Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Guide Team III Wetland Seedling Guide

Home , Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex comosa, Carex lacustris, Juncus effusus, Juncus interior, Juncus torreyi

Funding Guide Team Development of this guide was made possible through funding This guide was created by Stantec for the Iowa Living Roadway Trust provided by the Living Roadway Trust Fund (LRTF). Fund and included the following team members:

Steve Holland, IADOT LRTF

Maria Urice, IADOT LRTF

Paul J. Bockenstedt, Stantec - Project Manager, Ecologist

Susanne Short, Stantec- Graphic Design

Cover: Jones County wetland mitigation project. Photo by Wes Gibbs, Jones County Roadside Manager. www.stantec.com

II Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Guide Team III Wetland Seedling Guide

IV Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Table of Contents

Grasses and Grass-like Plants

Big Bluestem - Andropogon gerardii ��2 Bluejoint Grass- Calamagrostis canadensis ��3 Bulrush, Dark Green - Scirpus atrovirens ��4 Bulrush, Hardstem - Shoenoplectus acutus ��5 Bulrush, River - Schoenoplectus fluviatilis ��6 Bulrush, Softstem - Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani ��7 Fowl Manna Grass - Glyceria striata ��8 Giant Manna Grass - Glyceria grandis ��9 Prairie Cordgrass - Spartina pectinata ��10 Rice Cutgrass - Leersia oryzoides �� 11 Rush, Common - Juncus effusus ��12 Rush, Dudley’s - Juncus dudleyi ��13 Rush, Inland - Juncus interior ��14 Rush, Spike - Eleocharis spp. ��15 Rush, Torrey’s - Juncus torreyi ��16 Sedge, Bottlebrush - Carex comosa ��17 Sedge, Fox - Carex vulpinoidea ��18 Sedge, Hop - Carex lupulina ��19 Sedge, Lakebank - Carex lacustris ��20 Sedge, Lurid - Carex lurida ��21 Sedge, Tussock - Carex stricta ��22 Switchgrass - Panicum virgatum ��23 Virginia Wildrye - Elymus virginicus ��24 Woolgrass - Scirpus cyperinus ��25

VI Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide DRAFT Contents VII Forbs Forbs (continued)

Aster, False - Boltonia asteroides ��28 Ironweed - Vernonia fasciculata �� 53 Aster, Flat-topped - Doellingeria umbellata ��29 Marsh Milkweed - Asclepias incarnata �� 54 Aster, New England - Symphyotrichum novae-angliae ��30 Monkey Flower - Mimulus ringens �� 55 Aster, Panicled - Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ��31 Mountain Mint - Pycnanthemum virginianum �� 56 Aster, Red-stemmed - Symphyotrichum puniceum ��32 Nodding Beggarticks - Bidens cernua �� 57 Blazingstar, Meadow - Liatris ligulistylis ��33 Obedient Plant - Physostegia virginiana �� 58 Blazingstar, Prairie - Liatris pychnostachya ��34 Pennsylvania Smartweed - Polygonum pensylvanicum �� 59 Blueflag Iris - Iris shrevei ��35 Sneezeweed - Helenium autumnale �� 60 Blue Vervain - Verbena hastata ��36 Spotted Joe-pye Weed - Eupatoriadelphus maculatus �� 61 Boneset - Eupatorium perfoliatum. ��37 Sunflower, Maximillian -Helianthus maximilliani �� 62 Bottle Gentian - Gentiana andrewsii ��38 Sunflower, Sawtooth - Helianthus grosseserratus �� 63 Canada Anemone - Anemone canadensis. ��39 Sweet Coneflower - Rudbeckia subtomentosa �� 64 Cardinal Flower - Lobelia cardinalis ��40 Sweetflag - Acorus calamus �� 65 Common Arrowhead - Sagittaria latifolia ��41 Tall Meadow Rue - Thalictrum dasycarpum �� 66 Cream Gentian - Gentiana alba ��42 Turk’s Cap Lily - Lilium michiganense �� 67 Culver’s Root - Veronicastrum virginicum ��43 Turtlehead - Chelone glabra �� 68 Cup Plant - Silphium perfoliatum ��44 Water Hemlock - Cicuta maculata �� 69 Evening Primrose - Oenothera biennis ��45 Water Plantain - Alisma subcordatum �� 70 Germander - Teucrium canadense ��46 Wild Bergamot - Monarda fistulosa �� 71 Golden Alexanders - Zizea aurea ��47 Wild Goldenglow - Rudbeckia laciniata �� 72 Goldenrod, Giant - Solidago gigantea ��48 Goldenrod, Grass-leaved - Euthamia graminifolia ��49 Goldenrod, Riddell’s - Oligoneuron riddellii ��50 Great Blue Lobelia - Lobelia siphilitica ��51 Great St. Johnswort - Hypericum ascyron ��52

