Epimedium ‘Amber Queen’ is one of the new generation of floriferous hybrids

This increased dramatically to 54 in the updated edition (Stearn 2002) that he completed just before his death in 2001. Even as late as the early 1990s only a handful of the known species were in cultivation.

Recently introduced species Few genera of plants have seen such a dramatic increase in new species, primarily thanks to the work of Mikinori Ogisu of Japan and Darrell Probst of Massachusetts. Most of the Epimedium species discovered and introduced in the 1990s were due to the work of the tireless Ogisu. His discoveries include E. campanulatum­ , E. chlorand­ rum, E. dolichostemon, E. fangii, E. flavum, E. franchetii, E. ilicifolium­ , E. latisepalum, E. ogisui, E. mikinorii, E. rhizomatosum and previously named species that were not in culti­vation such as E. brevicornu, E. ecalcaratum­ , E. fargesii, E. lish­ihchenii, E. pauciflorum and E. platypetalum. Probst’s introduct­ions include

An All photographs: Plant Delights Nursery, unless stated E. brachyrrhizum, E. dewuense, E. epsteinii, E. myrianthum­ and the previously described E. sutchuenense. overview Many yet to be published species from his work are in the pipeline. As of 2008, my collection at Plant Delights Nursery in North Carolina of Epimedium consists of 49 of the currently named 54 species, along with most of the distinct hybrids. Epimediums To n y Av e n t t w a s o v e r 40 y e a r s into are promiscuous, with bees creating my gardening life before I got garden hybrids and natural hybrids in surveys the cultivated involved with epimediums, the wild. While most epimediums species, highlights Ipartly because I found the conflicting make great garden plants, there are a information about them confusing. few that offer little for gardeners, some of the recent It was only with the assistance of and these will not be discussed here. cultivars, and Epimedium guru, Darrell Probst, that I was finally able to embrace them. Propagation describes his In the late Prof. William Stearn’s Epimediums spread via a woody favourites first Epimedium monograph (Stearn rhizome located just below the soil 1938) only 21 species were known. surface. As with bamboos there are

10 March 2010 PlantsmanThe fast spreaders (leptomorphs) and spring frosts the flower spikes of slow spreaders that appear to form a early-flowering ones will need tight clump (pachymorphs). Division protection below -4°C. is best done after flowering. The Some epimediums have evergreen pachymorphs are the most challeng­ foliage while others are completely ing to divide, hence the higher price deciduous. As a rule, the deciduous they usually demand. If you try to species are hardier than those that divide them use a pair of bonsai retain their foliage. When planting scissors. Roots on divisions should them in the garden, keep in mind be cut back to about 10cm long. One that just because the foliage is of the most important tricks I evergreen does not mean it will look learned from Probst is to always great throughout the winter. Where leave two-thirds of the foliage on I am based, severely cold winters can newly divided plants to encourage damage evergreen foliage that in some them to form new roots. mild years may look fine. Most Epimediums can be grown from gardeners trim any remaining seed, but you will need to have a keen damaged foliage in mid to late eye as the seed is small and the February, before the new flower capsules can split without warning. Epimedium sagittatum ‘Warlord’ (above) and spikes begin to emerge. While many Seed is usually mature about 45 days Epimedium ‘Yokihi’ (below) are two new selections epimediums are grown primarily for after pollination (Probst, pers. comm.). their flowers, several of the newer I tried for years to gather seed, which colchicum, E. x rubrum, E. x warleyense species and hybrids are worth growing must be sown fresh, with no luck, and E. x versicolor seem to be partic­ for their lovely foliage. Epimedium and now I just allow it to fall into a ularly durable in very dry sites. Most wushanense has superb mahonia-like well-prepared seed bed where it will epimediums are native to alkaline leaves, while E. acuminatum and germinate the following spring. If soils, with the exception of a few E. x omeiense have wonderful leaf you are lucky enough to collect seed Japanese ones such as E. grandiflorum. mottling. Some selections of it will require 60 days below 4°C I recommend a soil with a pH of 6.2 E. x youngianum emerge purple or with before germinating. At Plant Delights to 6.5 – although on the acid side, a red border, as does E. grandiflorum Nursery we have been able to flower this allows us to grow most species var. higoense, and the leaves of about 10% of one-year-old seedlings well. According to Dan Hinkley E. x versicolor are a kaleidoscope with the rest flowering in the second (1997), the cultivars of E. grandiflorum of colours as they emerge. year. Since most epimediums are do not fare well in alkaline soils. Here I have categorised species by self-sterile, offspring tend to be Most epimediums are spring their size and flower type in order to hybrids if you grow more than one flowering, with a few species such as help you select the best plants for species, creating many possibilities. E. rhizomatosum and E. davidii your site. I have also given US hardi­ continuing sporadically through the ness zone ratings; most of the UK is Cultivation summer. In areas subject to late in Zone 8. Many of the cultivars are In gardening circles, epimediums are only available in the US at present known as great plants for dry shade. but hopefully enterprising nurseries However, in the wild most grow in will distribute them further. very moist soils, with many being found near woodland waterfalls. Small species with small or While epimediums will indeed grow medium flowers in dry shade, they fare much better If you are looking for small and in part sun to light shade with a rich, dainty in the Epimedium world, the organic, moisture-retentive soil. As deciduous Japanese E. diphyllum with all plants, avoid using salt-based (Zone 5–8) is for you. This dainty fertilisers which can burn epimediums species has been in cultivation since when used in excess. Hybrids such as the mid 1800s and ranges in flower E. x perralchicum, E. pinnatum subsp. colour from pale pink to white. It ➤

