Symbolism and Politics: the Construction of the Louvre, 1660-1667

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Symbolism and Politics: the Construction of the Louvre, 1660-1667 Symbolism and Politics: The Construction of the Louvre, 1660-1667 by Jeanne Morgan Zarucchi The word palace has come to mean a royal residence, or an edifice of grandeur; in its origins, however, it derives from the Latin palatium, the Palatine Hill upon which Augustus established his imperial residence and erected a temple to Apollo. It is therefore fitting that in the mid-seventeenth century, the young French king hailed as the "new Augustus" should erect new symbols of deific power, undertaking construction on an unprecedented scale to celebrate the Apollonian divinity of his own reign. As the symbols of Apollo are the lyre and the bow, so too were these constructions symbolic of how artistic accomplishment could serve to manifest political power. The project to enlarge the east facade of the Louvre in the early 1660s is a well-known illustration of this form of artistic propaganda, driven by what Orest Ranum has termed "Colbert's unitary conception of politics and culture (Ranum 265)." The Louvre was also to become, however, a political symbol on several other levels, reflecting power struggles among individual artists, the rivalry between France and Italy for artistic dominance, and above all, the intent to secure the king's base of power in the early days of his personal reign. In a plan previously conceived by Cardinal Mazarin as the «grand dessin,» the Louvre was to have been enlarged, embellished, and ultimately joined to the Palais des Tuileries. The demolition of houses standing in the way began in 1657, and in 1660 Mazarin approved a new design submitted by Louis Le Vau. Le Vau's prominence as King's First Architect, and his previous success with the imposing College des Quatre Nations, made him a natural choice; his design of Vaux-le-Vicomte, however, represented an untimely success. The arrest of Fouquet in 80 JEANNE MORGAN ZARUCCHI 1661 was one of the king's first steps in consolidating his personal power, and the fact that Le Vau was among Fouquet's supporters made him a threat to that power, as well as to the ascendancy of Colbert. When Colbert became superintendent of buildings on January 1, 1664, he therefore acted to undermine Le Vau's influence by initiating a competition for a new design, although construction of the walls had in places reached the height of three meters (Hautecoeur 144). Le Vau's design, according to a plan dating from about 1663,1 had nevertheless several important features that would influence the project's eventual outcome. First, it incorporated a peristyle, or row of columns, that would run the length of the entire exterior facade of the palace. The similarities between this peristyle and the colonnade later designed by Claude Perrault have led some critics to champion Le Vau as the supposed "true" author of the colonnade; (H. Sauval 62; T. Sauvel 323-347; Whiteley and Braham I: 285-296, II: 347-362) deferring that question for the moment, however, the most important aspect of the column as a design feature is its classical character. Both Le Vau's and Perrault's designs thus incorporated a visual symbol suggestive of a temple, evoking the palatine association. Second, Le Vau's plan called for the enlargement of the existing structure, rather than for its demolition and eventual reconstruction. This approach was not only less costly, it possessed the symbolic advantage of preserving the foundations upon which the present palace had been built, and in a sense, perpetuating the notion of dynastic kingship. As Colbert expressed to the king in a letter of September 1663: (...) rien ne marque davantage la grandeur et l'esprit des princes que les batiments, et toute la posterite les mesure a l'aune de ces superbes maisons qu'ils ont elevees pendant leur vie (Clement 268). Colbert's aim was that the new Louvre should not eradicate the king's ancestral home, which already represented «le SYMBOLISM AND POLITICS:... 81 plus superbe palais qu'il y ait au monde et le plus digne de la grandeur de Votre Majeste,» but that it should be enhanced in such a way as to surpass what had been accomplished previously, and to become the measure by which the public would judge «le plus grand roi et le plus vertueux (Clement 268).» Despite these attractive features of Le Vau's design, Colbert remained unwilling to promote the interests of a political rival, whose own position of power made him unlikely ever to accede to the wishes of a newly-appointed superintendent of buildings.2 In addition, from an aesthetic standpoint, Le Vau's design was relatively conservative in nature, and may have been deemed lacking in the sumptuousness and grandeur to which Colbert aspired. In the opinion of the 18th-century critic