DOCSLIB.ORG

Debris-Covered Glaciers and Rock Glaciers in the Nanga Parbat Himalaya, Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Debris-Covered Glaciers and Rock Glaciers in the Nanga Parbat Himalaya, Pakistan DEBRIS-COVERED GLACIERS AND ROCK GLACIERS IN THE NANGA PARBAT HIMALAYA, PAKISTAN BY JOHNF. SHRODER',MICHAEL P. BISHOP',LUKE COPLAND2 AND VALERIEF. SLOAN3 1Departmentof Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA 2Departmentof Geology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 3 INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA Shroder,John F., Bishop,Michael P., Copland,Luke and Sloan, surface from steep surrounding slopes. Kick ValerieF., 2000:Debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the (1962) noted thatAdolf Schlagintweit first used the NangaParbat Himalaya, Pakistan. Geogr. Ann., 82 A (1): 17-31. termfirnkessel glaciers in 1856 for the types of gla- ABSTRACT.The origin and mobilization of theextensive debris ciers in High Asia that are fed predominantly by av- coverassociated with the glaciersof the NangaParbat Himalaya alanches from the high cliffs, as opposed to the is In this a complex. paperwe propose mechanismby whichgla- firnmulden types in the Alps that are nourished by ciers can form rock glaciersthrough inefficiency of sediment transferfrom glacier ice to meltwater.Inefficient transfer is slow ice flow from a firn field. Because of the ir- causedby variousprocesses that promote plentiful sediment sup- regular or punctuated delivery of ice avalanches, ply anddecrease sediment transfer potential. Most debris-covered the mass balance of the Himalayan glaciers is on Parbatwith velocitiesof glaciers Nanga higher movementand/ thought to be much more irregularthan elsewhere, or efficientdebris transfer mechanisms do notform rock glaciers, perhapsbecause debris is mobilizedquickly and removedfrom with the result that considerable variation from one suchglacier systems. Those whose ice movementactivity is lower glacier to another can occur in advance, retreat, ice andthose where inefficient sediment transfer mechanisms allow buildup, or downwasting (Mercer 1963, 1975a, b; plentifuldebris to accumulate,can formclassic rock glaciers. Mayewski and Jeschke 1979). In general, however, We documenthere with maps,satellite images, and field ob- servationsthe probableevolution of partof a slow andinefficient most of the glaciers of High Asia have receded ice glacierinto a rockglacier at the marginsof SachenGlacier in since the second half of the nineteenth century, or c. 50 years,as well as severalother examples that formed in a the Little Ice Age. A few glaciers, such as the Shai- of time.Sachen Glacier receives all of its longerperiod nourish- giri and Sachen on Nanga Parbat, were noted by ment from ice and snow avalanchesfrom surroundingareas of high relief,but has low ice velocitiesand no efficientsystem of Kick (1962) to have hardly changed at all since debrisremoval. Consequently it has a pronounceddigitate termi- they were first described in the last century. He nuswith four lobes that have moved outward from the lateral mo- called these two dam glaciers that rest on their own rainesas rock with glaciers prouncedtransverse ridges and fur- bed of debris and appear to deposit till that accretes rowsand steep fronts at the angleof repose.Raikot Glacier has a velocityfive timeshigher than Sachen Glacier and a thickcover below the ice, raising it up until the ice stands well of rockdebris at its terminusthat is efficienctlyremoved. During above the valley bottom, and forms strong lateral the advancestage of the glaciersince 1994, ice cliffs were ex- moraines close to the angle of repose, with promi- atthe andan posed terminus, outbreakflood swept away much de- nent ablation valleys on either side. brisfrom its marginsand terminus. Like the SachenGlacier that it resembles,Shaigiri Glacier receives all its nourishmentfrom ice In cases where debris cover on glaciers is thick andsnow avalanches and has an extensive debris cover with steep and where glacier ice motion is limited, classic rock marginsclose to the angleof repose.It has a highvelocity similar glaciers may be produced at Nanga Parbat. These to RaikotGlacier and breakoutfloods have catastrophic removed landforms have longitudinal and transverse ridges debrisfrom its terminustwice in the recentpast. In addition,the Shaigiriterminus blocked the RupalRiver during the Little Ice and furrows, and steep termini at the angle of re- Age andis presentlybeing