March 2010 11 E. sempervirens ‘Violet Queen’ E. x youngianum ‘Tamabotan’ E. grandiflorum ‘Purple Prince’ is represented in cultivation primarily emerge with a lovely red flush. ‘Tamabotan’ (purple foliage, pale by three cultivars, ‘Nanum’ (white Cultivars include ‘Candy Hearts’ lavender flowers), ‘White Cloud’ flowers), ‘Roseum’ (pink flowers) and (red-edged leaves, pale lavender (small clump, white flowers) and ‘Vanilla Ripple’ (syn. ‘Variegatum’) flowers), ‘Cherry Hearts’ (red-edged ‘White Star’ (white flowers). (speckled leaves).The 20cm tall leaves, white flowers), ‘Mars’ (red- At the nursery we find each of flower spikes bear two to six flowers purple flowers), ‘Okuda’s White’ the above cultivars to be dramatic each, certainly nothing to match the (white flowers) and ‘Violet Queen’ improvements over E. x youngianum show­ier species, and the fading (red-flushed foliage, pale lavender ‘Niveum’ and E. x youngianum flowers are topped by a second flush flowers). The major drawback to ‘Roseum’. Some have a second flush of spring foliage. I regard E. diphyllum E. sempervirens is the tendency of the of foliage that obscures the flowers, as a clumping species, but one which second spring flush of foliage to but the problem is not nearly as can make a 60cm wide, easily obscure the flowers. prevalent as in E. sempervirens or dividable clump in seven years. Epimedium x youngianum represents E. diphyllum. As expected, E. x Evergreen E. sempervirens has a large group of hybrids between youngianum is usually intermediate crossed with E. diphyllum in the wild E. diphyllum and E. grandiflorum. A in habit between the spreading to produce E. x setosum, which is few cultivars are tardily deciduous, clumps of E. diphyllum and the intermediate between the parents. indicating that they may not belong tight clumps of E. grandiflorum. here. Cultivars attributed to this Epimedium grandiflorum (Zone Mid-sized species and hybrids hybrid include ‘Baby Doll Pink’ (small 4–8) is a winter deciduous Japanese This group of plants, typically 45cm clump, small pale pink flowers), ‘Be species that includes the majority of tall and 45cm wide, is the most My Valentine’ (very floriferous, dark Epimedium cultivars in the trade. familiar to gardeners. Darrell Probst pink sepals with a white cup), ‘Beni- Like E. sempervirens, most cultivars has interesting theories on the origin kujaku’ (pale lavender flowers), are tight clumpers, although a few of this and related groups that he will ‘Capella’ (pink sepals, white spurs), may have longer rhizomes. hopefully publish one day. ‘Fairy Dust’ (small pale pink flowers), Cultivars of E. grandiflorum include Epimedium sempervirens (Zone 5–8) ‘Grape Fizz’ (small pale lavender ‘Bandit’ (dwarf plant, red-edged from Japan is similar to E. diphyllum, flowers), ‘Liliputian’ (very dwarf, leaves, white flowers), ‘Benedict’s except for being about one-third attractive white flowers), ‘Milk Choc­ Violet’ (lavender flowers), ‘Bronze larger with evergreen (from Zone 7 olate’ (chocolate mottled leaves, Maiden’ (chocolate foliage, pale lav­ south) foliage and larger flowers. The white flowers), ‘Milky Way’ (white ender flowers), ‘Cranberry Sparkle’ flower stems reaching 30–40cm tall flowers), ‘Murasaki-shikibu’ (purple (chocolate new leaves, cranberry red with six to ten flowers each, also in sepals, white spurs), ‘Pink Star’ (pale flowers), ‘Dark Beauty’ (chocolate colours ranging from white to pink, nearly white flowers), ‘Purple leaves, purple outer sepals, white cup lavender. Epimedium sempervirens Heart’ (bronze leaves, white flowers), and spurs), ‘Lavender Lady’ (dark usually forms tight clumps, although ‘Royal Flush’ (reddish bronze foliage, purple buds opening to pale lavender some variants can spread a bit. pale pinkish lavender flowers), ‘Ruby flowers), ‘Lilafee’ (bronze mottled Another trait is that new leaves often Tuesday’ (pink spurs, violet cup), foliage, lavender-purple flowers),