VIII Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Contents IX Weeds Introduction

Barnyard Grass - Echinochloa crusgalli �� 74 Canada Thistle - Cirsium arvense �� 75 Cocklebur - Xanthium strumarium �� 76 Curly Dock - Rumex crispus �� 77 Giant Ragweed - Ambrosia trifida �� 78 Lambsquarters - Chenopodium album �� 79 Perennial Sow-thistle - Sonchus arvensis �� 80 Poison Hemlock - Conium maculatum �� 81 Purple Loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria �� 82 Reed Canary Grass - Phalaris arundinacea �� 83 Stinging Nettle - Urtica dioica �� 84 Yellow Foxtail - Setaria glauca �� 85 Yellow Nutsedge - Cyperus esculentus �� 86 Water Hemp - Amaranthus rudis �� 87

Appendix

List of Synonyms for Common and Scientific Names �� 90 Glossary of Technical Terms �� 93

Plant Species Index �� 97

X Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Introduction Historically, wetlands have been maligned and their function on the landscape misunderstood. Wide-scale drainage of wetlands occurred throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, the pace of which accelerated as new technologies developed. In Iowa, more than 90% of wetlands on the landscape prior to Euroamerican settlement have been drained.

Today, we better understand the vital and multiple roles wetlands play on the landscape and the positive contribution they make to quality of life in Iowa. Among the most biologically productive natural systems on earth, wetlands provide benefits to water quality, groundwater, wildlife, and recreation.

While wetland losses still occur, the rate of loss has substantially decreased through passage of the Clean Water Act. Wetland mitigation related to regulatory efforts, and programs such as the Wetland Reserve Program are other important tools for minimizing wetland loss and restoring wetland functions.

Restoring wetlands is not always an easy task. Because wetlands tend to be dynamic systems, conditions are not consistently favorable for establishing plantings. As a result, it is important to identify native and weed seedlings early in the process to proactively identify problems.

This guide is intended to help natural resource professionals, students, and the general public identify plants, their seeds, and seedlings common to wetlands in Iowa. It includes drawings, photographs, and written descriptions specific to seedlings. Comparisons are also provided for seedlings of plants that might be easily confused with one another.

Introduction XIII Although efforts were made to include images and descriptions that help Common name: with field identification, some species and groups of plants pose special A generally accepted non-scientific name for a particular plant. Some plants challenges in identification at the seedling stage, and sometimes even as may have several common names, depending on the region and the personal adult plants. This is particularly true of wetland grass, sedges, and rushes. experience of the person describing the plant. Identifying these young wetland plants can be challenging, but with practice is an attainable goal. Scientific name: Note: The “Prairie Seedling and Seeding Evaluation Guide,” available from Also referred to as the Latin name of a plant. There may be several scientific the Iowa DOT, complements this wetland seedling guide with descriptions name synonyms for a particular plant. We have included frequently applied of upland and wetland buffer seedlings. scientific names for each plant and included a list of synonyms in the back of the guide to help sort out name changes that have taken place the last few decades. What’s on each plant page? Wetland Habitat: The pages in this guide include information with both the wetland Includes descriptive, non-technical terms for habitat settings where a professional and amateur native plant enthusiast in mind. Each page species is commonly encountered such as wet meadow, seasonally flooded includes photos of seed and seedling(s) as well as a line drawing of a mature wetlands, wet roadsides, farmed wetlands, etc. plant. Following is a brief summary of the written information included with each page. Flowers: Typical month(s) for blooming. Seedling Description: This section focuses on seedling descriptions, identifying features that can be observed in the field. Features of the species at maturity may also be described here.

Look Alikes This section gives basic clues on how to differentiate between wetland restoration plants with similar characteristics.

Distinguishing Characteristics: Weed pages include general characteristics helpful for field identification of weeds.

