DOCSLIB.ORG

Disruption of the Petal Identity Gene APETALA3-3 Is Highly Correlated with Loss of Petals Within the Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Disruption of the Petal Identity Gene APETALA3-3 Is Highly Correlated with Loss of Petals Within the Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae) Disruption of the petal identity gene APETALA3-3 is highly correlated with loss of petals within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Rui Zhanga,b,1, Chunce Guoa,b,1, Wengen Zhanga,b,1, Peipei Wanga,b, Lin Lia,b, Xiaoshan Duana,b,c, Qinggao Duc, Liang Zhaoc, Hongyan Shana, Scott A. Hodgesd, Elena M. Kramere, Yi Renc,2, and Hongzhi Konga,2 aState Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; cCollege of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China; dDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and eDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Edited by Masatoshi Nei, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved February 11, 2013 (received for review November 12, 2012) Absence of petals, or being apetalous, is usually one of the most plants (including the basal-most lineage, Amborella) (13-16), important features that characterizes a group of flowering plants raises the possibility that the genetic program for petal de- at high taxonomic ranks (i.e., family and above). The apetalous velopment was established before the diversification of extant condition, however, appears to be the result of parallel or angiosperms. Then, during evolution, this program has been fi convergent evolution with unknown genetic causes. Here we modi ed in different directions and to varying degrees, giving show that within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), apetalous rise to the production of a huge variety of petals and petaloid genera in at least seven different lineages were all derived from structures (6, 17). The petal identity program may have also been petalous ancestors, indicative of parallel petal losses. We also inactivated multiple times, leading to the independent origins of show that independent petal losses within this family were apetalous groups in different evolutionary lineages (2, 4, 18, 19). Interestingly, some of the apetalous groups, such as the piper strongly associated with decreased or eliminated expression of fl (Piperaceae), sandalwood (Santalaceae), mulberry (Moraceae), a single oral organ identity gene, APETALA3-3 (AP3-3), appar- EVOLUTION fi elm (Ulmaceae), nettle (Urticaceae), birch (Betulaceae), oak ently owing to species-speci c molecular lesions. In an apetalous (Fagaceae), and walnut (Juglandaceae) families, as well as several mutant of Nigella, insertion of a transposable element into the genera within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), are very second intron has led to silencing of the gene and transformation rich in species diversity, suggesting that loss of petals is not of petals into sepals. In several naturally occurring apetalous gen- necessarily disadvantageous. era, such as Thalictrum, Beesia, and Enemion, the gene has either Ranunculaceae is a large, globally distributed family that con- been lost altogether or disrupted by deletions in coding or regu- sists of around 1,800 species in about 50 genera (20). The family latory regions. In Clematis, a large genus in which petalous species has been the focus of centuries of morphological, anatomical, evolved secondarily from apetalous ones, the gene exhibits hall- systematic, evolutionary, and phytochemical studies owing to its marks of a pseudogene. These results suggest that, as a petal unusual position in the angiosperm phylogeny, enormous di- identity gene, AP3-3 has been silenced or down-regulated by dif- versity in reproductive and vegetative structures, and wide orna- ferent mechanisms in different evolutionary lineages. This also mental and medical uses. Petals in this family are of particular suggests that petal identity did not evolve many times indepen- interest because they show tremendous diversity in both appear- dently across the Ranunculaceae but was lost in numerous instan- ance and function (20). In many species, petals are laminar, pel- ces. The genetic mechanisms underlying the independent petal tate, tubular, labiate, or cup-shaped and possess spurs or scale-/ losses, however, may be complex, with disruption of AP3-3 being pocket-like structures that secrete nectar. In others, petals are either cause or effect. equally showy, attractive, and specialized but do not produce nectar, suggestive of shifts in function. There are also genera in ABC model | development | flower | parallel evolution which petals are entirely missing and the attractive function is fulfilled mostly by sepals, which are commonly showy, attractive, and petaloid across the family, while stamens occupy the positions etals are sterile floral organs that lie between the outer sepals where petals are expected to be. Based on comparative morpho- Pand the inner reproductive parts (i.e., stamens and carpels) of logical and anatomical studies, it has been proposed that petals in