undercutand steepenedby the river. pose. The history of rock-glacier research is replete Withhigher velocities and more efficient sediment transfer sys- with: (1) appeals to dogmatic exclusion of one neitherthe Raikot nor the formclassic tems, Shaigiri rock-glacier landform or another from the ranks of acceptable morphologies. rock glaciers (Barsch 1996); (2) precise descrip- tions of morphologic characteristics necessary to Introduction define a 'classic' rock glacier (Wahrhaftigand Cox Glaciers in the Himalaya are characteristically 1959); (3) arguments concerning mechanics of mo- covered with thick debris because of the large vol- tion (Whalley and Martin 1992); and (4) some rec- umes of ice avalanche and rock fall to the glacier ognition of ideas of polygenesis or the continua of Geografiska Annaler ? 82 A (2000) ? 1 17 JOHNF SHRODER,MICHAEL P. BISHOP,LUKE COPLAND AND VALERIEF. SLOAN Table 1. Sedimenttransfer efficiency from glacierice to melt- termini to other transport pathways such as rivers waterin the NangaParbat Himalaya. (Shroder et al. 1996). Based upon field investiga- tions and interpretation of satellite imagery, it ap- Highertransfer efficiency Lowertransfer efficiency pears that the most efficient sediment transfer (Ta- Limited sediment Plentiful sediment ble 1) occurs in those valleys where there sediment Plentifulcold-based ice Littlecold-based ice is limited by: (1) a high ratio between higher alti- Littlewarm-based ice Plentifulwarm-based ice tude, cold-based, protective ice and lower altitude, Muchfim-field nourishment Muchavalanche supply warm-based, erosive ice which reduces sediment Limiteddebris sources Plentifuldebris sources dominant fim-field nourish- Thinsupraglacial debris Thicksupraglacial debris supply; (2) glacier Vegetatedside slopes Unvegetatedslopes ment, and therefore maximum ice flux with mini- Tectonicallystable Tectonicallyactive mum supraglacial debris cover; (3) limited debris sources and debris feed to the glacier; (4) a rela- thin debris Increased Decreased tively supraglacial cover; (5) vegetated transferen potential transferpotential side slopes that retain sediment; and (6) tectonic stability that reduces seismicity and fault shattering Valley and ice characteristics of rocks. Sediment transfer potential is increased: Steepterminus zone Gentleterminus zone (7) in steep terminus zones; (8) with lower ice ve- Narrowvalley at terminus Widevalley at terminus locities; and (9) where a narrowvalley occurs in the Lowerice velocityat terminus Higherice velocityat terminus glacier terminus zone that restricts the moraine and enables its removal. Such transfer is also increased Water characteristics where: (10) high meltwater discharges occur; (11) Largemeltwater discharge Smallmeltwater discharge a laterally migratory subglacial drainage portal oc- Migratoryterminus drainage Staticterminus drainage curs at the terminus; (12) outburst floods remove portal portal Commonoutburst floods Rareoutburst floods sediment; and (13) a trunk river removes sediment Trunkriver at terminus No trunkriver at terminus at the terminus. On the other hand, transfer ineffi- ciency could allow glacier debris to accumulate and form rock glaciers where only limited ice motion occurs beneath the debris. In the course of work on the Nanga Parbat forms and generic applications of the terminology Project (Bishop et al. 1998a), in which measure- (Giardino et al. 1987). As Vitek and Giardino ments of long- and short-term incision and denu- (1987) have pointed out, however, morphology is dation are paramount, we recognized that most of not necessarily diagnostic of motive mechanism, as the high velocity, transfer efficient ice glaciers of the term rock glacier is generic not genetic. Most Nanga Parbat do not form rock glaciers. Sachen authors agree, however, that whatever the motive Glacier, on the other hand, is one of the least effi- mechanism, thick debris covers are characteristic. cient glaciers on the mountain, and does have sev- Furthermore, most rock glaciers have low ice ve- eral rock glaciers associated with it, which sug- locities (c. 1 m a-1 or less). Low ice velocities, gested a possible genetic relation of interest to us. which decrease gradually downward into the mass, The aims of this paper are: (1) to describe and tend to form the typical transverse ridges and fur- characterize representative conditions of glacier rows. Also with low velocities, steep fronts tend to debris loads and ice velocities of the Raikot and pile up at