XIV Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Introduction XV Wetland Seedlings Species Descriptions Grasses & Grass-like Plants

XVI Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 1 Big Bluestem Bluejoint Grass Andropogon gerardii Calamagrostis canadensis Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wet prairie, wetland edge, Sedge meadow, roadsides 14.0 mm seasonally flooded 2.0 mm Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science wetlands, wet prairie Flowers: Seed Seeds June-August Flowers: June DNRIowa Seedling description: Seedlings

Seedlings are upright and rigid. Leaves are long, DNRIowa Seedling description: narrow (2-4 mm on plants under 30 cm), and often Seedling Seedlings tend to have fine, narrow leaves that are smooth. form a graceful arch from the main stem. Ligule is Seedlings often have a blue-green cast. thin and short, with fine hairs. Seedlings can range Leaf sheaths are long and membranes from hairy to smooth, and may or may not have a have a jagged top. As seedlings become waxy bloom. Leaf and stem base color can also vary more developed, this color becomes easier substantially and are therefore not the most reliable to notice than the leaf sheaths. Leaves field indicators. eventually become 4-8 mm wide and rough on the top and bottom surfaces, while the Look alikes: stem is smooth. Seedlings tend to develop Big bluestem is perhaps most easily confused slowly. with switchgrass and sideoats grama Bouteloua curtipendula. Big bluestem has an obvious ligule, Look alikes: and seedlings typically have hairs extending well Perhaps most similar in appearance to up the leaf blade while switchgrass often only has prairie cordgrass when seedlings are small. a patch of hairs at the base of each leaf. Sideoats Prairie cordgrass tends to be more stiff and has stiff hairs that protrude distinctively outward wiry. As plants grow, bluejoint remains from leaf margins, while big bluestem is often more more “fine-featured” than cordgrass, which densely hairy, with hairs in areas other than the leaf develops much longer leaves with sharp margin. teeth on the margins (capable of cutting persons that run their skin across the edge from leaf tip to base). Switchgrass has a patch of hairs at leaf bases.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

2 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 3 Bulrush, Dark Green Bulrush, Hardstem Scirpus atrovirens Schoenoplectus acutus Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadow, Marshes, shallow floodplains, wet 1.0 mm open water, lake 1.0 mm Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS roadsides shores Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS Seeds Seeds Flowers: Flowers: June-July June-August Seedling description: Seedling description: Dark green bulrush seedlings form a Seedlings Seedlings develop round, stiffly Seedlings basal rosette. Leaves quickly develop an upright stems that often curve slightly to m-shaped cross-section and are a bright green color. As seedlings mature, one side. The base of each stem has several successive leaves become wider and eventually reach as great as 2 cm in membranous leaf sheaths which wrap around the stem. As seedlings, these width. The sheaths of leaves are brownish or green (not red). sheaths have small leaf blades. As plants mature these leaf blades are generally absent, or if present they are generally small and inconspicuous. Look alikes: Stems are stiffly honeycombed inside and moderately difficult to crush Because the m-shaped leaves between fingers. Foliage is dull, dark green and smooth, with tapering are similar to several species stems. of sedges common to wetland restorations, dark green Look alikes: bulrush may be confused with Hardstem and softstem bulrush both bottlebrush sedge, hop sedge, or have small leaves as seedlings and none similarly wide-leaved wetland as mature plants. Softstem bulrush sedges. As dark green bulrush has softer, easier to crush stems. As matures and flowers, it may a mature plant, hardstem bulrush reach 1-1.5 m and overtop tends to be smaller in stature and is similar-looking sedge species, less common than softstem bulrush. which generally do not exceed Rushes have flat leaves as seedlings and two feet in height. Wool grass adult plants. River bulrush develops triangular has leaves that are v-shaped in stems as do sedges commonly used in wetland cross section. restoration plantings.

