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Home , Actaea pachypoda, Anemone caroliniana, Aquilegia vulgaris, Enemion, Enemion biternatum, Isopyrum

– BUTTERCUP

Plant: mostly herbs, some woody vines or shrubs Stem: Root: : mostly alternate, sometimes opposite or whorled or basal; lobed or not lobed; if lobed then most often palmately, but occasionally pinnately, sometimes finely dissected – highly variable, sometimes even on the same ; with or without stipules : mostly perfect, some dioecious; 3-6, commonly 5; vary in number (3-23) but often 5, petals may be lacking and sepals are showy; few to many; ovary superior, carpels few to very many, pistils one to many : mostly a dry capsule, small, may be oily; rarely a Other: large family, sometimes confused with members of the Rose family (5 petals); Dicotyledons Group Genera: 60+ genera; locally (baneberry), (anemone or windflower), (columbine), , , , Hydrastis, Ranunuculus (buttercup or crowfoot), (meadow-rue)

WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Morphology in the This is a large family often based on 5’s but Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) exceptions occur

Examples of common genera

White Baneberry [Doll’s-Eyes] Yellow Marsh Marigold [Cowslip] [Yellowroot] Ell. Carolina [Wild Blue] Larkspur palustris L. var. palustris carolinianum Walter Hydrastis canadensis L.

Swamp Leather Flower [Eastern] False Rue Anemone L. Devil-In-The-Bush [Love American Wood Anemone biternatum Raf. -In-A-Mist] Anemone quinquefolia L. [Isopyrum biternatum] damascena L. (Introduced)

Doubtful [Rocket; Garden] Knight's-Spur [Larkspur] Round-lobed Hepatica [Liverleaf] Tall Buttercup Hepatica nobilis Schreber var. acris L. var. Wild [American, Red] Columbine ajacis (L.) Schur obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark acris (Introduced) L. (Introduced) Flower Morphology in the Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)

Examples of common genera

American Globeflower Cursed Buttercup [Crowfoot] laxus Salisb. ssp. albiflorus L. var. (A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve sceleratus & Kapoor )

Early Meadow-Rue L. RANUNCULACEAE – BUTTERCUP FAMILY

Monkshood [Venus‘ Chariot; Wolfsbane]; napellus L. (Introduced) White Baneberry [Doll’s-Eyes]; Actaea pachypoda Ell. Black Bugbane [Black Cohosh; Black Snakeroot]; L. var. racemosa Red Baneberry; (Ait.) Willd. Canada [Meadow] Anemone; Anemone canadensis L. Carolina [Prairie] Anemone; Walter Candle Anemone [Long-Headed Thimbleweed]; Gray American Wood Anemone [WindFlower; Nigntcaps]; Anemone quinquefolia L. Tall Thimbleweed [Tall Anemone]; L. Wild [Red, American] Columbine; Aquilegia canadensis L. Blue Columbine; James European Columbine; L. (Introduced) White Marsh Marigold [Elkslip]; DC. Yellow Marsh Marigold [Cowslip]; L. var. palustris Rock Clematis; Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) J. Pringle Swamp Leather Flower (Blue Jasmine); Clematis crispa L. Pitcher’s Leatherflower; Torr. & Gray Virgin’s-Bower [Devil's Darning Needles; Old Man’s Beard]; L. Doubtful [Rocket; Garden] Knight's-Spur [Larkspur]; (L.) Schur (Introduced) Carolina [Wild Blue] Larkspur; Walter Glade [Trelease’s] Larkspur; Delphinium treleasei Bush ex K.C. Davis Dwarf [Rock] Larkspur; Michx. False Rue Anemone [Isopyrum]; Raf. [Isopyrum biternatum] Sharp-lobed Hepatica [Liverleaf]; Hepatica nobilis Schreber var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark Round-lobed Hepatica [Liverleaf]; Hepatica nobilis Schreber var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark Goldenseal [Yellowroot]; Hydrastis canadensis L. Devil-In-The-Bush [Love-In-A-Mist]; L. (Introduced) RANUNCULACEAE – BUTTERCUP FAMILY