Jean- Aymar Piganiol de la Force: Le Vau etait le plus habile Archeitecte qu'il y eut a Paris, mais je m'explique: c'etoit un de ces Architectes de tradition, comme ils sont presque tous. II avait parfaitement profite de ce qu'on lui avoit enseigne, et de ce qu'il avoit vu pratiquer, mais nulle imagination, nulle invention au-dela (259). Colbert therefore determined to solicit designs from other architects, and in so doing, created a furor. Every architect and artist of note entered into the competition, including the King's First Painter, Charles Le Brun. Perhaps the most prominent among the rival French architects was Francois Mansart, who had previously designed Val-de-Grace. Mansart was a genius, but not a practical one, being renowned for his tendency to make costly changes even after a work was in progress. According to the caption of a 17th-century portrait of Mansart in the Bibliotheque Nationale: Malgre la superiorite de son merite, ce celebre Artiste avoit beaucoup de peine a se satisfaire lui meme; et on Pa vu recommencer souvent ce qu'il avait bien fait, dans l'espoir de le faire mieux encore. [...] Mansard refusa de se charger de 82 JEANNE MORGAN ZARUCCHI Fexecution des nouvelles facades du Louvre, parce que M. Colbert voulut exiger de lui qu'il ne changeat plus rien a son Plan, quand, une fois, il auroit ete arrete.3 In this case, then, Mansart's unwillingness to defer to Colbert's authority, coupled with the prospect of ballooning cost, effectively removed him from the competition. According to Charles Perrault (tr. Zarucchi 54-55), it was at this point that Claude Perrault also submitted a design to Colbert, incorporating the crucial colonnade. The design evoked a suitably classical grandeur; it preserved the existing edifice; and most importantly from Colbert's standpoint, Claude Perrault was an amateur, and therefore not part of the artistic power structure to which Colbert found himself in opposition. Perrault was also a member of a bourgeois family well-known to Colbert, not only because of Charles but because of Colbert's long acquaintance with their brother Pierre, the Receiver General of Finances for the city of Paris. As the brother of a tax collector, Claude was unlikely to take umbrage over financial constraints. If both Le Vau's and Mansart's plans were to be rejected, however, the acceptance of a design by a man who was not even an acknowledged architect was a political impossibility. In the words of the modern critics Laprade, Bourdel and Lafond, his contemporary rivals «ne devai[en]t avoir que mepris pour Claude Perrault, surement considere dans la corporation des architectes comme un pretentieux personnage, incapable de composer quoi que ce soit (59).» On a more profound level, however, the issue at stake was the rivalry for a project of immense symbolic importance, one which at the time was viewed as the single most important architectural undertaking of the century. Regardless of the merits of Perrault's design, Colbert could not have dared to jeopardize his own precarious authority by snubbing the entire artistic establishment in favor of an unknown. Charles Le Brun, after all, had engineered the SYMBOLISM AND POLITICS:... 83 removal of Colbert's predecessor as superintendent of building, Antoine de Ratabon. Colbert's solution was to broaden the competition to include architects from outside of France, and among these, there was one name that stood apart from the rest: the world's most renowned sculptor and the protege of Pope Alexander VII, Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Although Bernini was not the only Italian to be approached, the others including Carlo Rainaldi and Pietro da Cortona, he was by far the most celebrated, and at the age of 66, was regarded to be at the pinnacle of his career. After delicate negotiations to secure his release from papal service, and the promise of gratifications that would ultimately total over one hundred thousand livres, Bernini was selected to be the most fitting architect for the Louvre of Louis XIV. The invitation of Bernini was a highly symbolic gesture, and one that reflected the king's youth, Colbert's inexperience, and the fact that in the early days of the personal reign, these two architects of state had not yet formulated their mission to create a French national identity, founded upon the persona of the king. In looking to an Italian designer, they avoided the controversial issue of selecting one Frenchman over another, but with the resulting negative implication that no French architect was good enough for a project of this magnitude. Bernini may have also appeared to be an ideal choice because of his earlier design of the elliptical colonnade in the piazza of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a temple-like row of freestanding columns that echoes both Le Vau's and Perrault's designs for the Louvre.
