfalls bedanke ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Ulrich Fischer and bei Dr. Andrea Krause, dass sie eingewilligt haben, als Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission an meinem Dissertationskolloquium teilzunehmen. Bedanken möchte ich mich insbesondere bei den Mitgliedern der AG Becker für die gute Zusammenarbeit, die Unterstützung und die hilfreichen Diskussionen im Laufe meiner Doktorarbeit. Ich danke Matthias, Sabrina, Aravinda and Robert für die angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre, Hilfsbereitschaft und Freundschaft während unserer gemeinsamen Zeit. Ich bedanke mich auch bei Anna, Dawit, Amey, Kai und Tina. Insbesondere möchte ich mich bei Matthias bedanken für seine volle Unterstützung und Aufmunterung. Ich danke ihm außerdem für die langen und interessanten Diskussionen zur denen er immer bereit ist. Ich möchte mich auch bei meiner Familie und insbesondere bei meiner Mutter bedanken, die mich immer unterstützt haben. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary................................................................................................................................... 8 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................................. 10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Floral organs and organ identity genes .......................................................................... 12 1.2. The carpel, a major innovation of angiosperms ............................................................ 13 1.3 Model plants for studying carpel development in angiosperms..................................... 14 1.3.1 Carpel development in eudicot model systems ....................................................... 15 1.3.1.1 Morphology and morphogenesis of the carpel in A. thaliana and E. californica ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2 Carpel development in monocot model systems..................................................... 20 1.3.2.1 Morphology and morphogenesis of the carpel in O. sativa ............................. 20 1.4 Genes in carpel development ......................................................................................... 22 1.4.1 CRABS CLAW (CRC)-like genes ............................................................................ 23 1.4.2 AG orthologous genes ............................................................................................. 25 1.4.3 SPATULA (SPT)-like genes .................................................................................... 31 1.5 GLOBOSA (GLO)-like genes in petal and stamen development ................................... 34 2. Aims of the thesis................................................................................................................ 39 3. Results and Discussion.......................................................................................................40 3.1 Conservation and novelty in expression and function of carpel developmental genes in E. californica........................................................................................................................ 40 3.1.1 EcCRC..................................................................................................................... 41 3.1.1.1 EcCRC expression is confined to carpels and mature seeds ............................ 41 3.1.1.2 EcCRC functions in floral meristem determinacy, gynoecium differentiation and ovule initiation....................................................................................................... 47 3.1.2 EScaAG1/2 .............................................................................................................. 53 3.1.2.1 EscaAG1/2 expression is localized in carpels and stamens throughout flower development ................................................................................................................. 53 3.1.2.2 EscaAG1/2 genes confer stamen and carpel identity and control floral meristem determinacy .................................................................................................. 59 3.2 Expression and function of SIR in E. californica........................................................... 64 3.2.1 SIR is expressed in petals and stamens throughout developmental stages.............. 64 3.2.2 SIR determines petal and stamen identities and development................................. 71 3.3 Detailed protocol for in situ hybridization in floral tissues of E. californica ................ 73 3.3.1 Fixation and embedding of plant material............................................................... 73 3.3.2 Preparation of an anti-sense DIG-labelled RNA probe........................................... 74 3.3.3 Sectioning................................................................................................................76 3.3.4 Cleaning of the cover slips...................................................................................... 76 3.3.5 Pre-hybridization (Day I in situ) ............................................................................. 76 3.3.6 Hybridization........................................................................................................... 76 3.3.7 Washing (Day II in situ).......................................................................................... 77 3.3.8 Antibody incubation................................................................................................ 77 3.3.9 Detection .................................................................................................................77 3.3.10 Inactivation............................................................................................................ 77 3.3.11 Buffers and solutions............................................................................................. 78 3.3.12 Chemicals and kits: ............................................................................................... 80 4. Synopses .............................................................................................................................. 80 5. Outlook................................................................................................................................ 91 6. Publications and Manuscripts........................................................................................... 92 7. References ........................................................................................................................... 93 4 Abbreviations A. asparagoides Asparagus asparagoides A. longifolia Asimina longifolia A. majus Antirrhinum majus A. officinalis Asparagus officinalis A. thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana A. trichopoda Amborella trichopoda A. vulgaris Aquilegia vulgaris AG AGAMOUS AGL11 AGAMOUS LIKE11 ALC ALCATRAZ AP APETALA AP2/EREBP APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding protein AuxREs Auxin Response Elements ARF Auxin Response Factor B. oleraceae Brassica oleraceae B. rapa Brassica rapa BCIP 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate BiFC Bimolecular fluorescence complementation BLR BELLRINGER bHLH domain basic helix-loop-helix domain BSA bovine serum albumin bp base pairs ca carpels C. poppy California poppy CRC CRABS CLAW DEF DEFICIENS DEPC Diethylpyrocarbonate DL DROOPING LEAF DZ dehiscence zone E. californica Eschscholzia californica E. elephas Elegia elephas ETT ETTIN 5 euAP3 motif eudicot AP3 motif FAR FARINELLI FBP FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN G. gnemon Gnetum gnemon GLO GLOBOSA g gynoecium I. floridanum Illicium floridanum IM inflorescence meristem IND INDEHISCENT J. ascendens Joinvillea ascendens kb kilobases L. longiflorum Lilium longiflorum LAS LATERAL SUPPRESSOR LFY LEAFY LEU LEUNIG M. grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora Mbp mega base pairs min minutes MYA million years ago N. benthamiana N. benthamiana NBT Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride NLS nuclear localization sequence N. advena Nuphar advena OCT OCTANDRA O. sativa Oryza sativa P. abies Picea abies P. hybrida Petunia hybrida P. persica Prunus persica P. radiata Pinus radiata P. somniferum Papaver somniferum P. trichocarpa Populus trichocarpa paleoAP3 motif paleoAPETALA3 motif PAN PERIANTHIA PAT polar auxin transport 6 pMADS2 PETUNIA MADS BOX GENE2 PI PISTILLATA PLE PLENA RBL REBELOTE RNase Ribonuclease RT room temperature RT-PCR Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction S. angustifolia
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