the angle of repose, although the mecha- Shaigiri glaciers, together with the characteristics nisms of this process are controversial (Whalley of efficient sediment transfer that control their and Martin 1992). Once formed, rock glaciers tend form as debris-covered glaciers without associat- to equilibrate to a nearly static landform without ed rock glaciers; and (2) to contrast the debris- significant change thereafter. High ice velocities covered Raikot and Shaigiri glaciers with the more tend to produce classic ice glacier forms, but not thickly debris-covered Sachen Glacier that has rock glaciers. Under certain special circumstances, low velocity, inefficient sediment transfer, and as- rock glaciers are seen to develop from debris-cov- sociated rock glaciers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Data Set of Worldwide Glacier Length Fluctuations
    Portland State University PDXScholar Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations Geology 2014 A Data Set of Worldwide Glacier Length Fluctuations Paul W. Leclercq Utrecht University Johannes Oerlemans Utrecht University Hassan J. Basagic Portland State University, [email protected] Christina Bushueva Russian Academy of Sciences A. J. Cook Russian Academy of Sciences See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geology_fac Part of the Geology Commons, and the Glaciology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Leclercq, P. W., Oerlemans, J., Basagic, H. J., Bushueva, I., Cook, A. J., and Le Bris, R.: A data set of worldwide glacier length fluctuations, The Cryosphere, 8, 659-672, doi:10.5194/tc-8-659-2014, 2014. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Authors Paul W. Leclercq, Johannes Oerlemans, Hassan J. Basagic, Christina Bushueva, A. J. Cook, and Raymond Le Bris This article is available at PDXScholar: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geology_fac/50 The Cryosphere, 8, 659–672, 2014 Open Access www.the-cryosphere.net/8/659/2014/ doi:10.5194/tc-8-659-2014 The Cryosphere © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. A data set of worldwide glacier length fluctuations P. W. Leclercq1,*, J. Oerlemans1, H. J. Basagic2, I. Bushueva3, A. J. Cook4, and R. Le Bris5 1Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, the Netherlands 2Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA 3Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 4Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK 5Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland *now at: Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • 10Th Annual Northern Research Day
    Circumpolar Students’ Association 10th Annual Northern Research Day Monday, 19 April 2010 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. 3-36 Tory Building Featuring the Documentary Film Arctic Cliffhangers Show Time: 12:30 Followed by a Keynote with Filmakers: Steve Smith and Julia Szucs 1 NORTHERN RESEARCH DAY – SCHEDULE OF SPEAKERS TIME AUTHORS/SPEAKERS TITLE 9:00 Justin F. Beckers, Christian Changes in Satellite Radar Backscatter and the Haas, Benjamin A. Lange, Seasonal Evolution of Snow and Sea Ice Properties on Thomas Busche Miquelon Lake, a Small Saline Lake in Alberta 9:15 Benjamin A. Lange, Christian Sea ice Thickness Measurements Between Canada and Haas, Justin Becker and Stefan the North Pole: Overview and Results from Three Hendricks Campaigns in 2009 (CASIMBO-09, Polar-5 & CATs) 9:30 Hannah Milne, Martin Sharp Recording the Sight and Sound of Iceberg Calving Events on the Belcher Glacier, Devon Island, Nunavut 9:45 Gabrielle Gascon, Martin Sensitivity of Ice-atmosphere Interactions Since the Sharp and Andrew Bush Last Glacial Maximum 10:00 Brad Danielson and Martin Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations in Ice Flow of a Sharp High Arctic Tidewater Glacier 10:15 Xianmin Hu, Paul G. Myers Numerical Simulation of the Arctic Ocean Freshwater and Qiang Wang Outflow 10:30 Coffee 10:45 Qiang Wang, Paul G. Myers, Numerical Simulation of the Circulation and Sea-Ice Xianmin Hu and Abdrew B.G. in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Bush 11:00 Porter, L.L. and Rolf D. Impacts of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorous Vinebrooke. Deposition on the Alpine Ponds of Banff National Park: Effects on the Benthic Communities 11:15 Stephen Mayor The Changing Nature: Human Impacts on Boreal Biodiversity 11:30 Louise Chavarie, Kimberly Diversity of Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in Howland, and W.