Recommended publications
  • Court of Versailles: the Reign of Louis XIV
    Court of Versailles: The Reign of Louis XIV BearMUN 2020 Chair: Tarun Sreedhar Crisis Director: Nicole Ru Table of Contents Welcome Letters 2 France before Louis XIV 4 Religious History in France 4 Rise of Calvinism 4 Religious Violence Takes Hold 5 Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes 6 Louis XIII 7 Louis XIII and Huguenot Uprisings 7 Domestic and Foreign Policy before under Louis XIII 9 The Influence of Cardinal Richelieu 9 Early Days of Louis XIV’s Reign (1643-1661) 12 Anne of Austria & Cardinal Jules Mazarin 12 Foreign Policy 12 Internal Unrest 15 Louis XIV Assumes Control 17 Economy 17 Religion 19 Foreign Policy 20 War of Devolution 20 Franco-Dutch War 21 Internal Politics 22 Arts 24 Construction of the Palace of Versailles 24 Current Situation 25 Questions to Consider 26 Character List 31 BearMUN 2020 1 Delegates, My name is Tarun Sreedhar and as your Chair, it's my pleasure to welcome you to the Court of Versailles! Having a great interest in European and political history, I'm eager to observe how the court balances issues regarding the French economy and foreign policy, all the while maintaining a good relationship with the King regardless of in-court politics. About me: I'm double majoring in Computer Science and Business at Cal, with a minor in Public Policy. I've been involved in MUN in both the high school and college circuits for 6 years now. Besides MUN, I'm also involved in tech startup incubation and consulting both on and off-campus. When I'm free, I'm either binging TV (favorite shows are Game of Thrones, House of Cards, and Peaky Blinders) or rooting for the Lakers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Petite Commande of 1664: Burlesque in the Gardens of Versailles Thomasf
    The Petite Commande of 1664: Burlesque in the Gardens of Versailles ThomasF. Hedin It was Pierre Francastel who christened the most famous the west (Figs. 1, 2, both showing the expanded zone four program of sculpture in the history of Versailles: the Grande years later). We know the northern end of the axis as the Commande of 1674.1 The program consisted of twenty-four Allee d'Eau. The upper half of the zone, which is divided into statues and was planned for the Parterre d'Eau, a square two identical halves, is known to us today as the Parterre du puzzle of basins that lay on the terrace in front of the main Nord (Fig. 2). The axis terminates in a round pool, known in western facade for about ten years. The puzzle itself was the sources as "le rondeau" and sometimes "le grand ron- designed by Andre Le N6tre or Charles Le Brun, or by the deau."2 The wall in back of it takes a series of ninety-degree two artists working together, but the two dozen statues were turns as it travels along, leaving two niches in the middle and designed by Le Brun alone. They break down into six quar- another to either side (Fig. 1). The woods on the pool's tets: the Elements, the Seasons, the Parts of the Day, the Parts of southern side have four right-angled niches of their own, the World, the Temperamentsof Man, and the Poems. The balancing those in the wall. On July 17, 1664, during the Grande Commande of 1674 was not the first program of construction of the wall, Le Notre informed the king by statues in the gardens of Versailles, although it certainly was memo that he was erecting an iron gate, some seventy feet the largest and most elaborate from an iconographic point of long, in the middle of it.3 Along with his text he sent a view.