12 March 2010 E. x rubrum ‘Sweetheart’ E. x versicolor ‘Cherry Tart’ E. brachyrrhizum ‘Elfin Magic’

‘Pierre’s Purple’ (dark purple E. koreanum. Also, in contrast to you head further north. The spreading flowers), ‘Princess Susan’ (purple the typically clump-forming E. x versicolor is represented by outer sepals, white cup and spurs), E. grandiflorum, E. koreanum spreads ‘Sulphureum’ (evergreen, new foliage ‘Purple Prince’ (dark purple cup, pale at a rate of 15–30cm per year by brown with green veins, pale yellow lavender spurs), ‘Red Queen’ (carmine rhizomes. It is represented by two outer sepals, pale yellow spur and red flowers), ‘Saxton’s Purple’ (pale cultivars, ‘Harold Epstein’ (pale cup), ‘Neosulphureum’ (evergreen, lavender flowers), ‘Silver Queen’ yellow flowers on red stems) and tan new foliage, creamy sepals with (white flowers), ‘Spring Wedding’ ‘La Rocaille’ (creamy flowers). a yellow cup) and ‘Versicolor’ (red-edged leaves, pale lavender Epimedium x rubrum (Zone 4-8) (deciduous, new foliage with netted flowers), ‘Swallowtail’ (red-edged covers a group of semi-evergreen pattern of dark cinnamon, peach leaves, pale lavender flowers), ‘Tama- hybrids between E. alpinum and sepals with a yellow cup). My no-gempei’ (purple outer sepals, white reputedly E. grandiflorum. However, favourite is ‘Cherry Tart’ (cinnamon cup and spurs), ‘Waterfall’ (rose- Probst regards the second parent as new foliage, pale pink sepals, dark purple flower, white spurs), ‘Yellow more likely to be E. sempervirens pink spurs, yellow-rimmed cup). Princess’ (pale yellow flowers) and (Probst 1997). This hybrid is most ‘Yubae’ (purple foliage, cranberry prized for its leaves which emerge Species with short flower flowers). With the exception of with a striking reddish margin. The spikes and large spider-like E. grandiflorum ‘Swallowtail’, the other short spikes of pinkish red flowers flowers cultivars do not pick up their nice can be obscured if the old foliage is This group consists of evergreens leaf colouration until after flowering. not removed before flowering. The with flowers of pink to white. Many of the older selections of unnamed clone in the trade is Epimedium brachyrrhizum (Zone 5-8), E. grandiflorum, such as ‘Album’ and widespread thanks to the fact that it first described from China in 1997, is ‘Nigrum’, have large flowers produced spreads well via rhizomes. A much similar to E. leptorrhizum (Zone 5–8) among or just slightly atop the more vigorous cultivar named that has been known since 1938. foliage, usually obscured by the ‘Sweetheart’ was introduced by Both have spreading rhizomes, but second spring flush. Probst. As with E. grandiflorum, the E. brachyrrhizum has a thicker rhizome Epimedium koreanum (Zone 3–7), a attractive red leaf edges do not occur spreading more slowly. For us, deciduous taxon, was long considered until flowering is finished. E. leptorrhizum never exceeds 15cm a subspecies of E. grandiflorum until Epimedium x versicolor (Zone 5–8) in height while E. brachyrrhizum Stearn (2002) recognised it as a covers hybrids between the decid­ typically reaches 30cm. Both are distinct species native to Korea. uous Japanese E. grandiflorum and topped in early spring with very Epimedium grandiflorum outside of the evergreen European E. pinnatum short flower spikes of 8–12 flowers northern Japan has flowers of white These hybrids have beautiful new ranging from pink to lavender, and to purple, but in northern Japan foliage that is chocolate-brown occasionally white. There are two there is a yellow-flowered form, highlighted by green veins. From cultivars of E. brachyrrhizum, both E. grandiflorum f. flavescens, that is Zone 7 south, the foliage remains hard to find: pale pink-flowered distinct from yellow-flowered evergreen, but becomes deciduous as ‘Elfin Magic’ from Probst and the ➤