a flower with a dimorphic perianth. Compared with sepals, which this and related families (such as Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, are the outermost parts of the flower, petals are usually brightly and Lardizabalaceae) are all andropetals that resulted from in- colored and/or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. Petals dependent modifications of stamens (1, 2). Recent phylogenetic show tremendous diversity in number, size, shape, structure, analyses, however, tend to support the idea that having petals, or arrangement, orientation, and coloration, and are believed to be being petalous, is an ancestral character state whereas being results of both divergent and parallel/convergent evolution (1, 2). apetalous is a derived one (21, 22). Indeed, when the two states of Traditional morphological and anatomical studies have proposed this character were mapped onto the phylogenetic tree of the that petals originated multiple times in different lineages, either family, it became evident that in at least seven lineages apetalous from stamens (andropetals) or from sepals (bractopetals) (3, 4). Recent studies, however, tend to suggest that although andro- petals and bractopetals are morphologically and anatomically Author contributions: C.G., Y.R., and H.K. designed research; R.Z., W.Z., P.W., L.L., X.D., Q.D., distinguishable, they share a common developmental program L.Z., and H.S. performed research; R.Z., C.G., W.Z., and H.K. analyzed data; and R.Z., H.S., (i.e., process homology) (5–7). According to the “ABC”, “ABCE”, S.A.H., E.M.K., and H.K. wrote the paper. and “Quartet” models for flower development, this program The authors declare no conflict of interest. requires combinational activities of A-, B-, and E-class genes, the This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. representatives in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (here- 1R.Z., C.G., and W.Z. contributed equally to this work. after called Arabidopsis) being APETALA1 (AP1), APETALA3 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or renyi@snnu. (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI), and SEPALLATA1-4 (SEP1-4), edu.cn. – respectively (8 12). The fact that counterparts (or orthologs) of This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. these genes are expressed in petaloid organs across flowering 1073/pnas.1219690110/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1219690110 PNAS Early Edition | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 genera have had petalous ancestors (Fig. 1 and Fig. S1). This heracleifolia; hereafter called Thalictrum, Beesia, Enemion,and suggests that, rather than being independently gained many times, apetalous Clematis, respectively) were sampled, each of which petals have been lost in parallel in different lineages during the represents a separate lineage (Fig. 1 and Fig. S1). Because these evolution of the Ranunculaceae. apetalous species are only distantly related to each other, we also The mechanism underlying the parallel petal losses within the included four petalous species (Leptopyrum fumarioides, Souliea Ranunculaceae is still unclear. However, recent studies indicated vaginata, Isopyrum manshuricum,andClematis macropetala; that absences of petals in this and related families are correlated hereafter called Leptopyrum, Souliea, Isopyrum,andpetalous with lack of the expression of a floral organ identity gene, AP3-3 Clematis, respectively) as references. In addition, as has been (7, 23, 24). AP3-3 is an AP3-like gene, which, along with its two pointed out by several authors, petals of the Clematis species may closest paralogs, AP3-1 and AP3-2, was generated through two have been derived from stamens secondarily and recently, and as successive gene duplication events before the divergence of the such are no longer homologous to those in other petalous genera Ranunculaceae from its allies (7, 24). In the species that possess (20, 25); our own ancestral character state reconstruction also petals, AP3-3 orthologs are specifically expressed in petal pri- supports this viewpoint (Fig. S1). For this reason, we included mordia and developing petals, with their transcripts being de- Ranunculus japonicus (hereafter called Ranunculus)asasecond tectable by using the conventional reverse transcription- petalous reference to the apetalous Clematis. More interestingly, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization during the study, we encountered a “Double Sepal” mutant of techniques. In the species lacking petals, however, AP3-3 ex- Nigella damascena (hereafter called Nigella) in which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Native Herbaceous Perennials and Ferns for Shade Gardens
