Index

Page numbers in italic, e.g. 432, signify references to figures. Page numbers in bold, e.g. 185, denote references to tables.

Abbottabad 432 Buldar Gah 79 Afghanistan block 9 Buldar gorge 67 Aghil 9 Buldar River 52, 56, 168, 172 Aghil range 18 Buldar valley 171 Aghil Shaksgam 11 Bunar Gah 79, 80 Airl Gab 79, 83 Buni 239 Airl Gali 80, 81, 82 Bunji 79, 139, 203 336 Burawai 413 Alitchur mountains 238 altitude distribution (hypsometry) 181, 185, 185, 193 Chakesar Fault 389 Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) 8-9, 9, 17, 202 Chalt 432 Ainu Darya 9 Chain 80 anastomosing shear zone 295, 305-310 Chaman Fault 9, 202 geological setting 295-296, 296 Chang Chemno River 254 regional strain 296-300, 298 Chang-la 254 shear strain 300-305, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, Chatthewala 413, 434 307, 308, 309 Chenab gorge 205 Aral Sea 9 124, 457 Arkari Gol 239, 243 Chichi 125 Asian Plate 2, 27, 103, 138 Chichi valley 171 Astor 52, 103, 104, 105, 125, 139, 203, 322 Chilas (Chillass) 79, 80, 322, 432 Astor gorge 132 133, 134-135 Chitral 11,376, 432 mineral lineation 133 Chogo Lungma glacier 11 Astor River 28, 52, 79, 151,168, 172, 203 Chongra 79, 80, 125 Astor valley 170, 189 Chowa Dara valley 314 Ar-Ar data 151-154, 153, 154 Chuggam Gah 79 geochronology 151-154, 152, 154, 155 Chusul 254 Atark Gol 244 clinopyroxene 248 Atholi 205 crustal thickening, Central Tibet 8 augen gneisses 130, 133 cylindrical bending of plates 7

Babusar 376, 389 Darband Fault 389 Babusar Pass 80, 413 Darbuk 254 Balkash, Lake 9 Darchan 28, 79, 203 257 Dargai Fault 376 Baltoro 11 Dargai m61ange 376, 389 Baluch antiform 203 Dashat 80, 82 Banggong suture 9 322 Banna Unit 389 Delhi 9, 457 Barai Gah 79, 80, 82 Deossai Plains 18 Barai glacier 82 Deshkit (Dishkit) 254, 255 Barum Gol 239 Diamir Basin 186, 191, 192, 193 Barum valley 244 Diamir Gah 79, 80, 82, 92 457 Diamir shear zone 81, 82, 95 Besal 413 Diamir valley 81, 92 Besham 322, 432 Dichil 105 Bezar Gali 170 Dichil Gah 79, 103, 105, 106 Biji Gah 79, 80, 82 Dichil Gali 79, 125 Boarian 434 digital elevation modelling (DEM) 181, 183, 184, 185 Bodh 336, 342, 344 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 11 Bouguer anomalies 8, 11, 13 Dimeroi 82 Buldar Basin 186, 191, 192, 193 Dir 322, 376 Buldar Fault 57, 61, 63, 72, 73 Dishkit (Deshkit) 254, 255 478 INDEX

Doda River 205 Raikot glacier 168, 175 Doian rockslide 166 Rama- 130-132 336 Rupal glacier 168 Dumo Gah 80 Sachen glacier 168 Dushanba 9 Shalgiri glacier 168 Tap glacier 168 East Hindu Kush block, Palaeozoic-Mesozoic evo- Tarshing glacier 168 lution 240-242 Toshain glacier 82 East Hindu Kush plutonic belt (EHKP) 239, 242-245 Global Positioning System (GPS) 11 eclogites gneisses country rocks 418-420 augen gneisses 130, 133 geochemistry 415, 416, 417, 418, 421, 424, 443 Indian Plate 28-46 Higher Himalayan Crystallines 424-426 Iskere Gneiss 47, 124, 134, 139, 203-204 metamorphism 414-415, 420-424, 425, 427 migmatic 29-30, 29, 30, 124-126, 