March 2010 13 E. omeiense ‘Akane’ E. epsteinii E. acuminatum ‘Night Mistress’ John Fielding / Blackthorn Nursery John Fielding / Blackthorn forthcoming white-flowered ‘Little Angels’ from my nursery. The foliage of E. brachyrrhizum turns an attractive shade of lavender in winter. Two other evergreen Chinese species are similar. Epimedium ogisui (Zone 6–9) has spreading rhizomes with near horiz­ontal spikes of large white flowers. Epimedium epsteinii (Zone 5b–8) has short but spreading rhizomes and short flower spikes, sporting up to 12 large, bicoloured inflorescences of purple cups and spurs, backed by a white outer sepal. Plants in this group make superb groundcovers, often with attractive, E. franchetii E. lishihchenii ‘Golden Earrings’ red-mottled foliage. Nursery John Fielding / Blackthorn

Species with long flower flower spikes can be heavy enough purple cup) and the Japanese spikes and large spider-like for the tips to nearly touch the ‘Akame’ (dark red flushed yellow). flowers ground. For this reason I plant E. This is perhaps the most showy group acuminatum and E. x omeiense on a Species with yellow spider- and all have pink or purple flowers. bank so the flowers can be better like flowers The evergreen E. acuminatum (Zone enjoyed. Both are prized for their These are evergreen Chinese species 5–8) from limestone cliffs in the long-pointed and wonderfully with large cream to yellow flowers southern Chinese provinces of mahogany-coloured, mottled leaves. and include E. chlorandrum­ , E. davidii, Yunnan and Sichuan leads this list Both are reasonably good spreaders. E. fangii, E. flavum, E. franchetii, E. hun­ along with its hybrid with E. fangii, The commonest cultivars of anense, E. lishihchenii, E. membranaceum, E. x omeiense. The hybrid is larger, E. acuminatum are ‘Ruby Star’ (white E. rhizomatosum and E. wushanense. about 60cm in height, whereas sepals, lavender spurs, purple cup) All make showy garden specimens. E. acuminatum has smaller, narrower from Heronswood Nursery and There are both tight clumping and leaves and is about 30cm tall. The Probst’s ‘Night Mistress’ (pink spurs, slowly spreading variants of E. davidii arching flower spikes ofE. acuminatum purple spurs, purple cup). Cultivars (Zone 5–8) in cultivation. Both bear are about 45cm long, each adorned of the hybrid include Ogisu’s wild spikes of up to 25 flowers with curved with up to 50 large flowers composed collected ‘Stormcloud’ (dull purple yellow spurs above the spiny green of long dark purple spurs highlighted flowers), Hinkley’s ‘Myriad Years’ foliage. Because new buds that form by pale lavender inner sepals. The (white sepals, pale lavender spurs, along the rhizomes and leaf axils re-