    [Show full text]
  • Sara Fox [email protected] Tel +1 212 636 2680
    For Immediate Release May 18, 2012 Contact: Sara Fox [email protected] tel +1 212 636 2680 A MASTERPIECE BY ROMANINO, A REDISCOVERED RUBENS, AND A PAIR OF HUBERT ROBERT PAINTINGS LEAD CHRISTIE’S OLD MASTER PAINTINGS SALE, JUNE 6 Sale Includes Several Stunning Works From Museum Collections, Sold To Benefit Acquisitions Funds GIROLAMO ROMANINO (Brescia 1484/87-1560) Christ Carrying the Cross Estimate: $2,500,000-3,500,000 New York — Christie’s is pleased to announce its summer sale in New York of Old Master Paintings on June 6, 2012, at 5 pm, which primarily consists of works from private collections and institutions that are fresh to the market. The star lot is the 16th-century masterpiece of the Italian High Renaissance, Christ Carrying the Cross (estimate: $2,500,000-3,500,000) by Girolamo Romanino; see separate press release. With nearly 100 works by great French, Italian, Flemish, Dutch and British masters of the 15th through the 19th centuries, the sale includes works by Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Hubert Robert, Jan Breughel I, and his brother Pieter Brueghel II, among others. The auction is expected to achieve in excess of $10 million. 1 The sale is highlighted by several important paintings long hidden away in private collections, such as an oil-on-panel sketch for The Adoration of the Magi (pictured right; estimate: $500,000 - $1,000,000), by Sir Peter Paul Rubens (Siegen, Westphalia 1577- 1640 Antwerp). This unpublished panel comes fresh to market from a private Virginia collection, where it had been in one family for three generations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baroque Era 1. Title 2. Anthony Van Dyke, Charles I Dismounted, Oil on Canvas, 1635 3. Diego Velázquez, King Philip IV Of
    The Baroque Era 1. Title 2. Anthony van Dyke, Charles I Dismounted, oil on canvas, 1635 3. Diego Velázquez, King Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip), oil on canvas, 1644 4. Charles leBrun, Apotheosis of Louis XIV, oil on canvas, 1677 5. Hyacinthe Rigaud, Portrait of Louis XIV, oil on canvas, 1701; 6. Aerial view, Palace of Versailles, Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, architects; interior design Le Vau and Hardouin-Mansart with Charles LeBrun, masonry, stone, wood, iron and gold leaf; sculpture in bronze and marble; original gardens designed by André LeNôtre, Versailles, France, begun 1669 7. Plan of Versailles and gardens 8. “Le Vau envelop,” courtyard 9. alternate view of above 10. Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and Charles LeBrun, Hall of Mirrors, Chateau de Versailles, ca. 1680 11. Louis Le Vau, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and Charles LeBrun, Hall of Mirrors, Chateau de Versailles, ca. 1680 (after 2007 restoration) 12. Charles LeBrun, The King Governs by Himself, from the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors 13. Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, Salon de la Guerre, Chateau de Versailles, ca. 1680 14. Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, detail of bas relief of Louis XIV on Horseback, Salon de la Guerre, Chateau de Versailles, ca. 1680 15. Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, Salon de la Paix, Chateau de Versailles, ca. 1681-1686 16. Charles LeBrun, La Salle des Gardes de la Reine 17. Jules Hardouin-Mansart, Royal Chapel, upper level, Chateau de Versailles, 1698 18. Palace of Versailles, gardens originally designed by André LeNôtre 19.