    [Show full text]
  • Thurston Island
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Thurston Island (West Antarctica) Between Gondwana 10.1029/2018TC005150 Subduction and Continental Separation: A Multistage Key Points: • First apatite fission track and apatite Evolution Revealed by Apatite Thermochronology ‐ ‐ (U Th Sm)/He data of Thurston Maximilian Zundel1 , Cornelia Spiegel1, André Mehling1, Frank Lisker1 , Island constrain thermal evolution 2 3 3 since the Late Paleozoic Claus‐Dieter Hillenbrand , Patrick Monien , and Andreas Klügel • Basin development occurred on 1 2 Thurston Island during the Jurassic Department of Geosciences, Geodynamics of Polar Regions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, British Antarctic and Early Cretaceous Survey, Cambridge, UK, 3Department of Geosciences, Petrology of the Ocean Crust, University of Bremen, Bremen, • ‐ Early to mid Cretaceous Germany convergence on Thurston Island was replaced at ~95 Ma by extension and continental breakup Abstract The first low‐temperature thermochronological data from Thurston Island, West Antarctica, ‐ fi Supporting Information: provide insights into the poorly constrained thermotectonic evolution of the paleo Paci c margin of • Supporting Information S1 Gondwana since the Late Paleozoic. Here we present the first apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data from Carboniferous to mid‐Cretaceous (meta‐) igneous rocks from the Thurston Island area. Thermal history modeling of apatite fission track dates of 145–92 Ma and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He dates of 112–71 Correspondence to: Ma, in combination with kinematic indicators, geological
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Fluctuations Globaltemperatureandsea-Levelchange
    GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS GLOBAL TEMPERATURE AND SEA-LEVEL CHANGE Paul Willem Leclercq Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. M.R. van den Broeke Prof. dr. W. Haeberli Prof. dr. B.J.J.M. van den Hurk Prof. dr. C. Schneider ISBN: 978-90-393-5717-0 printing: Ipskamp Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU) Department of Physics and Astronomy Faculty of Science Universiteit Utrecht Financial support was provided by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO through research grant 816.01.016. Cover: false colour Landsat image of Sukkertoppen, West Greenland. Courtesy of USGS. GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS GLOBAL TEMPERATURE AND SEA-LEVEL CHANGE GLETSJER FLUCTUATIES, MONDIALE TEMPERATUUR EN ZEESPIEGEL VERANDERING (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 8 februari 2012 des middags te 12.45 uur door Paul Willem Leclercq geboren op 17 juli 1979 te Tilburg Promotor: Prof. dr. J. Oerlemans Contents Summary iii 1 Introduction and conclusions 1 1.1 Reconstructing climate of the past . .2 1.2 Glaciers . .4 1.3 Observed glacier length fluctuations . 16 1.4 Climate reconstructions from glacier length fluctuations . 19 1.5 Glacier contribution to sea-level rise . 23 1.6 Climate versus mass balance – the influence of adjustment of the glacier geometry . 26 1.7 Main conclusions . 28 1.8 Discussion and outlook . 28 2 A data set of world-wide glacier length fluctuations 31 2.1 Introduction .