131,131 occurance 411-412 gneisses 124-126, 127, 131-132, 133, petrography 415-418, 419, 420, 423, 427 134-135 elastic thickness equation 13 Shengus Gneiss 47, 124, 139, 203-204 ETOPO5 Digital Terrain Model 10, fold-out between gravity anomalies 7 pages 11/12 gravity/topography coherence function 12-15, 13, 16 Great Meridian Arc 7 Fairy Meadows 26, 39, 203, 203 Gumberanjon 205 Fatu La formation 401 Gumot 413, 434 Fergana Basin 9 Gumot shear zone 434 finite element modelling (FEM) 219 Himalayan syntaxes 220-225, 229-234 Haramosh 27, 28, 52, 103, 124, 139, 164, 183, 203 lithospheric model 221 Haramosh glacier 11 parameters 222 Haramosh schist 124 results 223-228, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, Harchu 103, 104, 105, 106 231, 232, 233 Hazara 124 mathematical model 236 Hazara Syntaxis 376, 432 flexural rigidity 7-8, 12 Herat Fault 9, 376 Fortu-La 336 Himalaya 102, 334 Frunze 9 evolution 25 Higher Himalaya 101 Ganbir 314 isotopic data 210, 211, 213 Ganga River 457 Higher Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS) 201- Garrol 82 203, 209-211 Gashit 82 eclogites 424-426 Gashit fold 86 metamorphic evolution 438-446, 439, 440, 441, Geological Survey of 1 445 Ghujerab valley 11 P-T-t paths 426-427 10, 27, 124, 138, 139, 164, 183, 322, 376, 432 Higher Himalayan leucogranites 203, 209-210 139, 164, 183, 432 Lesser Himalaya 101,203, 204-205, 396 Gittidas 413 isotopic data 210, 213 glaciation 167-172, 168 Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Series (LHS) 201-203, Barai glacier 82 209-211,433-448, 439, 440, 441, 445 Bazhin glacier 168 mass deficiency 7 Buldar glacier 168 metamorphism 156-157 Changra glacier 168 tectonic framework 396 Chogo Lungma glacier 11 Himalayan syntaxes 220 chronology 169 finite element modelling (FEM) 220-225, 229-234 Chungpar glacier 168 lithospheric model 221 Diamir glacier 168 parameters 222 glacial terraces 173, 174, 175 results 223-228, 224, 225, 226, 277, 228, 229, 230, Haramosh glacier 11 231, 232, 233 Hispar Biafo glacier system 11 synformal basins 225-228, 226 Jalhari glacier 80 Himalayan zones 456 Lotang glacier 168 Hindu Kush range 1, 9, 78, fold-out between pages Mazeno glacier 168 276/277, 277-278 Patro glacier 168 compression 8 Nanga Parbat massif 188-191, 195-196 evolution 287- 291,288 INDEX 479

lithology 278 lithology intrusive granitoids 280-281 Bodh Khabu area 351 NW of Tirich Mir Fault zone 278-280 coarse clastic unit 364-366 Tirich Mir Fault zone-Reshun Fault 280 distal Indian passive margin 351 seismicity 8, 289-291,290 Karamba complex 349-351,349 strike-slip tectonics 288-289, 289 Lamayuru complex 348-349, 348 structure 281 limestones and sandstones 362 Akhlan Tirich 284-285 marble and skarn 362 Besti-Arkari-Agram area 282-283 metamorphic units 359-360 categorization 281-282 mud-matrix m61ange 360 correlation 281-282 Mulbeck area 351 data 282, 283 Namika-La 351 evolution 286-287 northern m+lange zone 360 Gharam Chasma area 282-284, 284 Pushkum area 356-358 