Kidney-Leaved [Littleleaf, Aborted, Small-Flowered] Buttercup [Crowfoot]; L. Tall Buttercup; L. var. acris (Introduced) Bulbous Buttercup; L. (Introduced) Early Buttercup; Muhl. ex Bigelow Fig Buttercup [Lesser celandine]; Ranunculus L. (Introduced) Yellow Water Buttercup; Raf. Harvey's Buttercup; Ranunculus harveyi (A. Gray) Britton Swamp [Bristly, Rough] Buttercup; Michx. var. caricetorum (Greene) T. Duncan Buttercup; Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & A. Gray) Darby Smallflower Buttercup [Stickseed Crowfoot]; L. (Introduced) Low Spearwort; Poir. Hooked Buttercup [Crowfoot]; Poir. Var. recurvatus Creeping Buttercup; L. (Introduced) Hairy Buttercup; Crantz (Introduced) Cursed Buttercup [Crowfoot]; Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus Purple Meadow Rue; Fisch. & Avé-Lall. Early Meadow-Rue; Thalictrum dioicum L. Tall Meadow-Rue [King of the Meadow]; Pursh Early [Waxy-; skunk] Meadow-Rue; Thalictrum revolutum Rue Anemone; (L.) Eames & B. American Globeflower; Salisb. ssp. Albiflorus (A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve & Kapoor ) Monkshood [Venus' USDA Chariot; Wolfsbane] L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Close Memorial Park, Greene County, Missouri Notes: 2-petaled (petals hidden) flower fused into a spur, 5 dark blue sepals, both sepals and petals colored forming terminal ; leaves alternate, deeply lobed with 5-7 narrow segments, petiolate, follicles, erect and parallel with beak; summer to fall (Europe and Asia) [V Max Brown, 2020] White Baneberry [Doll’s-Eyes] USDA Actaea pachypoda Ell. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Notes: 4-10 petaled flower, white, sepals fall early, in spikes; leaves alternate, several leaflets, toothed; fruit a white berry, pedicels thicken and turn bright red in fruit, stigma black; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2004] Black Bugbane [Black USDA Cohosh; Black Snakeroot] Actaea racemosa L. var. racemosa Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Alley Springs, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Shannon County, Missouri Notes: flowers on long spike, no petals, sepals fall early, mostly stamens left, stigma beaked; leaves divided and coarsely toothed; fruits oblong; often a tall plant, 2-8 ft; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Red Baneberry USDA Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. ssp. rubra Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Kitty Todd Nature Preserve, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-10 petaled flower, white, tip rounded, flower stalk slender (does not thicken in fruit); fruit usually red; leaflets irregularly toothed; woods, wet areas; spring [V Max Brown, 2006] Canada [ Meadow] Anemone USDA Anemone canadensis L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-sepaled flower (no petals), long pedicle; lower leaves 3 whorled, deeply lobed, upper paired leaves sessile, deeply cut (beyond middle); late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Carolina [Prairie] Anemone USDA Anemone caroliniana Walter Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Wah-Kon-Tah Prairie, St. Clair County, Missouri Notes: 10-12-sepaled flower (no petals), white (usually tinged with blues or sometimes pink) solitary, involucral deeply cut; leaves mostly basal with long petioles, deeply 3-parted to pinnate with leaflets cut or toothed; stem hairy; mostly in prairies and some glades; spring [V Max Brown, 2013] Candle Anemone [Long-Headed USDA Thimbleweed] Anemone cylindrica Gray Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-sepaled flower (no petals), white, outer surface of sepals white wooly; 4-9 crowded stem leaves at base of peduncle, deeply cut or lobed and toothed in upper half, basal leaves with very long petioles; upper stem white wooly pubescent; fruit elongated and cylindrical; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] American Wood Anemone USDA [WindFlower; Nightcaps] Anemone quinquefolia L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-sepaled flower (no petals), showy white (sometimes pink); leaves with petioles, 3 whorled, each divided into usually 3, sometimes 5 leaflets – almost compound; stem and hairy; woods; spring [V Max Brown, 2004] Tall Thimbleweed [Tall Anemone] USDA Anemone virginiana L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-sepaled flower (no petals), greenish to white, long pedicle; fruit more ovoid or ellipsoidal than long; stem leaves at base of peduncle with 3 leaves, with petioles, usually 3 leaflets, cut or divided; summer [V Max Brown, 2004] Wild [American, Red] Columbine USDA Aquilegia canadensis L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled (with 5 sepals) flower, irregular (spurs tend to be straight), both sepals and petals red to yellowish, many stamens protrude from corolla; leaflets in 3’s; woods, spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2004]