    Green Spring Gardens 4603 Green Spring Rd ● Alexandria ● VA 22312 Phone: 703-642-5173 ● TTY: 703-803-3354 www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/greenspring NATIVE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS AND FERNS FOR � SHADE GARDENS IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA � Native plants are species that existed in Virginia before Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607. They are uniquely adapted to local conditions. Native plants provide food and shelter for a myriad of birds, butterflies, and other wildlife. Best of all, gardeners can feel the satisfaction of preserving a part of our natural heritage while enjoying the beauty of native plants in the garden. Hardy herbaceous perennials form little or no woody tissue and live for several years. Some of these plants are short-lived and may live only three years, such as wild columbine, while others can live for decades. They are a group of plants that gardeners are very passionate about because of their lovely foliage and flowers, as well as their wide variety of textures, forms, and heights. Most of these plants are deciduous and die back to the ground in the winter. Ferns, in contrast, have no flowers but grace our gardens with their beautiful foliage. Herbaceous perennials and ferns are a joy to garden with because they are easily moved to create new design combinations and provide an ever-changing scene in the garden. They are appropriate for a wide range of shade gardens, from more formal gardens to naturalistic woodland gardens. The following are useful definitions: Cultivar (cv.) – a cultivated variety designated by single quotes, such as ‘Autumn Bride’.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Revised February 24, 2017 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Hummingbird Gardening for Wisconsin Gardeners Using Native Plants
    HUMMINGBIRD GARDENING FOR WISCONSIN GARDENERS USING NATIVE PLANTS “The hummingbird is seen to stop thus some instants before a flower, and dart off like a gleam to another; it visits them all, plunging its little tongue into their bosom, caressing them with its wings, without ever settling, but at the same time ever quitting them.” W.C.L. Martin, General History of Hummingbirds, Circa 1840. KEY ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL HUMMINGBIRD GARDEN A “Wildscape” Filled With Native Plants Loved By Hummingbirds With Something in Bloom All Season Long! Well-Maintained Hummingbird Feeders from April through October (with no instant nectar or red food coloring) Cover, Perching & Preening Spots (trees & shrubs with dense, tiny branches for perching, shepherd’s hooks, tree snags, brush piles) Inclusion of Water Feature---water should be very shallow and feature should include waterfall and dripper and/or misting device to keep water moving and fresh Use of Hummingbird Beacons (red ribbons, metallic streamers, gazing ball, or any red object near feeders and flowers, especially in early spring!) NATIVE HUMMINGBIRD GARDENING & WILDSCAPING TIPS Plant Red or Orange Tubular Flowers with no fragrance (although some flowers of other colors can also be highly attractive to hummingbirds) Use Native Plants, Wildflowers & Single Flowers Plants with Many Small Blossoms Pointing Sideways or Down Use Plants With Long Bloom Period Use Plants that Bloom Profusely During August & September Create Mass Plantings (not just a single plant) of Flowers that are Hummingbird Favorites Eliminate or Greatly Decrease the Use of Turf Grass to Create a Natural Hummingbird and Wild Bird Habitat (native groundcovers can be used in place of turf grass if desired) Use Natural and/or Organic Mulches (Pine Needles, Leaves, Bark) Whenever Possible Height of Plants should be Tall, not Short (or utilize hanging baskets or large containers for shorter plants)---remember, hummingbirds are birds of the air and not the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Etude Sur L'origine Et L'évolution Des Variations Florales Chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) À Travers La Morphologie, L'anatomie Et La Tératologie
    Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie : 2019SACLS126 : NNT Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l'Université Paris-Sud ED n°567 : Sciences du végétal : du gène à l'écosystème (SDV) Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris, le 29/05/2019, par Felipe Espinosa Moreno Composition du Jury : Bernard Riera Chargé de Recherche, CNRS (MECADEV) Rapporteur Julien Bachelier Professeur, Freie Universität Berlin (DCPS) Rapporteur Catherine Damerval Directrice de Recherche, CNRS (Génétique Quantitative et Evolution Le Moulon) Présidente Dario De Franceschi Maître de Conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (CR2P) Examinateur Sophie Nadot Professeure, Université Paris-Sud (ESE) Directrice de thèse Florian Jabbour Maître de conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (ISYEB) Invité Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie Remerciements Ce manuscrit présente le travail de doctorat que j'ai réalisé entre les années 2016 et 2019 au sein de l'Ecole doctorale Sciences du végétale: du gène à l'écosystème, à l'Université Paris-Saclay Paris-Sud et au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Même si sa réalisation a impliqué un investissement personnel énorme, celui-ci a eu tout son sens uniquement et grâce à l'encadrement, le soutien et l'accompagnement de nombreuses personnes que je remercie de la façon la plus sincère. Je remercie très spécialement Florian Jabbour et Sophie Nadot, mes directeurs de thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility)