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Wildlife Conservation with Community -Based Development in Northern Areas Pakistan
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1999 Integrating wildlife conservation with community -based development in Northern Areas Pakistan Amjad Tahir Virk The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Virk, Amjad Tahir, "Integrating wildlife conservation with community -based development in Northern Areas Pakistan" (1999). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 10583. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/10583 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised Geochronology of Thurston Island, West Antarctica and Correlations Along the Proto
    1 A revised geochronology of Thurston Island, West Antarctica and correlations along the proto- 2 Pacific margin of Gondwana 3 4 5 6 T.R. Riley1, M.J. Flowerdew1,2, R.J. Pankhurst3, P.T. Leat1,4, I.L. Millar3, C.M. Fanning5 & M.J. 7 Whitehouse6 8 9 1British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK 10 2CASP, 181A Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DH, UK 11 3British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK 12 4Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 13 5Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia 14 6Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 *Author for correspondence 25 e-mail: [email protected] 26 Tel. 44 (0) 1223 221423 1 27 Abstract 28 The continental margin of Gondwana preserves a record of long-lived magmatism from the Andean 29 Cordillera to Australia. The crustal blocks of West Antarctica form part of this margin, with 30 Palaeozoic – Mesozoic magmatism particularly well preserved in the Antarctic Peninsula and Marie 31 Byrd Land. Magmatic events on the intervening Thurston Island crustal block are poorly defined, 32 which has hindered accurate correlations along the margin. Six samples are dated here using U-Pb 33 geochronology and cover the geological history on Thurston Island. The basement gneisses from 34 Morgan Inlet have a protolith age of 349 ± 2 Ma and correlate closely with the Devonian – 35 Carboniferous magmatism of Marie Byrd Land and New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies
    Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF CANADA GLACIERS OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES By C. SIMON L. OMMANNEY SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–1 The Rocky Mountains of Canada include four distinct ranges from the U.S. border to northern British Columbia: Border, Continental, Hart, and Muskwa Ranges. They cover about 170,000 km2, are about 150 km wide, and have an estimated glacierized area of 38,613 km2. Mount Robson, at 3,954 m, is the highest peak. Glaciers range in size from ice fields, with major outlet glaciers, to glacierets. Small mountain-type glaciers in cirques, niches, and ice aprons are scattered throughout the ranges. Ice-cored moraines and rock glaciers are also common CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- J199 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 FIGURE 1. Mountain ranges of the southern Rocky Mountains------------ 201 2. Mountain ranges of the northern Rocky Mountains ------------ 202 3. Oblique aerial photograph of Mount Assiniboine, Banff National Park, Rocky Mountains----------------------------- 203 4. Sketch map showing glaciers of the Canadian Rocky Mountains -------------------------------------------- 204 5. Photograph of the Victoria Glacier, Rocky Mountains, Alberta, in August 1973 -------------------------------------- 209 TABLE 1. Named glaciers of the Rocky Mountains cited in the chapter
    [Show full text]
  • 421 INDE X a Abakh Hoja Tomb 325 Abbottabad 245-9