White to light pink variant Colorado Blue USDA Columbine Aquilegia coerulea James Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Notes: 5-petaled (with 5 sepals) flower, light blue to white, irregular (spurs mostly straight), many stamens protrude from corolla; leaves pinnate (2x), leaflets in 3’s; fruit an erect, hairy and glandular pod; foothills to subalpine environments; summer [V Max Brown, 2012] European Columbine USDA Aquilegia vulgaris L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower irregular (spurs tend to be curved), both petals and sepals blue, purple, white or pink, stamens mostly not exserted significantly; summer [V Max Brown, 2006] White Marsh Marigold [Elkslip] USDA Caltha leptosepala DC. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Near Fraser, Grand County, Colorado Notes: 5-15 white sepaled flower (no petals), many stamens, usually solitary; leaves basal, cordate, simple, toothed to almost entire; swampy or wet places, montane to alpine; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Yellow Marsh Marigold [Cowslip] USDA Caltha palustris L. var. palustris Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-sepaled flower (no petals), yellow, many stamens, not solitary; leaves cordate, simple, toothed to almost entire; swampy or wet places; spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Rock Clematis USDA Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray var. tenuiloba (A. Gray) J. Pringle Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Terry Peak, Lawrence County, South Dakota Notes: herb (prostrate to erect, woody later); flower of 4 sepals (no petals), blue to purple, pendant; leaves mostly opposite, triternate and then pinnate or ternate lobed; mid-high elevations; summer [V Max Brown, 2014] Swamp Leather Flower USDA (Blue Jasmine) Clematis crispa L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Stoddard County, Missouri Notes: vine; 5-lobed flower (no petals), sepals of light to dark purple (bluer than other in ), much longer than stamens, and with wavy margins; leaves mostly opposite, lanceolate, thin with acute tips; swamp areas and low wet ground; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2011] Pitcher’s Leatherflower USDA Clematis pitcheri Torr. & Gray Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Ash Flat area, Sharp County, Arkansas Notes: vine; 5-lobed flower (no petals), sepals of light purple or lavender to green; leaves motly opposite, ovate to lanceolate, lower leaf surface shows raised net- veining (smaller veins also); summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Virgin’s Bower [Devil's USDA Darning Needles; Old Man’s Beard] Clematis virginiana L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: vine, may be somewhat woody, dioecious; 4(5)- sepaled flower (no petals), white; compound leaf, leaflets mostly 3, coarsely toothed; with long filament attached to ; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Doubtful [Rocket; Garden] USDA Knight's-Spur [Larkspur] Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Lake Charles State Park, Lawrence County, Arkansas Notes: 2-petaled flower fused into a spur, 5 colored sepals, both sepals and petals colored - blue, purple to pink or white; leaves deeply lobed with segments narrow (linear), sessile or short petiolate; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Carolina [Wild Blue] Larkspur USDA Delphinium carolinianum Walter Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 2-petaled flower fused into a spur, 5 colored sepals, both sepals and petals colored – deep blue to lavender to violet and usually mixed; leaves deeply lobed with segments narrow (linear), sessile or short petiolate, fruits erect and parallel, stem finely hairy within and below; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Glade [Trelease’s] Larkspur USDA Delphinium treleasei Bush ex K.C. Davis Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Roaring River State Park, Barry County, Missouri Notes: 2-petaled flower fused into a spur, 5 colored sepals, both sepals and petals colored, blue to lavender to purple, lower pedicels to 6-10cm; leaves deeply lobed with segments narrow (linear); fruits erect and mostly parallel; stem mostly glabrous below inflorescence; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Dwarf [Rock] Larkspur USDA Delphinium tricorne Michx. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Whipple (R.A.) State Nature Preserve, Adams County, Ohio Notes: 4-petaled flower with each having a spur fitted into the spur, 5 sepals with the upper sepal with spur, both petals and sepals purple to violet to white (often variegated), flowers in a ; both stem and basal leaves deeply lobed and somewhat irregular, long petiolate; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2009] [Eastern] False Rue Anemone [Isopyrum] USDA Enemion biternatum Raf. [Isopyrum biternatum] Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Sam A. Baker State Park, Wayne County, Missouri Notes: 5-sepaled flower (no petals), white, usually 1 to few solitary flowers; leaf compound, alternate or whorled, leaflets deeply lobed with rounded lobes; moist ground; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Sharp-Lobed Hepatica USDA [Liverleaf] Hepatica nobilis Schreber var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Goll Woods State Nature Preserve, Fulton County, Ohio Notes: 6-12 sepaled flower (no petals), light blue, pink to white; leaf simple, mostly 3 (rarely 5) deep lobes, lobe tip acute; may hybridize with round-lobed hepatica; woods; early spring [V Max Brown, 2007] Round-lobed Hepatica [Liverleaf] USDA Hepatica nobilis Schreber var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Pokahan State Park, Stueben County, Indiana Notes: 6-12 sepaled flower (no petals), light blue, pink to white; leaf deeply lobed, both bracts and lobes of leaves rounded at tip; may hybridize with sharp-lobed hepatica; woods; early spring [V Max Brown, 2006] Goldenseal [Yellowroot] USDA Hydrastis canadensis L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 3-sepaled flower (no petals) but they fall early, white, solitary, many showy stamens; 2 stem leaves with toothed lobes; fruit of red berries; spring [V Max Brown, 2004] Devil-In-The-Bush [Love USDA -In-A-Mist] Nigella damascena L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Ozark Technical College Campus, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 5 or more sepaled flower, usually blue but may be white to pinkish, petals very reduced at base of stamens, flower subtended by intricate branched bracts; leaves pinnate and filiform; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2013] Kidney-Leaved [Littleleaf, Aborted, USDA Small-Flowered] Buttercup [Crowfoot] Ranunculus abortivus L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, same length as sepals or somewhat shorter; cordate or reniform (kidney-shaped) basal leaves with rounded teeth but usually not lobed, upper leaves deeply lobed; stem and petioles mostly glabrous; flattened ovoids; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2005] Tall Buttercup USDA Ranunculus acris L. var. acris (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals much longer than sepals; basal leaves about as long as broad, deeply cut but not to axis, then deeply cut or lobed again, stem leaves few and very deeply cut or lobed with teeth; styles strongly curved; stem hairy or not; tall plant; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Bulbous Buttercup [St. USDA Anthony's turnip] Ranunculus bulbosus L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Stoddard County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, achene beaks recurved, sepals reflexed; compound leaf, terminal leaflet well stalked, leaflets lobed; numerous stems, base bulbous (corm); often in wet or swampy areas; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Early Buttercup USDA Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Busiek State Forest and Wildlife Area, Christian County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, widest near middle or below; compound leaf, terminal leaflet well stalked, leaflet lobes mostly rounded and blunt; all parts of the plant very hairy; common in upland woods and prairies; plant small, usually less than 25 cm; early spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Fig Buttercup [Lesser USDA celandine] Ranunculus ficaria L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 8 (-10-12) petaled flower, yellow, long peduncle, 3(-4) short sepals; leaves cordate, with low rounded teeth (crenate), long petiole; low plant, often forming mats; woods; spring [V Max Brown, 2006] Yellow Water Buttercup USDA Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals oblong (wider toward tip) and rounded, stout peduncle, flowers emergent; leaves very dissected, mostly submergent; aquatic herb; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2009] Harvey's Buttercup USDA Ranunculus harveyi (A. Gray) Britton Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Heber Springs, Cleburne County, Arkansas Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals oblong and rounded, 2x longer than sepals; basal leaves (at least some) reniform with crenate lobes, cauline leaves divided into linear to lanceolate lobes; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Swamp [Bristly; Rough; USDA Hispid] Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals oblong (wider toward tip) and rounded, styles long, more or less erect (not well hooked); leaves compound, lobed with sharp and coarse teeth, leaflets stalked; plant often prostrate, variable; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2005] Mississippi Buttercup USDA Ranunculus laxicaulis (Torr. & A. Gray) Darby Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Cherokee Prairie Natural Area, Franklin County, Arkansas Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals about twice as long as sepals; stem leaves on long petioles, leaf blades lanceolate with some low teeth, basal leaves on long petioles, smaller; wet places and swampy ground; late spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Smallflower USDA Buttercup [Stickseed Crowfoot] Ranunculus parviflorus