Reshun Fault-Tirich Mir pluton fault 285-286 Sapi-La area 349 timing 281-282 serpentinitic unit 351-356 Tirich Mir pluton fault area 285 southern m61ange zone 366 upper Lutkho valley migmatite area 285 tholeiitic volcanics 360-362 Hispar Biafo glacier system 11 Urtsi area 358-359 Hundar 254, 255 volcaniclastic-terrigenous unit 363-364 Hungru 336, 346-349, 347, 360 volcanic-volcaniclastic unit 356-359 Hunza River 164, 183 northern m61ange zone 335, 338, 357 Hunza valley 11 eastern segment 346-348 hypsometry (altitude distribution) 181, 185, 185, 193 Hungru-Mongyu area 346-348, 347, 360 Pushkum area 345-346, 346 Indian Plate 1, 2, 8, 83, 103 tectonostratigraphy 345-348 collision with Asian Plate 2 western segment 345-346 crustal shortening 395-396, 407-409 previous studies 337 deformation 397 southern m61ange zone 335, 338, 350, 361 geological overview 396-397, 396 Bodh Khabu area 342, 344 Indus Suture zone 397-399, 398 eastern segment 342-345 pop-up structure 399-403, 402, 403 Lamayuru area 344 Spontang region 403-405 Sapi-La area 339-342, 340, 341 , southern 405-407 Shergol-Mulbeck area 342, 343 gneisses 26 tectonostratigraphy 339-345 mafic sheets 28-48, 29, 30 Urtsi area 344-345, 345 lithology 83-84 western segment 339-342 lower cover rocks 84 study methodology 335 stratigraphic and tectonic evolution 467, 471-473, tectonic evolution 366-368, 369, 399 472 tectonic setting 335-339 Altimur range 471 Indus Syntaxis 376, 389 Kabul block 471 28, 52, 56, 57, 79, 80, 103, 124, 125, 139, Katawaz Basin 470-471 146, 164, 168, 172-173, 183, 457 Kohe Sulaiman 469-470 capture 165-166 Kurram, western 469 evolution 165 Spinghar 467-469 incision rate 182 stratigraphic corrections 471 Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone 101,220, 396 Waziristan, south 470 see also Indus Suture Zone Waziristan-Khost 469 Indus valley 11, 54 structure 84-85 geochronology 146-151,149, 150 underthrust 47 Iskere 28, 79, 203 upper cover rocks 83 84 Iskere Gneiss 47, 124, 134, 139, 203-204 Indo- plain 101 Islamabad 2, 9, 10, 27, 78, 124, 138 Indus gorge isostacy 7 Ar-Ar data 146-151,147, 148 isotope analysis methodology 206-207, 316 geochronology 146 isotope-terrain correlation 209-214 Indus Suture Zone (ISZ) 9, 9, 17, 254, 334, 368-371, 397-399, 398 Jaglot 28 see also Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone Jalalabad 376 deformation 397-399, 398 Jalalabad Basin 376 geochemistry 352, 353, 354 Jalhari Gah 82 480 INDEX

Jalhari glacier 80 Peshawar-Takla Makan desert 17, 17 Jalhari granite 87-91, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95 Potwar Plateau-Tarim Depression 17, 17 Jalipur 389 Rawalpindi-Kashgar 17, 18 Jalipur Gab 80 relief map 10 Janak Conglomerate 457 profiles 12 evolution of Himalayan drainage 464 seismology 8 general aspects 459-460, 460, 461, 462 structural model 11-21 lithofacies 460-463 tectonic setting 8 9, 9 river morphology 463 Karamba 340 stratigraphic relationships 463-464 Kargii 334, 336 124, 164, 183, 457 Kargyak 205 