    [Show full text]
  • WHAT Architect WHERE Notes Arrondissement 1: Louvre Built in 1632 As a Masterpiece of Late Gothic Architecture
    WHAT Architect WHERE Notes Arrondissement 1: Louvre Built in 1632 as a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture. The church’s reputation was strong enough of the time for it to be chosen as the location for a young Louis XIV to receive communion. Mozart also Church of Saint 2 Impasse Saint- chose the sanctuary as the location for his mother’s funeral. Among ** Unknown Eustace Eustache those baptised here as children were Richelieu, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, future Madame de Pompadour and Molière, who was also married here in the 17th century. Amazing façade. Mon-Fri (9.30am-7pm), Sat-Sun (9am-7pm) Japanese architect Tadao Ando has revealed his plans to convert Paris' Bourse de Commerce building into a museum that will host one of the world's largest contemporary art collections. Ando was commissioned to create the gallery within the heritage-listed building by French Bourse de Commerce ***** Tadao Ando businessman François Pinault, who will use the space to host his / Collection Pinault collection of contemporary artworks known as the Pinault Collection. A new 300-seat auditorium and foyer will be set beneath the main gallery. The entire cylinder will be encased by nine-metre-tall concrete walls and will span 30 metres in diameter. Opening soon The Jardin du Palais Royal is a perfect spot to sit, contemplate and picnic between boxed hedges, or shop in the trio of beautiful arcades that frame the garden: the Galerie de Valois (east), Galerie de Montpensier (west) and Galerie Beaujolais (north). However, it's the southern end of the complex, polka-dotted with sculptor Daniel Buren's Domaine National du ***** 8 Rue de Montpensier 260 black-and-white striped columns, that has become the garden's Palais-Royal signature feature.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Westphalia
    Background Information Treaty of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück, refers to a pair of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and officially recognized the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederation. • The Spanish treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War was signed on January 30, 1648. • A treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes and the representatives from the Dutch Republic, France and Sweden was signed on October 24, 1648. • The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of this treaty. The Peace of Westphalia is the first international agreement to acknowledge a country's sovereignty and is thus thought to mark the beginning of the modern system of nation- states (Westphalian states). The majority of the treaty's terms can be attributed to the work of Cardinal Mazarin, the de facto leader of France at the time (the King, Louis XIV, was still a child). France came out of the war in a far better position than any of the other powers and was able to dictate much of the treaty. The results of the treaty were wide ranging. Among other things, the Netherlands now officially gained independence from Spain, ending the Eighty Years' War, and Sweden gained Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen and Verden. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands. The treaty also gave Calvinists legal recognition.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin Trimestriel 1Er Trimestre 2016 4.39 Mo
    décembre 2015 – 1er trimestre 2016 ÉDITORIAL Le Président, Marc FUMAROLI, de l’Académie française la société des amis du louvre Chers Amis du Louvre, a offert au musée Dans notre dernier Bulletin, je vous avais sous couvert du secret annoncé que notre n La Table de Breteuil, dite Table de Teschen Société se préparait à une acquisition majeure. Vous le savez désormais : il s’agissait (participation) de L’Amour essayant une de ses flèches du sculpteur français Jacques Saly (1717-1776), l’un des artistes préférés de Madame de Pompadour. Notre Conseil d’administration a voté un mécénat exceptionnel de 2.8 millions d’euros en faveur de l’acquisition de ce chef- d’œuvre emblématique du goût rocaille dont la maîtresse royale était l’inspiratrice. Cette somme correspond à plus de la moitié du prix de cette magnifique statue négociée pied à pied à 5.5 millions d’euros avec l’actuel propriétaire. Pour compléter le budget d’acquisition du Louvre, nous avons tenu à nous associer à la campagne d’appel aux dons Tous Mécènes lancée cet automne par le Musée auprès de tous les Français pour réunir 600 000 euros supplémentaires. Cette cam- pagne se poursuivra jusqu’au 14 février 2016. D’ores et déjà, je remercie tous les Amis du Louvre qui ont, à titre personnel, choisi de contribuer à financer, en plus de leur cotisation, cette acquisition patrimoniale. Au-delà de cette campagne d’acquisition, le génie de Madame de Pompadour est également célébré cet hiver au Louvre-Lens qui inaugure le 5 décembre une exposition dont Xavier Salmon, Directeur du département des Arts graphiques est le commis- saire et qui s’intitule: Dansez, embrassez qui vous voudrez.