L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Stoddard County, Missouri Notes: 1-5-petaled flower (sometimes absent), yellow, and 1-2 mm; sepals to 2 mm, reflexed from base, wider than petals; leaves simple, long petioles, deeply lobed and often toothed; numerous stems, very hairy, base not enlarged; achenes flattened, dorsal margin thickened, beak hooked; open areas, ditches, lawns, pastures, disturbed areas; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2018] Low Spearwort USDA Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Stoddard County, Missouri Notes: 1-3 (+?) petaled flower, yellow, petals very small (1-2 mm); stem leaves on long petioles, leaf blades lanceolate with some low teeth, basal leaves on long petioles, smaller and more ovate; wet places and swampy ground; late spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2012] Hooked Buttercup [Crowfoot] USDA Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Var. recurvatus Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled very small flower, yellow, pedicels short, sepals strongly reflexed; deeply lobed compound leaves with short petioles, leaflets toothed; achene beaks strongly curve outward; stem and petioles with spreading hairs; plant upright, not creeping; spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2006] Creeping Buttercup USDA Ranunculus repens L. (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) North of Mountain View, Howell County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals usually oblong to almost spherical, styles short compared to achene and curved outward (hooked); leaves compound, terminal leaflet wedge-shaped, stalked or not, teeth blunt; stem and lower leaf surface hairy (variable); usually in wet areas; spring to early summer (ID tentative) [V Max Brown, 2007] Hairy Buttercup USDA Ranunculus sardous Crantz (Introduced) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Webster County, Missouri Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals somewhat obovate, style present; sepals reflexed; achene 3-5 mm, keeled and winged, curved; basal leaves with long petioles and compound with 3 leaflets, stem leaves short petiolate to sessile, compound with 3 leaflets; stem erect or ascending, pubescent with spreading hairs; usually in wet areas and bottomland forests; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 20019] Cursed Buttercup [Crowfoot] USDA Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-petaled flower, yellow, petals mostly shorter than sepals; middle and lower leaves shallowly to deeply lobed (rounded lobes); plant mostly glabrous; fruit head 1.5-3x longer than wide; wet places; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Purple Meadow Rue USDA Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower with no petals, sepals falling early, filaments thin and filiform; leaflets 3-lobed but not lobed again, light green, lower surface usually hairy but not glandular; tall plant; late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Early Meadow-Rue USDA Thalictrum dioicum L. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, Indiana Notes: drooping flower of sepals (no petals), yellowish-green and tend to fall early, stamens yellow; upper stem leaves with long petioles, leaflets glabrous, lobed with at least some with 5-9 lobes; plant usually less than 0.6m; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Tall Meadow-Rue USDA [King of the Meadow] Pursh Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower of sepals (no petals), sepals tend to fall early, stamens not drooping, club-shaped, filaments often larger than anthers but constricted just below anther; leaf compound, leaflets 3-lobed, light green; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Early [Waxy-Leaf; USDA Skunk] Meadow-Rue Thalictrum revolutum DC. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: flower of sepals (no petals), sepals falling early; gland-tipped hairs on the undersurface of leaves when rubbed gives a strong ‘skunk’ odor – otherwise very similar to Purple Meadow Rue (T. dasycarpum); late spring to summer [V Max Brown, 2005]

Lower glandular Leaf Surface Rue Anemone USDA Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Shawnee State Forest, Scioto County, Ohio Notes: 5 to 10 sepaled flower (no petals), white to somewhat pink, often has a larger central flower with 2 to 3 smaller flowers in an umbel; 3 whorled leaves, each 3 lobed at base of flower umbel; long stalked basal leaves with 3 leaves of 3 leaflets of similar shape; woods; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2009] American Globeflower USDA Trollius laxus Salisb. ssp. albiflorus (A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve & Kapoor ) Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Berthoud Pass, Clear creek – Grand Counties, Colorado Notes: 5-9 . solitary flower, white to cream-colored to yellowish; stem leaves usually stalkless to short stalked, palmately divided into 3-5 segments, segments toothed, basal leaves on long stalks; styles erect and curved; stem smooth; moist to wet places; montane to alpine; summer [V Max Brown, 2012]