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 39321 June 2008 PRC: Preparing the Shaanxi-Qinling Mountains Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (Cofinanced by the Global Environment Facility) Prepared by: ANZDEC Limited Australia For Shaanxi Province Development and Reform Commission This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. FINAL REPORT SHAANXI QINLING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PREPARED FOR Shaanxi Provincial Government And the Asian Development Bank ANZDEC LIMITED September 2007 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as at 1 June 2007) Currency Unit – Chinese Yuan {CNY}1.00 = US $0.1308 $1.00 = CNY 7.64 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BAP – Biodiversity Action Plan (of the PRC Government) CAS – Chinese Academy of Sciences CASS – Chinese Academy of Social Sciences CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CBRC – China Bank Regulatory Commission CDA - Conservation Demonstration Area CNY – Chinese Yuan CO – company CPF – country programming framework CTF – Conservation Trust Fund EA – Executing Agency EFCAs – Ecosystem Function Conservation Areas EIRR – economic internal rate of return EPB – Environmental Protection Bureau EU – European Union FIRR – financial internal rate of return FDI – Foreign Direct Investment FYP – Five-Year Plan FS – Feasibility
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial 2018 Report
    2018 Perennial Trial Evaluation Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University Scientific Name Acanthus longifolius Source Denver Botanic Gardens Common Name Bear's Breech Tsnum: 96147 Variety Bed: B Cultivar Family Acanthaceae Plant Type: Herbaceous perennial Plant Habit: Upright spreading clump Plant Quality: Good Foliage Color: Medium green Plant Height: 10 inches Plant Width: Around 4 feet Cultural Problems: Nuisances: Insect Problems: Disease Problems: Landscape Uses: Specimen, border Flower Effectiveness: Good Flower Color: Mauve and greenish white Flower Size: Inflorescence up to 10 inches in size Flower Height: Up to 4 feet Flower Effectiveness: Good Comments on plant: 3/8 5/18 budding 6/7 70 7/5 100 8/2 100 9/12 10/3 3/20 5/22 Hailstor 6/20 100 7/18 100 8/15 100 9/26 10/17 4/4 8/29 60 4/22 budding Page 1 of 1013 2018 Perennial Trial Evaluation Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University Scientific Name Achillea Source Blooms of Bressingham Common Name Hybrid Yarrow Tsnum: 09141 Variety Bed: GB Cultivar 507 Family Asteraceae Plant Type: Herbaceous Plant Habit: Upright Plant Quality: Good Foliage Color: Medium Green Plant Height: 8-10 inches Plant Width: About 1 foot Cultural Problems: Nuisances: Insect Problems: Disease Problems: Landscape Uses: Border, mass, cut flowers fresh or dried Flower Effectiveness: Good Flower Color: Light Peach to Pink Flower Size: clusters up to 5 inches Flower Height: Up to 2 feet Flower Effectiveness: Good Comments on plant: 3/8
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnaconitum, a New Genus of Ranunculaceae Endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
    TAXON 62 (4) • August 2013: 713–722 Wang & al. • Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Wei Wang,1 Yang Liu,2 Sheng-Xiang Yu,1 Tian-Gang Gao1 & Zhi-Duan Chen1 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3043, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Wei Wang, [email protected] Abstract The monophyly of traditional Aconitum remains unresolved, owing to the controversial systematic position and taxonomic treatment of the monotypic, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic A. subg. Gymnaconitum. In this study, we analyzed two datasets using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods: (1) two markers (ITS, trnL-F) of 285 Delphinieae species, and (2) six markers (ITS, trnL-F, trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, trnS-trnG, rbcL) of 32 Delphinieae species. All our analyses show that traditional Aconitum is not monophyletic and that subgenus Gymnaconitum and a broadly defined Delphinium form a clade. The SOWH tests also reject the inclusion of subgenus Gymnaconitum in traditional Aconitum. Subgenus Gymnaconitum markedly differs from other species of Aconitum and other genera of tribe Delphinieae in many non-molecular characters. By integrating lines of evidence from molecular phylogeny, divergence times, morphology, and karyology, we raise the mono- typic A. subg. Gymnaconitum to generic status. Keywords Aconitum; Delphinieae; Gymnaconitum; monophyly; phylogeny; Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau; Ranunculaceae; SOWH test Supplementary Material The Electronic Supplement (Figs. S1–S8; Appendices S1, S2) and the alignment files are available in the Supplementary Data section of the online version of this article (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax).