    [Show full text]
  • Louis XIV: Art As Persuasion Supporting the Dominance of France in 17Th Century Europe
    Lindenwood University Digital Commons@Lindenwood University Student Research Papers Research, Scholarship, and Resources Fall 11-30-2010 Louis XIV: Art as Persuasion Supporting the Dominance of France in 17th Century Europe Matthew Noblett [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/student-research-papers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Noblett, Matthew, "Louis XIV: Art as Persuasion Supporting the Dominance of France in 17th Century Europe" (2010). Student Research Papers. 1. https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/student-research-papers/1 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Research, Scholarship, and Resources at Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Research Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Louis XIV: Art as Persuasion Supporting the Dominance of France in 17th Century Europe Matthew D. Noblett 11/30/10 Dr. James Hutson ART 55400.31 Lindenwood University Noblett 1 In 17th century France there was national funding combined with strict controls placed on the arts and all areas of the administration of Louis XIV. This was imperative to present the country as one of the greatest European powers of its time. It was done by creating personas of Louis as the Sun King, sole administrator of France or “'L'etat c' est moi” (I am the State) and conqueror. All were reinforced and often invented in rigid confines through state funded propaganda. His name has become synonymous with the French arts of the 17th century through significant investments in all forms of media, from poetry, music and theatre to painting, sculpture and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Press Release
    Press Contacts Michelle Perlin 212.590.0311, [email protected] f Patrick Milliman 212.590.0310, [email protected] MASTER DRAWINGS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE FEATURED IN NEW EXHIBITION AT THE MORGAN Poussin, Claude, and French Drawing in the Classical Age June 16 through October 15, 2017 New York, NY, May, 22, 2017 — The French refer to the seventeenth century as the Grand Siècle, or the Great Century. Under the rule of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, the period saw a dramatic increase in French political and military power, the maturation of French courtly life at Versailles, and an unparalleled flourishing of the arts. Poussin, Claude, and French Drawing in the Classical Age, a new exhibition opening at the Morgan Library & Museum on June 16, explores the work of some of the most celebrated artists of the time. More than fifty drawings largely from the Morgan’s collections—including works by Claude Lorrain, Nicolas Poussin, Jacques Callot, and Charles Le Brun—will be on view. Together they demonstrate the era’s distinctive approach to composition and subject matter, informed by principles of rationalism, respect for the art of classical antiquity, and by a belief in a natural world governed by divine order. The exhibition runs through October 15. Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), Death of Hippolytus, 1645, pen and brown ink and wash over black chalk. The Morgan Library & Museum; Purchased by Pierpont Morgan in 1909, I, 267. “The Grand Siècle saw artistic development unlike any before it in France,” said Colin B. Bailey, director of the Morgan Library & Museum. “The visual arts, literature, music, drama, and architecture all prospered.
    [Show full text]
  • What Distinguished France in the Seventeenth Century?
    What distinguished France in the seventeenth century? • France had a population of 19 million – Double that of Spain and triple that of England • French art, architecture, and fashion were widely copied throughout Europe – Louis XIV was a strong patron of the arts and sciences, establishing royal academies for arts and sciences • He favored classicism and its order, harmony and hierarchy • Salons organized by upper-class women – Meeting grounds for the artistes, writers, philosophers, and social critics – Became enduring features of Parisian life. How absolute was French absolutism? Why did the French people accept it? • Absolutism was limited at first – Localism in economic and political life and traditions – Institutions like the parlements, which were courts of law with the right to decree royal decrees unconstitutional • Feudal liberties became associated with disorder – Aristocratic rebellions like the Fronde created instability in the sixteenth century • In practice, absolutism meant that the king, although not legally bound by other institutions or persons, was dependent on a host of advisors and had to compromise with local traditions and vested interests. • The Fronde was a rebellion in 1648 against the monarchy (regent Cardinal Mazarin) – Led by the parlements and the nobility (who will do the same in 1789) – Asked for the calling of the Estates General – Accompanied by a great deal of violence both in Paris and in the countryside – Ultimately, the bourgeoisie and the parlements withdrew their support from the raucous nobles who had invited in Spanish troops, and the populace as a whole welcomed a strong monarchy. • In 1661, Louis XIV,age 23, announced he would rule on his own – Without a chief advisor or dependency on the nobility.