314, 376 Karimabad 432 Jijal complex 313 Kashgar 2, 10, 17 dating 317-318 Basin 164, 183, 226-228, 376 geological setting 313-316 Kathmandu 9, 396 isotope data 316-318, 316, 317 Kathse 340 Jijal-Patan complex 321 Kazakhstan 9 geochemistry 325, 326 Keeylong 205 isotope data 325-327, 328, 329 Kel 413 P-T conditions 323-325, 327 Keran 413, 434 P-T evolution 322-323, 327-330 Khaba Nar 413 samples 323-325, 324 Khabu 336 Jumna River 457 Khairabad Fault 376 Junggar Basin 9 Khalsar 254, 255 Jura 434 Khalsar Thrust (KT) 254, 260, 261-262 Jutial 28 Khalsi 334, 336 Jutial pluton 203 Khardung 255 Khardung Andesite Unit 258, 259 K2 l, 10, 124 Khardung-La 254 Kabul 9, 238 Kharg 376, 382-383, 389 Kaghan 413 Khirghiz 9 Kaghan valley 413 Khost Suture 9 Kalabagh 17 Khunjerab Pass 10, 11 Kalam 322, 376, 432 Kishora Fault 376 Kamila 432 Kishora m61ange 376, 389 Kamila Amphibolite Belt 321 Kishtwar 205 geochemistry 325, 326 Kohistan 9, 78, 79 isotope data 325-327, 328, 329 Kohistan Fault 376, 389 P-T conditions 323-325, 327 Kohistan island arc complex l, 2, 17, 28, 321,389, 396 P-Tevolution 322-323, 327-330 anastomosing shear zone 295, 305-310 samples 323-325, 324 geological setting 295-296, 296 Kamila-Jal Shear Zone 376 regional strain 296-300, 298 Kangi La Formation 406 shear strain 300-305, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, Karachi 9 307, 308, 309 batholith 258, 272, 273 geochronology 142 Karakoram block 239-240, 261-262 Kohistan-Dras island arc complex 1, 2 Karakoram Fault (KF) 9, 17, 183, 254, 254, 279-281 Kohistan- island arc complex 51, 52, 102 (KKH) 2, 64, 314 Kubed 255 Karakoram leucogranite 261-262, 261, 265, 266 Kun Lun 9, 11, 52 Karakoram range 1,254, 396 Kun Lun Fault 202 accretion 249-250 Kun Lun range 11-12, 18 compression 8 Kunar Fault 376 deformation 18-21, 20 Kunar River 164, 183 flexural rigidity 12-15 Kundalshahi 434 geological profile 259 Kutwal 28 gravity anomalies 8, 9-11 maps 10, fold-out between pages 11/12 Ladakh 1, 9, 78, 79, 139, 334 power spectrum 14 Ladakh batholith 257-258, 259, 272, 273 structural model 11-21 Ladakh block 258-260 profiles 15 Ladakh granite 265-267 Desoai Plains-Takla Makan desert 18, 18 Ladakh island arc 17, 18, 183 INDEX 481

Ladakh range 254, 259 Margalla hills 432 Ladakh/Nanga Parbat contact 109-110, 111 336 Lahore 124, 457 Markha valley 334 Laila 79, 203 Marling 404 Lamayuru 334, 336, 344, 401 Mastuj 239 Lasimu La 254 Mazeno Pass 79, 80, 82, 125 lath unit 85-87, 86, 97, 128 Mega Lhasa 237 10, 254 m~lange Lesser Himalaya 101,203, 204-205, 396 Dargai m61ange 376, 389 isotopic data 210, 213 Kishora m61ange 376, 389 Lesser Himalayan Crystallines 433-448, 439, 440, 441, ophiolitic 334-335, 376 445 Indus Suture Zone 335-339 Lhasa 9 serpentinitic 335 Lhasa block 396 Shergarh m~lange 376 Liachar 64, 103, 142-143,203 migmatitic gneisses 29-30, 29, 30, 124-126, 131, 131 Liachar Gah 79 Mingora 322 Liachar shear zone 39 Mirgash 239 Liachar Thrust Zone 56, 65-66, 73, 125 modelling Ar-Ar data 143 digital