    [Show full text]
  • Ranunculaceae – Buttercup Family
    RANUNCULACEAE – BUTTERCUP FAMILY Plant: mostly herbs, some woody vines or shrubs Stem: Root: Leaves: mostly alternate, sometimes opposite or whorled or basal; lobed or not lobed; if lobed then most often palmately, but occasionally pinnately, sometimes finely dissected – highly variable, sometimes even on the same plant; with or without stipules Flowers: mostly perfect, some dioecious; sepals 3-6, commonly 5; petals vary in number (3-23) but often 5, petals may be lacking and sepals are showy; stamens few to many; ovary superior, carpels few to very many, pistils one to many Fruit: mostly a dry capsule, seeds small, may be oily; rarely a berry Other: large family, sometimes confused with members of the Rose family (5 petals); Dicotyledons Group Genera: 60+ genera; locally Actaea (baneberry), Anemone (anemone or windflower), Aquilegia (columbine), Clematis, Isopyrum, Hepatica, Hydrastis, Ranunuculus (buttercup or crowfoot), Thalictrum (meadow-rue) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the This is a large family often based on 5’s but Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) exceptions occur Examples of common genera White Baneberry [Doll’s-Eyes] Yellow Marsh Marigold [Cowslip] Goldenseal [Yellowroot] Actaea pachypoda Ell. Carolina [Wild Blue] Larkspur Caltha palustris L. var. palustris Delphinium carolinianum Walter Hydrastis canadensis L. Swamp Leather Flower [Eastern] False Rue Anemone Clematis crispa L. Devil-In-The-Bush [Love American Wood Anemone Enemion biternatum Raf. -In-A-Mist] Anemone quinquefolia L. [Isopyrum biternatum] Nigella damascena L. (Introduced) Doubtful [Rocket; Garden] Knight's-Spur [Larkspur] Round-lobed Hepatica [Liverleaf] Tall Buttercup Hepatica nobilis Schreber var.
    [Show full text]
  • Dichocarpum Lobatipetalum and D. Malipoense (Ranunculaceae) Are Both Merged with D
    Phytotaxa 298 (2): 181–186 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.298.2.8 Dichocarpum lobatipetalum and D. malipoense (Ranunculaceae) are both merged with D. hypoglaucum SI-NAN XIE1,2, QIONG YUAN1* & QIN-ER YANG1 1Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sci- ences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China *Author for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Dichocarpum hypoglaucum, D. lobatipetalum, and D. malipoense (Ranunculaceae) were all described from south-east Yun- nan, China. Our critical examination of herbarium specimens (including type materials) indicates that the three names encompass only one species. As D. hypoglaucum is the earliest published name, we place both D. lobatipetalum and D. malipoense in synonymy with it. Key words: Dichocarpum section Dichocarpum, new synonymy, taxonomy, south-east Yunnan Introduction Dichocarpum Wang & Hsiao in Hsiao & Wang (1964: 323) (Ranunculaceae) is a small genus of about 20 species mainly distributed from the warm to the subalpine zone of East Asia (Tamura 1995). Thirteen species are currently recognized in China for the genus (Fu & Robinson 2001, Jiang et al. 2015, Wang & Liu 2015). Dichocarpum hypoglaucum Wang & Hsiao in Hsiao & Wang (1964: 327) was described on the basis of a single collection, C.A. Wu 7885 (KUN; Fig. 1), from Xichou, south-east Yunnan, China. In the protologue, the authors stated that it was close to D. dalzielii (Drummond & Hutchinson 1920: 163) Wang & Hsiao in Hsiao & Wang (1964: 327), but differed in the much larger, abaxially glaucous, marginally crenate-dentate leaflets (the central one up to 12 cm long, 5.6 cm broad) with a thicker (herbaceous) texture, the lateral nerves anastomosing near the margin, and the dark purple seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Central European Vegetation
    Plant Formations in the Central European BioProvince Peter Martin Rhind Central European Beech Woodlands Beech (Fagus sylvatica) woods form the natural climax over much of Central Europe where the soils are relatively dry and can extend well into the uplands in the more southern zones. In the north, however, around Sweden it is confined to the lowlands. Beech woodlands are often open with a poorly developed shrub layer, Characteristic ground layer species may include various helleborines such as Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia and C. rubra and sedges such as Carex alba, whilst in others, grasses like Sesleria caerlea or Melica uniflora may predominate, but in some of the more acidic examples, Luzula luzuloides is likely to dominate. There are also a number of endemic ground layer species. For example, in Carpathian beech woods endemics such as Dentaria glandulosa (Brassicaceae), Symphytum cordata (Boraginaceae) and the fern Polystichum braunii (Dryopteridaceae) may be encountered. Fine examples of primeaval beech woods can be found in the limestone Alps of lower Austria including the famous ‘Rothwald’ on the southeastern slopes of Dürrentein near Lunz. These range in altitude from about 940-1480 m. Here the canopy is dominated by Fagus sylvatica together with Acer pseudoplatanus, Picea abies, Ulmus glabra, and on the more acidic soils by Abies alba. Typical shrubs include Daphne mezereum, Lonicera alpigena and Rubus hirtus. At ground level the herb layer is very rich supporting possibly up to a 100 species of vascular plants. Examples include Adenostyles alliariae, Asplenium viridis, Campanula scheuchzeri, Cardamine trifolia, Cicerbita alpina, Denteria enneaphyllos, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Galium austriacum, Homogyne alpina, Lycopodium annotinum, Mycelis muralis, Paris quadrifolia, Phyteuma spicata, Prenanthes purpurea, Senecio fuchsii, Valeriana tripteris, Veratrum album and the central European endemic Helliborus niger (Ranunculaceae).