    [Show full text]
  • A Private Mystery: Looking at Philippe De Champaigne’S Annunciation for the Hôtel De Chavigny
    chapter 20 A Private Mystery: Looking at Philippe de Champaigne’s Annunciation for the Hôtel de Chavigny Mette Birkedal Bruun Mysteries elude immediate access. The core meaning of the Greek word μυστήριον (mystérion) is something that is hidden, and hence accessible only through some form of initiation or revelation.1 The key Christian mysteries concern the meeting between Heaven and Earth in the Incarnation and the soteriological grace wielded in Christ’s Passion and Resurrection as well as in the sacraments of the Church. Visual representations of the Christian myster- ies strive to capture and convey what is hidden and to express the ineffable in a congruent way. Such representations are produced in historical contexts, and in their aspiration to represent motifs that transcend time and space and indeed embrace time and space, they are marked through and through by their own Sitz-im-Leben. Also, the viewers’ perceptions of such representations are embedded in a historical context. It is the key assumption of this chapter that early modern visual representations of mysteries are seen by human beings whose gaze and understanding are shaped by historical factors.2 We shall approach one such historical gaze. It belongs to a figure who navigated a particular space; who was born into a particular age and class; endowed with a particular set of experiences and aspirations; and informed by a particular devotional horizon. The figure whose gaze we shall approach is Léon Bouthillier, Comte de Chavigny (1608–1652). The mystery in focus is the Annunciation, and the visual representation is the Annunciation painted 1 See Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance, “3466.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterpiece by Charles Le Brun Rediscovered at the Hôtel Ritz, Paris
    PRESS RELEASE | PARIS | JANUARY 2013 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MASTERPIECE BY CHARLES LE BRUN REDISCOVERED AT THE HÔTEL RITZ, PARIS DISPLAYED FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER IN NEW YORK FROM 26 TO 29 JANUARY OFFERED AT CHRISTIE’S PARIS ON 15 APRIL 2013 th OLD MASTERS AND 19 CENTURY ART AUCTION Painting in situ at the Hôtel Ritz, Paris, Charles Le Brun (1619-1690) Coco Chanel Suite The Sacrifice of Polyxena, 1647, Oil on canvas Charles Le Brun (1619-1690) 179 x 131 cm The Sacrifice of Polyxena, 1647, Oil on canvas Estimate: €300,000-500,000 Paris - Christie‟s is delighted to announce the discovery of a previously unknown oil masterpiece The Sacrifice of Polyxena created in 1647 by Louis XIV‟s favoured artist Charles Le Brun, which will be on view in New York from 26 to 29 January ahead the sale of Old Masters and 19th Century Paintings at Christie‟s Paris on 15 April 2013 (estimate: €300,000 – 500,000). Synonymous with an artist whose name evokes the kingdom of Louis XIV and Versailles, this painting was discovered in one of the most prestigious and luxurious venues in Paris, the Hôtel Ritz. Occasionally, the biggest surprises are hiding in plain sight: A major discovery by one of the most important painters in the history of French art, The Sacrifice of Polyxena by Charles Le Brun (1619-1690), was recognized only recently by the Ritz‟s art adviser Joseph Friedman and fellow consultant Wanda Tymowska, and its attribution has been unanimously supported by leading French museums. However, it was not found in a dusty attic, but on prominent display in the heart of Paris, in the most opulent and celebrated hotel in the world, the legendary Hôtel Ritz.
    [Show full text]