elevation modelling (DEM) 181, 183, 184, Liachar valley 139 185 Liachar-Indus landslide 167 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 11 Lotang Basin 186, 193 ETOPO5 Digital Terrain Model lO, fold-out between Lutkho River 243 pages 11/12 Lutkho valley 239, 279, 280 finite element modelling (FEM) 219-234, 236 flexural rigidity of plates 7-8 mafic sheets 27, 28-29 Momi 243 geochemistry 29, 30-46, 31, 33, 34, 40, 41, 45 Mongyu 336 incompatible element ratios 37 Morich 239, 241 isotope data 37, 37, 38, 39, 44, 44 Mulbeck 334, 336 Mg number 36 Murg 225 metabasic dykes 29-30, 29, 30, 46 Mushkin rockslide 166 northern suite 32 39, 46 Muzhingram 243 rare earth elements (REE) 35, 36, 39, 42, 42, 43, 44, 46 Naktul 336, 340 southern suite 39-46 Namche Barwa Syntaxis 220, 220 tectonic discrimination diagrams 36, 43 Namika-La 336 Mahlika Parbat 413 Nanga Parbat 10, 27, 28, 103, 125, 129, 183, 203, 322 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) 9, 17, 78, 101,124, 376 denudation 182 Main Central Thrust 101, 102 drainage basins 186 Main Frontal Thrust 101 elevation 1 Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) 9, 78, 79, 102, 254 evolution 46-48, 48 Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) 9, 17, 27, 78, 79, 101- mafic sheets 27, 28-29 102, 124, 375-376, 376 geochemistry 29, 30-46, 31, 33, 34, 40, 41, 45 Babusar-Naran region 379, 380-382 incompatible element ratios 37 definition 390 isotope data 37, 37, 38, 39, 44, 44 deformational events 389-390 Mg number 36 Dichil Gah-Rattu Gah traverse 106, 107 metabasic dykes 29-30, 29, 30, 46 Indus Syntaxis-Swat region 383-386 northern suite 32-39, 46 Kharg area 382-383 rare earth elements (REE) 35, 36, 39, 42, 42, 43, Nanga Parbat-Haramosh region 377-379, 377 44, 46 schematic cross-section 389 southern suite 39-46 western Swat-Malakand-Nawagai region 386-389 tectonic discrimination diagrams 36, 43 Makran 9, 52 mean slope angle 185 Malakand 389 satellite imagery 186 Malakand Fault 376 slope angle 191, 192 Malakand Slice 389 Nanga Parbat antiform 192 Malabuting 203 Nanga Parbat gneisses 124-126, 127, 131-132, 133, Mamocha Basin 186, 191, 193 134-135 Managoush Ridge 82, 83 Nanga Parbat massif 28, 51, 52 Manali 205 see also Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif Mansehra 432 altitude distribution (hypsometry) 185, 185, 193 482 INDEX

background 52-53 mass movement 166-167 Buldar-Raikot Bridge area 54-56 pre-Neogene deformation and metamorphism 26-28 Buldar-Indus confluence 58, 59, 60, 61 rivers 172-173, 172 rock types 56-59, 57 see also individual river entries structure 59-63, 62, 63-65 Astor 168, 172 chronology 53-54 Buldar 168, 172 denudation 184, 197-198 Bunar 168 evolution 192-193, 197-198 Chichi 168 geomorphology 182-183 Indus 164, 165-166, 165, 168, 172-173 glaciation 188-191, 195-196 Jalipur 168 hypsometry (altitude distribution) 185, 185, 193 Liachar 168 landscape dynamics 192-197, 194, 195 Patro 168 Liachar area 54, 55 Raikot (Raikhot) 168, 172 morphology 