    [Show full text]
  • A Legacy of Plants N His Short Life, Douglas Created a Tremendous Legacy in the Plants That He Intro­ (P Coulteri) Pines
    The American lIorHcullural Sociely inviles you Io Celehrate tbe American Gardener al our 1999 Annual Conference Roston" Massachusetts June 9 - June 12~ 1999 Celebrate Ute accompHsbenls of American gardeners in Ute hlsloric "Cay Upon lhe 1Iill." Join wah avid gardeners from. across Ute counlrg lo learn new ideas for gardening excellence. Attend informa-Hve ledures and demonslraHons by naHonally-known garden experts. Tour lhe greal public and privale gardens in and around Roslon, including Ute Arnold Arborelum and Garden in Ute Woods. Meet lhe winners of AIlS's 1999 naHonJ awards for excellence in horHcullure. @ tor more informaHon, call1he conference regislrar al (800) 777-7931 ext 10. co n t e n t s Volume 78, Number 1 • '.I " Commentary 4 Hellebores 22 Members' Forum 5 by C. Colston Burrell Staghorn fern) ethical plant collecting) orchids. These early-blooming pennnials are riding the crest of a wave ofpopularity) and hybridizers are News from AHS 7 busy working to meet the demand. Oklahoma Horticultural Society) Richard Lighty) Robert E. Lyons) Grecian foxglove. David Douglas 30 by Susan Davis Price Focus 9 Many familiar plants in cultivation today New plants for 1999. are improved selections of North American species Offshoots 14 found by this 19th-century Scottish expLorer. Waiting for spring in Vermont. Bold Plants 37 Gardeners Information Service 15 by Pam Baggett Houseplants) transplanting a ginkgo tree) Incorporating a few plants with height) imposing starting trees from seed) propagating grape vines. foliage) or striking blossoms can make a dramatic difference in any landscape design. Mail-Order Explorer 16 Heirloom flowers and vegetables.
    [Show full text]
  • Garden Wise Non-Invasive Plants for Your Garden
    Garden Wise Non-Invasive Plants for Your Garden Western Washington Guide Voluntary codes of conduct For the gardening public (annotated): In an effort to reduce the spread of invasive plants used for horticultural purposes, experts have created the “Voluntary Codes of Conduct,” a series of steps that nursery professionals, landscape architects, gardeners, and others can take to help curb the spread of invasive horticultural plants. ◊ Ask for only non-invasive species when you acquire plants. Plant only environmentally safe species in your gardens. Work towards and promote new landscape design that is friendly to regional ecosystems. ◊ Seek information on which species are invasive in your area. Sources could include botanical gardens, horticulturists, conservationists, and government agencies. Remove invasive species from your land and replace them with non-invasive species suited to your site and needs. ◊ Do not trade plants with other gardeners if you know they are species with invasive characteristics. ◊ Request that botanical gardens and nurseries promote, display, and sell only non-invasive species. ◊ Help educate your community and other gardeners in your area through personal contact and in such settings as garden clubs and other civic groups. For the full Gardening Codes of Conduct, or to learn about the Codes of Conduct for Government, Nursery Professionals, Landscape Architects, and Botanic Gardens and Arboreta, please go to the Invasive.org, TNC’s Global Invasive Species Team webpage: www.invasive.org/gist/horticulture/using-codes.html. Garden Wise is dedicated to Ann Lennartz Garden Wise Non-Invasive Plants for Your Garden While most exotic plants are not problematic, a few have become invasive in Washington State.
    [Show full text]