    © Lonely Planet Publications 421 Index A Saidu Sharif 209-12, 210 Barikot 213 Abakh Hoja Tomb 325 Taxila 88-90, 89 Barpu Glacier 353 Abbottabad 245-9, 246 architecture 53-4 Barsat 284 accommodation 364-6 area codes, see inside front cover Barsin 263 activities 366, see also individual army 34-6 Basant 110 activities arts 52-6, see also individual arts Basha Dam 265 acute mountain sickness (AMS) Artush 330 Basho 286 341, 400 Ashoka, Emperor 237, 249-50 Basho Valley 291-2 Afghan border 154 Ashoka Rocks 249-50 Batagram 256-7 INDEX Afghan refugees 46 Askur Das 306 bathrooms 377-8 Afiyatabad (New Sost) 314-15, 314 Astor Valley 268-70, 269 Batrik 232, 344 AIDS 398 Astor village 268 Battakundi 255 air pollution 70 Athmaqam 185 Batura Glacier 356-7, 7 air travel 382-3 ATMs 373 bazaars 376, 6 airlines 382-3 Avdegar 355-6, 355 Bazira 213 airports 382-3 Avgarch 313-14 begging 50 tickets 383 Awami League 32 Begum Shah Mosque 105 to/from Pakistan 383-5 Ayub National Park 80 Besham 258-9, 258 to/from the KKH 394 Azad Jammu & Kashmir 181-6, 182 Beyal 349 within Pakistan 388-9 earthquake 183 Bhitai, Shah Abdul Latif 52, 176 Akbar 27 Bhong Mosque 126-7 Akbari Mosque 179 B Bhurban 92-3 Alai Valley 259-61, 260 Baba Ghundi Ziarat 316 Bhutto, Benazir 35, 39, 51 alcohol 60 Baba Wali Kandahari 90 Bhutto family 38-9 Alexander the Great 26 Babur 27 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 38, 39 Ali Masjid 200 Babusar Pass 255-6, 267 bicycle travel, see cycling Aliabad 298-9 Badshahi Mosque 103-5 bird-watching 66 All-India Muslim League 29-30 Bagh 186 Birir Valley 233 Allergological
    [Show full text]
  • Kotsina-Chpiwa Region, Alaska .: ' .5
    ,A - ,., -,., &', ' - "' -".: ,,,.,,-I .,, DEPhRTMEHT OF THE INTERIOR I>= UNITED STA!I'ES GFDWOICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIg WMiTE, D~DXOE i MINERAL RESOURCES KOTSINA-CHPIWA REGION, ALASKA .: ' .5. FRED Ii. MOF'FIT AND A. a. MADDREN -. , , ,I., - , . WASHlNaTON . QOVBBRMENT PFlIETIHB OFFIQI 19 0 0 .. .. m . , . ---- CONTENTS. Pmfaee, by $Vred B. Brnkfi-----,_,---,,,,,-.-.,,,----,--,--,-,-,--- ~n~n~tI~------------------------~----~-,~-------*--~------- wphgg~a hi&~m ---,,,------, ,- ---------,,_ ------------------------ PmItion-,---,----,,,-----,*-~~----,,---------------------~----- mfla d ran- ---,------,--,------,- --,---- Vdtimand cllmatlc condttlaarr--,,,-,--titititi-ti-----__,-- History ,---,------,d-----------,,,--,-----*d----------4----- heral mlogs----------------------------+--*--------------+--- lntrodnction---------------------------,----,-----,,----------- Undetermined rocks on Kotsina Rivet,,,,--,----,,,,-------------- Nikolai green&one-------+----,,-------~---,,,-,-,,,_-,,,-------- Dewription - -+-- -- - - -,.-- ---+ ,, .- ,, -,,- ,- - Occurrence and dlMrlbutIon,,--- --------. .,-- -- _,,---,,,----- Structure of the greenstni~r--------_,-------------*---,-+------- Age d the greens ton^------------^- ----,--.--,,,-,,,-------- Chitistone limealone (Trhi~ic)-----,---_-,,---,-, XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Dewrlptlon----,,----,-------,------------,---------- Orrcnrrenoe and dl~tribntinn-,,--------------------------,-+-- Thlcknesa of QtltI8tone limestone------,,--------------------- Age of the Chitimtone Ilm&one,,------,-----,,,-----,---,--,- Trlamde
    [Show full text]
  • Ahtna Place Names Lists 0
    Ahtna Place Names Lists 0. Extraterritorial and Regional 1 Dghelaay, Dghelaay Tah the Alaska Range, the 'mountains', or ( archaically) Wrangell Mts., in the 'plural objects that are mountains suspended' [1] Tarkhonov 1797; Moffit 1904 "telo country" 1.1 Dghelaay Ce'e, Deghilaay Mount McKinley, Denali 'big mountain' Ce'e, Ggalaay Ce'e 62.5, -149.7 [1] Wrangell 1839 "Tenada" from Western Alaska Athabascan 3 'Atna' Nene' Copper River Valley 'Ω river land' 61.9517, -145.7966 [1] 4 'Atna' (L, C), K'etna' (U) Copper River 'Ω river' 61.827, -145.0794 [1] Analysis of 'At-, K'et- is uncertain. Wrangell 1839 map "Atna"; Dall 1875 "Atna"; deLaguna 1970:1, Geohagen 1903; also used in ethnonym 'Atnahwt'aene 'Ahtna people' 4.1 ['Atna' Bene'] Glacial A> Lake Ahtna 'Ω river lake' [0] 5 Ts'itu' Copper River 'major river'; 'straight water' 61.273, -144.8426 [1] deLaguna 1970:1 6 Xentna' lower copper river below 'bend river' Tonsina 61.3389, -144.7698 [2-JMc] deLaguna 1970:2 7 I'na' Daa'a, C'ena' Daa'a lower Copper