185-191 Rupal 168, 172, 172 Raikot gorge 66-67, 68 strike-slip faults 140 leucogranite sheets 67-71, 70, 71 unroofing of Himalaya 163-165, 174-177 structure 69 uplift 137, 157-159 Raikot-Buldar ridge 65-66 western margin 140-142 structure 66 Astor valley section 151-154 satellite imagery 187 geochronology 142-144, 154-156 semivariogram analysis 193-196, 196 Himalayan metamorphism 156-157 slope angle 188, 190, 191 Indus River 164, 165-166, 165, 168, 172-173 structure 71-74, 72 Indus valley section 146-151 swath profile analysis 188, 189 Kohistan island arc complex 142 SW region Liachar section 142-143 background 78-79 Raikot (Raikhot) cover metasediments 142 basement rocks 91-93 Sassi section 142 geology 80, 80, 82 structural evolution 157-159 granitic rocks 85-91, 86 Tato Road section 144 Indian Plate 83-85, 95-97, 98 Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif (NPHM) 17-18 Jalhari Granite 87 91, 88, 89, 90, 92, 95 see also Nanga Parbat massif Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) 81, 82, 83, 98 central region western Rupal valley 93-94 geology 126-133 topography 188, 189, 194, 195 structure 127 Nanga Parbat Syntaxis 1, 52 eastern margin 102-104, 103, 104 see also Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Syntaxis deformation 112 117 Ar-Ar data 140 geochemistry 120-121 dip-slip thrusting 140, 158-159 Ladakh/Nanga Parbat contact 109-112 ductile deformation 158-159 evolution 137-140, 142-145, 157-159 lithology 104 109 flooding 173 mineralogy 120-121 geology 26-28, 27 petrography 113-114 glaciation 167-172, 168 P- T conditions 114-116, 117 Bazhin glacier 168 stretching 105 Buldar glacier 168 thermobarometry 112-113, 112 Changra glacier 168 evolution 203-204 chronology 169 Higher Himalayan Crystalline Series (HHCS) 201- Chungpar glacier 168 203, 209-211 Diamir glacier 168 isotope data 207-208, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213 glacial terraces 173, 174, 175 isotope-terrain correlation 209-214 Lotang glacier 168 Lesser Himalayan Series (LHS) 201-203, 209-211 Mazeno glacier 168 southern region 123-124 Patro glacier 168 Astor gorge area 132--133 Raikot glacier 168, 175 geology 126-133 Rupal glacier 168 mineral lineation 131, 132, 133 Sachen glacier 168 Rama-Siachen glacier area 130-132 Shalgiri glacier 168 Rupal valley area 127-130, 135 Tap glacier 168 Rupal-Tarshing area 131 Tarshing glacier 168 stratigraphy 124-126 incision 173-174~ 176, 177 structural model 133-134, 134 Indian Plate gneisses 26 structure 127 INDEX 483

SW region Peshawar 10, 17, 78, 432, 457 Ar-Ar data 94 Peshawar Basin 164, 183, 226-228, 376, 396 Diamir Shear Zone 98 Phailobat 82 Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) 80-83 Photang Kangri 404 stretching 97-98 Photang Thrust 401 thermochronology 94-95 Photok La 404 uplifting scenarios 95-97, 96 Photoksar break-backthrust (PBT) 400, 400, 401 Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Syntaxis 9, 9 Phuparash Gab 79 see also Nanga Parbat Syntaxis