14 March 2010 E. franchetii ‘Brimstone Butterfly’ E. davidii E. rhizomatosum

species. Both are similar in habit to superb garden specimen that starts E. acuminatum and E. x omeiense, but flowering just as E. franchetii ends with up to 25 large yellow flowers and continues all summer, thereby with recurved spurs, held horizontally extended the flowering season. The on sturdy 60cm flower stems, and smallest of the group is E. ilicifolium, foliage that emerges with a bronze 30cm tall by 60cm wide in three years, hue. Although some argue that these with narrow, spiny green leaves. represent a single species, we find that Despite its small stature, E. ilicifolium all our clones of E. lishihchenii have is one of the most floriferous of the much larger leaves than E. franchetii. group with pale yellow flowers tightly ‘Golden Earrings’ is a particularly packed along the spike, in contrast floriferous cultivar of E. lishihchenii to the wide spacing of E. rhizomatosum selected at Plant Delights Nursery. and E. membranaceum. I feel that the cultivar E. franchetii As far as I can tell, the slowly ‘Brimstone Butterfly’ actually spreading E. wushanense (Zone 5–8), belongs to E. lishihchenii. Epimedium although named in 1975, was not E. fangii chlorandrum (Zone 5–8) is a similar, sold before 2000. I predict that it slowly-spreading species native to will become one of the most popular flower (Probst 1998), it produces Sichuan and also resembles E. acum­ garden species. The long, spiny new flowers for us throughout the inatum, but the flowers are creamy evergreen leaves up to 20cm long summer. It is a superb garden plant, yellow on 60cm arching stems. (nicely mottled in some clones), although it does not perform well in Another group of yellow spiders come through the winter in great dry locations. includes E. rhizomatosum, E. membran­ shape, and make a good background Epimedium fangii (Zone 5–8), aceum and E. ilicifolium. For us the for the spikes of up to 100, long- E. flavum (Zone 5–8) and E. hunanense Chinese E. rhizomatosum (Zone 5–8) spurred, creamy-yellow flowers. (Zone 5b–8) are similar species with flowers longer than any other species, The entire flowering spike can reach short flower stems bearing bright often reblooming throughout the nearly 90cm in height. The flowers yellow flowers. They are still little summer. Epimedium rhizomatosum are bunched closely together and known in cultivation. The fastest spreads via long rhizomes, in contrast held just above horizontal on a spreading is E. fangii, followed by the to the shorter rhizomes of the similar sturdy stem. Its cultivar ‘Caramel’ vigorous E. hunanense and then the E. membranaceum. E. rhizomatosum is has the pale yellow flowers subtly dwarf E. flavum. The flowers in this adorned with short 40cm flower suffused with orange and purple. group are much smaller than the rest stems of large-spurred yellow of the yellow spider group. flowers. Epimedium membranaceum Species with small yellow bell- Epimedium franchetii (Zone 4–8) (Zone 5–8) is a similar species with shaped spurless flowers and the similar E. lishihchenii (Zone up to 30 large-spurred yellow flowers Epimedium platypetalum (Zone 5–7) is 4–8) are slowly spreading evergreen on 60cm stems. E. membranaceum is a a dainty semi-evergreen Chinese ➤

March 2010 15 genus profile Mark Bolton / GAP Photos

E. wushanense E. platypetalum E. myrianthum ‘Mottled Madness’ species with spreading rhizomes and small yellow spurless bell-shaped flowers on 30cm stems. Two other similar Chinese species with compact rhizomes are E. ecalcaratum (Zone 5–7) and the clump-forming evergreen E. campanulatum (Zone 4–7a), topped in spring with 60cm stems with small yellow bells.