River area 'the stream downriver' [1] Possible source for Kanata Ck, (see entry 61) formerly for the north fork of the Teikel River, Rohn 1899 8 Bes Nezdlaayi bluff on E bank of CR 'river bank that extends in a line (rope-like)' 62.282, -145.2417 [2-FJ] Refers to east bank of Copper River curving around Mt. Drum. 9 Hwtsaay Nene' Upper Gulkana R & Upper 'small timber land' Susitna R plateau 62.8785, -146.5058 [1] deLaguna 1970:37 10 Datggadi Nene' K'et westerly Ahtna uplands 'upper country' [1] 11 Tatl'ah Nene' upper Copper River above 'headwaters land' Slana 62.7054, -143.8512 [1] Also refers to Slana River area.
    [Show full text]
  • GLACIERS of ALASKA by BRUCE F
    Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF ALASKA By BRUCE F. MOLNIA With sections on COLUMBIA AND HUBBARD TIDEWATER GLACIERS By ROBERT M. KRIMMEL THE 1986 AND 2002 TEMPORARY CLOSURES OF RUSSELL FIORD BY THE HUBBARD GLACIER By BRUCE F. MOLNIA, DENNIS C. TRABANT, ROD S. MARCH, and ROBERT M. KRIMMEL GEOSPATIAL INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS OF GLACIERS: A CASE STUDY FOR THE EASTERN ALASKA RANGE By WILLIAM F. MANLEY SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF THE GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–K About 5 percent (about 75,000 km2) of Alaska is presently glacierized, including 11 mountain ranges, 1 large island, an island chain, and 1 archipelago. The total number of glaciers in Alaska is estimated at >100,000, including many active and former tidewater glaciers. Glaciers in every mountain range and island group are experiencing significant retreat, thinning, and (or) stagnation, especially those at lower elevations, a process that began by the middle of the 19th century. In southeastern Alaska and western Canada, 205 glaciers have a history of surging; in the same region, at least 53 present and 7 former large ice-dammed lakes have produced jökulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods). Ice-capped Alaska volcanoes also have the potential for jökulhlaups caused by subglacier volcanic and geothermal activity. Satellite remote sensing provides the only practical means of monitoring regional changes in glaciers in response to short- and long-term changes in the maritime and continental climates of Alaska. Geospatial analysis is used to define selected glaciological parameters in the eastern part of the Alaska Range.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Length Records (E.G
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | The Cryosphere Discuss., 7, 4775–4811, 2013 Open Access www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/7/4775/2013/ The Cryosphere TCD doi:10.5194/tcd-7-4775-2013 Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 7, 4775–4811, 2013 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal The Cryosphere (TC). A data set of Please refer to the corresponding final paper in TC if available. world-wide glacier length fluctuations A data set of world-wide glacier length P. W. Leclercq et al. fluctuations Title Page P. W. Leclercq1, J. Oerlemans1, H. J. Basagic2, I. Bushueva3, A. J. Cook4, and 5 R. Le Bris Abstract Introduction 1 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Conclusions References Utrecht, the Netherlands 2 Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA Tables Figures 3Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 4 Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK J I 5Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland J I Received: 11 September 2013 – Accepted: 12 September 2013 – Published: 28 September 2013 Back Close Correspondence to: P. W. Leclercq ([email protected]) Full Screen / Esc Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 4775 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract TCD Glacier fluctuations contribute to variations in sea level and historical glacier length fluctuations are natural indicators of climate change. To study these subjects, long- 7, 4775–4811, 2013 term information of glacier change is needed.
    [Show full text]