Phuparash peaks 52, 203 gravity data asymmetry 11 Phuparash Shear Zone 73 profile 17 Pinchimic 255 Nangi Mali 434 political problems in region 1 Naran 376, 413 pop-up structure 399-400, 402, 403, 404 Nashkin Gah 81, 82 shortening 400-403 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration 11 Potwar plateau 17, 376, 457 National Science Foundation 2 Puch Uz 243 Natural Environmental Research Council 2 Puran Fault 389 Nauseri 413, 434 Purgam 241 Nawagai 389 Pushkum 336, 345-346, 346 Nawagai Fault 376 Nawagai m61ange 376, 389 Qiangtang 9 Neelum 413 Neelum Syntaxis 17 Raikot (Raikhot) 203 Neelum valley 431 Raikot (Raikhot) Basin geochemistry 436-437 hypsometry (altitude distribution) 193 geochronology 446-449, 447, 448 satellite imagery 186 geological map 434 slope angle 191, 192 lithostratigraphy 431-433,435 Raikot (Raikhot) Bridge 52, 103, 139 metamorphic evolution Raikot (Raikhot) Fault 54, 78-79, 79, 80, 183, 376 Higher Himalayan Crystallines 438-446 Raikot (Raikhot) Gah 79, 80 Lesser Himalayan Crystallines 433-438 Raikot (Raikhot) glacier 175, 182 P T-t paths 449 Raikot (Raikhot) gorge 64, 66-71, 68, 69, 70, 71 tectonic model 449-451,450 Raikot (Raikhot) River 52, 56, 168, 172 Nepal 9 Raikot (Raikhot) Thrust Niat Gah 79, 80, 81, 82 Ar-Ar data 143 River 254, 255 geochronology 142 Nubra- confluence area 254, 255, 256-257 Raikot (Raikhot) valley 171 Num Kun 124 Raikot-Biale debris avalanches 167 Rakaposhi 164, 183, 322, 376 205 Rama 125 Rama Gah 105 northern Rama valley 130-131 geological map 432 mineral lineation 132 gravity anomaly map 10 Ramghat River 203 tectonic map 238 205 NW region Rattapani 413 overview map fold-out between pages 468/469 Rattu 105 structure 239 Rattu Gah 106 314 457 Pamir 9, 202, 238, 249-250 Rawalpindi 17 Panamik 255 regional compensation model 8 Pangong, Lake 254 remote sensing 181-182, 197 Pangong range 254 methodology 184 Panikar 205 Reshun 239 Panjal Fault 376 Reshun Fault 239 Panjal Thrust 434 Rich Gol 239, 241, 242 Panjal Trap 46 Rickmohri Fault 434 Parla Sapat Unit 389 Rollo 82 Parri 28 root formation of mountains 7 Patan 314 Royal Society 2, 7 Patro Gah 80 Rua 241 484 INDEX

Rupal 28, 52, 82, 125, 203 Singe Kangri 404, 406 Rupal Gah 105 Sirsir La 401, 404 Rupal glacier 80, 82, 128, 129 Siwalik Group sediments 455-456 Rupal River 168, 172, 172, 185 chronological distribution 458 Rupal Shear Zone 135 Himachal Pradesh Re-entrant 456-457, 457 Rupal valley 39, 93-94, 127-130, 128, 129, 130, 135, Janak Conglomerate 171, evolution of Himalayan drainage 464 debris fan 167 general aspects 459-460, 460, 461, 462 geology 127-130 lithofacies 460-463 Rupal-Chichi Shear Zone 79 fiver morphology 463 Rushan-Pshart Zone 238 stratigraphic relationships 463-464 model of conglomerate patterns 458-459, 459 Sachen Basin 186, 191, 193 Potwar Plateau 457-458 Saidu 376 10, 164, 183, 376, 432 Saidu Unit 389 Snuzi Kangri 401 Salt Range Thrust (SRT) 78, 138 Snuzi La 404 Saltoro block 260-261 Sonku 336 Saltoro range 255, 257, 259 