Species with tiny white flowers E. stellulatum ‘Wudang Star’ E. fargesii The clumping, evergreen E. sagittatum (Zone 5–8) is one of many Chinese species with tiny flowers, but its best also a taller 50cm clone known Other species and hybrids feature is the cinnamon-coloured simply as “long leaf form”. There are three other species and leaveson emergence. The colour is an Other species in this group, which two hybrids that are probably more exceptional red and tan in ‘Warlord’. are still relatively rare, include the widely grown than any of the above. Epimedium myrianthum (Zone 5–8) is Chinese E. truncatum (Zone 5–8), and The European E. pinnatum subsp. similar to E. sagittatum, except the E. borealiguizhouense (Zone 5–8), each colchicum (Zone 5–8) is a lovely former usually has red-tinted foliage, with tiny white flowers. evergreen species. Its cultivar while the latter is often mottled, and ‘Thunderbolt’ was collected by the E. myrianthum has more (up to 150) Species with dodecatheon-like US National Arboretum near the flowers and can rebloom in summer. flowers Black Sea and its foliage, in cold The best for foliage is Probst’s Other favourites unlike any of the weather, darkens to nearly black E. myrianthum ‘Mottled Madness’. above are the clumping evergreens with a few green veins. Epimedium pubescens (Zone 6–8) is a E. fargesii (Zone 5–8) and E. dewuense, Epimedium x warleyense is a hybrid similar evergreen species with slightly and the slowly spreading evergreen of E. alpinum and E. pinnatum subsp. larger flowers. Unlike the previous E. dolichostemon­ (Zone 5–8). Their colchicum. This is one of the few true two, E. pubescens comes in both a flower shape resembles that of a orange-flowered epimediums and clumping and a creeping form. Dodecatheon. Although lack of demand cultivars include ‘Ellen Willmott’ Epimedium stellulatum (Zone 5-8) is will probably keep it rare, I think and ‘Orangekönigin’. similar to the above three, but with E. fargesii is one of the most elegant Epimedium perralderianum (Zone even larger flowers on a 50cm stem of all. It is represented by the cultivars 5–8) is the only species native to that gives it considerably garden ‘Pink Constellation’, ‘Pink Treasure’ Africa – Algeria, in fact. The 30cm value. The commonest cultivar of and ‘Star Shower’. E. dolichostemon, stems, held above the foliage, are E. stellulatum is Roy Lancaster’s which has wider spurs, is also prized adorned with up to 25 large bright dwarf 30cm high 1983 Chinese for its wonderfully mottled foliage. yellow flowers. A similar looking collection ‘Wudang Star’. There is E. dewuense is the smallest of the three. hybrid derived from crossing with

16 March 2010 E. ‘Domino’ E. ‘Pink Champagne’ E. ‘Pink Elf’

mottled foliage, long pale pink spurs, raspberry cups). These are just a sample of the wonderful hybrids that have just begun to hit the market with more on the way including many from our work here at Plant Delights Nursery.

Conclusion I hope you find epimediums as enjoyable as I have and I hope your E. ‘William Stearn’ E. ‘Spritzer’

Mark Bolton / GAP Photos / GAP Mark Bolton interest has been ‘spurred’ to new heights. Again, a final thanks to the closely related E. pinnatum subsp. flowers. The female parent is Darrell Probst, without whom this colchicum is E. x perralchicum. With E. pubescens with the other parent in would not have been possible and long spreading rhizomes like its question – reportedly E. leptorrhizum, without whom many of these great parent species, the commonest but I am betting on E. grandiflorum. epimediums would never have made cultivar is ‘Fröhnleiten’ (reddish There are a number of other good it into commerce. spring foliage with green veins and hybrids of unknown parentage. The yellow flowers on 20cm stems). Japanese E. ‘Yokihi’ has long-spurred To n y Av e n t is President of Plant white flowers with white cups and Delights Nursery, North Carolina, Hybrids hot pink sepals. Epimedium ‘Spritzer’ specialising in rare and unusual plants Despite all of the fabulous species is an E. membranaceum hybrid from and their selections, some of the Probst with heavily liver-speckled, references most exciting new epimediums are spiny-edged leaves and tall spikes of Hinkley, D (1997) On the trail of coming from interspecific crosses. large yellow flowers with contrasting new epimediums. Pacific Horticulture I will share a few of my favourites. coral sepals starting in late March. Winter: 12–18 From Robin White’s breeding Another from Probst is E. ‘Domino’, Probst, D (1997) Garden Vision nursery catalogue. Hubbardston, program in the UK comes E. ‘Amber a vigorous plant to 1m wide with Massachusetts Queen’, a cross between E. wushanense nicely mottled leaves, topped in Probst, D (1998) Garden elegance. ‘Caramel’ and E. flavum. This amazing March with 60cm burgundy stems American Nurseryman March 1st: 34–40 hybrid is topped with great sprays of bearing huge numbers of large white Stearn, WT (1938) Epimedium and large golden yellow flowers. Also from flowers highlighted by pink cups. Vancouveria (Berberidaceae), a White is E. ‘Pink Elf’, the very first Two others that should soon monograph. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 51: epimedium to flower for us, often become more widely available are 409–555 starting to bud by early March. The White’s E. ‘William Stearn’ (long Stearn, WT (2002) The Genus numerous flower stems create a cloud- pink spurs, raspberry cups) and Epimedium. The Royal Botanic like effect of small flesh-coloured Probst’s E. ‘Pink Champagne’ (red Gardens, Kew

March 2010 17