South Ghissar Suture 9 Samarkand 9 South Tibet Detachment System (STDS) 101,203 Sandar 314 Spong valley 401, 404 Sanku 205 Spontang ophiolite 336 Sapi 336, 339-342, 340, 341 Spontang region 403-405 Sapi-La 340, 349 Spontang Thrust 404 Sarawali range 125 Srinigar 78 Saser Kangri 254 Stak 203 Sassi 28, 52, 79, 103, 139, 144, 203, 376 Sub-Himalayan Belt 101,457 geochronology 142 Subsar 103 satellite imagery 184, 185, 186 Subsar Gah 108 Sati (Satti) 254, 255, 263 Subsar Thrust 104, 111 semivariogram analysis 193-196 Sulhalman 9 serpentinic m61ange 335 Sumur 255 Shabronz 244 Sundal 340 Shagrom 239 Sunitz 243 Shah Gharil 241 Surgun 434 Shah Jinali 241 205, 334, 336 Shah Jinali Pass 239, 241, 242 Swat 124, 389 Shabatot 203 Swat River 164, 183 Shabatot Fault 139 swath profile analysis 184, 185 Shali 243 Nanga Parbat Massif 188, 189 Shardi 413, 434 Shengus 28, 139, 203 Tadjikh Basin 9 Shengus Gneiss 47, 124, 139, 203-204 Takla Makan desert 17, 18 Shergarh Fault 376 relief map 10 Shergarh m61ange 376 Takshai 255 Shergol 336, 342, 343 Talas-Fergana Fault 9 Shergol gompa 340 254 Shimshal valley 11 Tap rockslide 166 Shoghor 243 Tar 336 Shuta 28 Tarbela 432 Shyok 254 Tarbela Reservoir 164, 183 Shyok River 164, 183, 254, 255 Tarim Basin 8, 9 Shyok Suture Zone (SSZ) 9, 9, 27, 138, 164, 238, 239, Tarim Depression 17 257 Tarim Plate 8, 12 Shyok-Nubra confluence area Tarim Platform 11 geochronology 262 267 Tari Domeli 434 geology 258-262 Tarshing 28, 52, 103, 125, 203 structural analysis 268, 269, 272-273 Taruk 254 vector analysis 268-269 Tashkent 9 Siang antiform 220, 220 Tato 52, 79, 80, 103, 125, 203 Silbu 79, 103, 104, 105, 203 geochronology 144, 145 Sin Kiang, gravity anomaly map 10 Tato pluton 203 INDEX 485

Tato Shear Zone 139 ultramafic rocks 238 Tethyan Sedimentary Series (TSS) 203 Umba-La 336 Thak Gah 79, 80, 82 Upper Kaghan Nappe Thal 376 eclogites Thanglasko Suture Zone 254 equilibrium conditions 420-424, 422 thin sheet modelling 228-229 PT paths 425, 427 Tibetan plateau 8, 9 geological setting 412-414, 413 Tibetan-Tethys Zone 396 Upper Lobah 82 Tien Shan Mountains 8, 9 Urtsi 336, 344-345, 345, 358 359 Tiggur 254 Uzhnu Gol 241, 242 Tirich Boundary Zone (TBZ) 244 igneous complex 247 Vakhsh 9 mantle peridotites and serpentinites 244-245, 246, virtual reality simulation 185, 191, 198 246, 247, 248 metamorphic complex 247-249 petrology 245-247, 248 Wanch-Ak Baital Suture 238 Tirich Gol 239, 244, 247 336 Tirich Mir 124, 239, 376 Waziristan 238 Tirich Mir Fault Zone (TMFZ) 238,238, 239, 241,249 Tirit 255 Yarkland 10, 17 Tirit batholith 262-265, 262, 265 Yechung 18 Tithwal 434 Toshain glacier 82 Toshe Gali 82, 125, 129 Zangot 80, 82 transect sampling method 184 Zanskar 9, 25 Trans-Himalayan batholith 202, 396 Zanskar Himalaya 1,205 Tringdo 340 205, Tsaidam Basin 9 Zanskar Shear Zone 334 Turfan Basin 9 Zanskar, southern region 405-407 Turkestan Suture 9 Zanskar valley 204-206 isotope-terrain correlation 209-214 Udaipur 205 isotopic data 206, 208-209, 210, 211