Adult Plant Inflorescence

4 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 5 Bulrush, River Bulrush, Softstem Schoenoplectus fluviatilis Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Marshes, seasonally Marshes; shallow, 1.0 mm flooded wetlands, standing water; 1.0 mm Carole Ritchie – USDA-NRCS farmed wetlands wet roadsides Minnesota of Museum Science Seeds Seeds Flowers: Flowers: June-July June-July Seedling description: Seedling description: Plants are relatively slow-developing. Seedlings Small seedlings are similar to other rushes. As Seedling Seedlings may take, as much as three years softstem bulrush seedlings mature, successive to mature. Leaves of seedlings are held leaves originate from the base of the plant and stiffly upward at about 45 to 60 degree angles. The m-shaped leaf cross are round in cross-section. The chambered stems section and sharply triangular stem become evident as the seedlings mature are easily crushed between thumb and forefinger. Look alikes: Look alikes: Several sedge species and dark green Small seedlings are similar in appearance to bulrush have leaves with m-shaped and difficult to distinguish from other rushes. cross sections and may be confused with Hardstem bulrush has a stem that is more river bulrush. However, river bulrush difficult to crush between thumb and forefinger is typically taller and more tolerant of than softstem bulrush. River bulrush has growing in standing water, forming triangular stems. Woolgrass and dark green many-stemmed mats. Dark green bulrush bulrush develop a large number of basal leaves. leaves are up to 8 mm wide, while river Other rushes, such as Torrey’s and Canada rush bulrush leaves may reach 16 mm in are shorter, seldom exceeding 0.6 meters. width.

Inflorescence Adult Plant

6 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 7 Seedling description: Seedling June-July Flowers: flooded wetlands` seasonally Marshes, Habitat: Wetland Fowl MannaGrass 8 swollen, bases red with but stem asemi-flattened has grass boat-like appear that leaf tips genus bluegrass for the characteristic are that on lemmas of but hairs oversized bluegrass lack the plants have appearance the grass manna (spinules)hairs on foliage grass fowl than manna a much stature larger slightly folded leaves yellow-green but has stems foliage and oval-shaped has also grass manna Giant Look alikes: hairless and finely veined, green, medium leaf sheaths the and membranous green and smooth blue aslightly with grayish surface to rough or gentlymanner, arched develop they grow to flat an upright are heldleavesin that evenly spaced, have base often areddish early stems shaped developoval- Seedlings semi-flattened, Rice cutgrass has abundant, grabby grabby abundant, has cutgrass . Rice . . Fowl has also bluegrass Ligules of fowl manna grass are white and and white are of. Ligules fowl grass manna . Stems are smooth and and smooth are . Stems . It develops also to

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling The upper leaf surface of mature plants is green plants isgreen of mature leaf surface upper . The . New leaves emergefolded Mature fowl. Mature Lemmas Seed & Seed Barnyard . Barnyard 1.0 mm 1.0 Inflorescence & Spikelets & Inflorescence

Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS The lower leaf surface is lower. The leaf surface As plants continue plants continue . As Seedling Glyceria striata

a plant, and ata plant,five and grasses. in height,most other wetland feet overtops closed frequently are wetlands flooded seasonally banks, stream Marshes, Habitat: Wetland slightly folded along mid-vein the are that grass leavesthe of manna giant flat to has leaves compared cutgrass Rice foliage, spinules light green much but are more abundant “grabby” due to spp. Leersia of species with cutgrass May confused be Look alikes: foliage shiny, with stems yellow-greenupright develop to tends stout, grass manna Giant description: Seedling June-July Flowers: Giant MannaGrass . New leaves emergefolded oval-shaped an stem from Plants &Grass-like Guide -Grasses Iowa Wetland Seedling When mature, manna grass stems are often several to several to often are stems grass manna mature, . When

1.0 mm 1.0 Lemma Seed & Seed . 1.0 mm 1.0

Jose Hernandez- USDA-NRCS Seedlings Adult Plant Adult , which have also Glyceria grandis Leaf sheaths sheaths . Leaf .

9 Science Museum of Minnesota Prairie Cordgrass Rice Cutgrass Spartina pectinata Leersia oryzoides Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Seasonally flooded wetlands, wet Wet prairie, roadsides, mud flats wet roadsides 12.0 mm 1.0 mm Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS

Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Flowers: Seed June Seeds Spinules Patrick J. Alexander – USDA-NRCS July-August Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedlings are stout, with broad, yellow- Leaves are just over 1 mm wide when Seedlings plants are approximately 10 cm tall. green leaves. New leaves emerge rolled. Seedling leaves are stiff and pointed upward, about 30-45 degrees from the Although relatively smooth as small main stem. Leaves are smooth, with the exception of the leaf margin, which seedlings, rice cutgrass develops clear is detectably rough when rubbed from tip to base. spinules (miniature spines) on the leaf As plants develop, leaves become long, arching margins. These make the leaves feel rough and gradually taper to a narrow point and “grabby” when rubbed by hand or walked through. These spinules are visible Look alikes: in larger plants with minimal magnification. Porcupine grass Stipa spartea and prairie dropseed Similar to the leaf margins, the leaf sheaths Sporobolus heterolepis both both have long, are also rough. As plants develop, stems tend arching leaves that narrow to a sharp point. Prairie to sprawl across the ground and have the ability cordgrass leaves have a strong mid-rib, are over to root from the stem nodes. 5 mm wide, and have sharply serrated edges. Porcupine grass has leaves 2-5 mm wide. Prairie Look alikes: dropseed leaves are even narrower with edges The wide and flat leaves, together with the rolled inward on the upper surface. Porcupine roughness of leaf margins, leaf sheaths, and grass and prairie dropseed are upland plants, hairy stem nodes, make rice cutgrass relatively unlikely to be found in wet areas. easy to distinguish from other wetland grasses.

Inflorescence Adult Plant

10 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 11 . for rush common 1-2 to growing 0 to compared m, but ismuch taller, appearance, general in rush resembles common superficially bulrush . Softstem alooserbunch form leaves, that lacks also stems but has rushes most other from species this distinguish help of rush stems soft common the leaves of along absence The alternate Look alikes: wetland gardens in purposes occasionally plantedfor ornamental stems unbranched of tufts height, forming approximatelyin plantsone reach meter Mature sheaths) (basal bases color, in have often and red medium-green plants are mature and Seedlings small. when rushes very andspike rushes resemble other superficially and relatively are Seedlings slow develop to description: Seedling Flowers: roadsides wetsedge meadows, and wet prairie, Marshes, Habitat: Wetland Rush, Common 12

Baltic rush Juncus balticus . Baltic rush Common rush isarelatively plant and rush showy. Common grass-like Stems have a round cross-section and lack leaves and have. Stems cross-section around

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Seeds 0.5 mm 0.5 . 5-1 m

Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS Inflorescence Seedlings Juncus effusus .

meadow, wet roadsides sedge wet prairie, Marshes, Habitat: Wetland Rush, Dudley’s wetland restoration plantings wetland restoration most in used commonly sedge species do as stems develops triangular bulrush flat leaves.Riverleaves than rather but develop seedlings, small round as stems have leafless also round, bulrush softstem and Dudley’s. Hardstem rush developsand more leaves (2-5) than immature are when plants especially rush, inland Torrey’s such as rushes other and rush of anumber with confuse to Easy Look alikes: and smooth. flat, green, wide, medium about upto 30 1mm longleaf bladescm are are and season of over growing the course the tan to light green have arippled surface seedlings margins upturned with recurved often are include ear-like the leaf blades of lobes that top at the leafand, sheath each of base plant the the near from originating bases reddish-brown when small rushes from developother Seedlings differentiate slowlyto difficult are and description: Seedling June-July Flowers: Plants &Grass-like Guide -Grasses Iowa Wetland Seedling Stems are round, smooth and light green, sometimes with with sometimes light green, and smooth round, are . Stems . Torrey’s islarger rush Stems are also typically stiff and upright with leaves with upright and stiff typically also are . Stems

. Leaf sheaths for Dudley’s rush turn from from for sheaths Dudley’s. Leaf turn rush Floret Upper leaf surfaces of some leaf surfaces . Upper Distinguishing characteristics characteristics . Distinguishing 1 mm Inflorescence In mature plants, plants, mature . In Juncus dudleyi Seedlings 13 Rush, Inland Rush, Spike Juncus interior Eleocharis spp. Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Marshes, wet prairie, Marshes, wet sedge meadows, and prairie, sedge

1.0 mmSteve Hurst – USDA-NRCS

1.0 mm Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS wet roadsides 1.0 mm meadows, and

Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science wet roadsides E. obtusa E. palustris Flowers: Seed Seed Seed June - July Flowers: June - July Seedling description: Seedling Seedling description: Seedlings of E. acicularis Seedlings are relatively slow to develop and superficially resemble other Spike rush species are difficult to rushes and spike rushes when small. Seedlings and mature plants are differentiate from each other as seedlings and medium-green in color with round stems. As plants mature, they form mature plants. They may form tufts, or mats, be annual or perennial, and tufts of stems. Basal leaves are one to two (or less commonly three). Leaf readily hybridize with one another. Spike rush seedlings are fine, and hair- blades may be fl at, channeled or sometimes rolled inward. Leaf auricles are like with stems which may be round, 3-5 angled or flat depending on the whitish or purplish tinged. Mature plants species. Stems are spongy with internal air cavities. Stems lack leaf blades, generally range from about 0.2 to 0.8 m but may have up to two basal “teeth” at the top of sheath(s) at the base of in height. the stem. The inflorescence of most spike rush species is single spikelet at the top of each stem. Eleocharis compressa has flat Look alikes: leaves about 1mm in width, with plants ranging Torrey’s rush is taller and develops more from 0.2 to 0.5 m in plant height. Eleocharis leaves (2-5). Baltic rush Juncus balticus, acicularis has round to compressed, sometimes and soft rush Juncus effusus lack leaves. arching stems with 3–12 ridges and often forms Dudley’s rush Juncus dudleyi has ear-like large rooted mats or floating masses, which often lobes at the top of each leaf sheath and do not flower when submerged. leaf blades that are often recurved with upturned margins. Softstem bulrush has a Look alikes: much taller stature, growing to 1-2 m. Species of rushes such as hardstem and softstem bulrush, and Juncus species also have round stems, basal leaves and may appear hair-like as seedlings, but develop into much taller, more robust plants than spike rushes. Adult Plant Adult E. palustris

14 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 15 Rush, Torrey’s Sedge, Bottlebrush Juncus torreyi Carex comosa

Wetland .05 mm Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Marshes, wet prairie, Marshes, sedge 5.50 mm sedge meadow, and meadow, and wet 1.0 mm Hurd, E.G., S. Goodrich & Shaw- USDA-NRCS wet roadsides roadsides Minnesota of Museum Science Seeds Floret Perigynia Flowers: Flowers: June – July June

Seedling description: Seedling Seedling description: Seedlings Seedlings typically have red bases on smooth, round, stout Seedlings of bottlebrush sedge become stems. Successive alternate leaves (2-5 total) are up to 6 mm easier to identify after reaching approximately four or more inches in wide with a channel on the upper surface. Leaves often exceed height. The relatively wide leaf of bottlebrush sedge and its m-shaped cross the inflorescence. The sheath at the base of each leaf blade section are characteristic. Leaves form a bushy-looking basal rosette in is membranous and translucent when young and later dries mature plants. to light brown or tan. The inflorescence is globe-shaped clusters that are shiny and yellow- to reddish-green, later Look alikes: turning chocolate brown. Plants have rhizomes that are Other sedges common to tuberous (inflated) in some areas, where they give restoration plantings that are rise to new shoots. Loose colonies of plants may similar in growth characteristics form such offshoots. include porcupine sedge C. hystericina and common hop Look alikes: sedge. Most other sedges tend to Juncus nodosus has slender, pointed seed stand more upright even as young capsules but smaller seed heads with fewer plants, and typically have narrower florets. Common rush lacks alternate leaves leaves (e.g., tussock sedge and along the soft stems. Baltic rush Juncus balticus lakebank sedge). Bottlebrush sedge has stems that form a loose bunch. Dudley’s may also be confused with dark rush Juncus dudleyi has fewer leaves. Hardstem green bulrush, which also forms a and softstem bulrush develop round leaves basal rosette. rather than flat leaves.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

16 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 17 Sedge, Fox Sedge, Hop Carex vulpinoidea Carex lupulina Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadow, wet Marshes, sedge prairie, stream banks, meadows, wet 1.0 mm 1.0 mm wet roadsides woods Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS 1.0 mm

Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS Achene & Achenes Flowers: Perigynia Seedlings Flowers: Perigynia June June Seedling description: Seedling description: Fox sedge forms somewhat loose, fountain- Seedlings have light green sheaths that persist and Seedlings like clumps. Leaves are flat or nearly so, later turn brownish to reddish in color. Leaves have cross-veins visible with and 2-5 mm wide. The leaf sheath on the a hand lens, even as seedlings and later develop indented central veins. side of the stem opposite the leaf blade is Seedlings and adult plants have sturdy, smooth, triangular stems with sparsely red-dotted. The inflorescence of spongy bases. Plants occur in relatively close bunches of one to several this plant typically becomes yellow-green stems. As plants mature, leaves are arch downward. Rhizomes result in as it matures. Fox sedge is generally fast- colonies of somewhat widely spaced, upright stems. Mature plants typically developing compared to most other sedge range from about 0.2 to 1.0 meter in height. species. It may flower in the first, or more Seedlings likely the second year after seeding Look alikes: Bottlebrush sedge forms bushier tufts than hop Look alikes: sedge, has drooping fruiting bodies and long, Several sedge species common to restoration spreading teeth (1–2 mm) on its perigynia which plantings have similar growth form, including is less inflated than those of similar sedges. Lurid awl-fruited sedge C. stipata, crowfoot fox sedge sedge Carex lurida develops distinctive spikelets C. crus-corvi, and broom sedge C. scoparia. that turn yellowish as fruits mature. These are most easily differentiated when the plants flower/produce fruit.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

18 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 19 Sedge, Lakebank Sedge, Lurid Carex lacustris Carex lurida Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadows, marsh Sedge meadows, wet edges 1.0 mm woods, marsh edges

Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science 1.0 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Perigynia Flowers: Achene June June Perigynia Seedling description: Once seedlings start getting over about Seedling description: Seedling Seedling four inches tall, the characteristic m-shaped Seedlings develop smooth, sharply cross section of leaves becomes more evident, as do triangular stems with bases that are light brown and then more often prominent teeth on the leaf margins. The red bases purplish in mature plants. Leaves of seedlings appear somewhat crowded and feather-like (pinnate) pattern of fibers along the and are held upright to somewhat arching. As plants mature, a total of lower stem are not evident in small plants. Stems one to three alternate leaves develop. Stem edges are rough beneath tend to be rigid and upright, sometimes developing the inflorescence of mature plants. Leaf blades are smooth, light to a bluish-green cast as plants mature. medium green and channeled along leaf mid-ribs. The inner leaf sheath is membranous and varies from truncate to Look alikes: somewhat concave. Consistent with its common Leaves of lakebank sedge are wider than those of name, fruiting spikelets turn yellow as they most other bunch-forming sedges used in wetland mature restorations (8-15 mm in larger, mature plants). Sedges pose special challenges for identification, Look alikes: sometimes even when in fruit. Utilizing an original Hop sedge and hop-like sedge Carex seeding list in a process of elimination may be lupuliformis have larger perigynia. Hop-like helpful. sedge has diamond-shaped achenes (fruit inside the inflated, papery perigynia) that are as broad as they are long, while the achenes of hop sedge are somewhat flattened and longer than broad. Bottlebrush sedge and porcupine sedge Carex hystericina have smaller perigynia, and spikelets that nod or droop rather than being held stiffly.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

20 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 21 Sedge, Tussock Switchgrass Carex stricta Panicum virgatum Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadow; shallow, Wet prairie, wet standing water roadsides 1.0 mm 1.0 mm Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Flowers: Achenes Flowers: Seeds June June-July Seedling description: Seedling description: The characteristic m-shaped cross section of leaves Seedling Switchgrass seedlings are stiffly upright. Seedlings becomes more evident as the plant matures, as do the Seedling leaf widths generally range teeth on the leaf margins. As seedlings become more developed, stem bases from 3-5 mm, with mature plants having leaves 5-15 mm wide. As seedlings develop ladder-like fibers caused by splitting of the leafy sheaths. Leaf grow, they develop a triangular patch of hairs at the base of each leaf, and a width increases along with plant size, eventually reaching 3-8 mm. Stems densely hairy ligule. tend to be stiff and upright, and sometimes develop a bluish-green color as plants mature. Plants develop into raised tussock as they mature. Look alikes: Switchgrass is perhaps most easily Look alikes: confused with big bluestem, Indian Other sedges common to restoration plantings tend to grass Sorghastrum nutans and sideoats have wider leaves and/or less upright stems. Lakebank grama Bouteloua curtipendula. Unlike sedge also has stiff, upright growth character and is switchgrass, big bluestem and Indian bunch forming, but has wider leaves and feather-like grass have an obvious ligule. Big fibers at leaf bases rather than ladder-like fibers. bluestem seedlings typically have hairs Hayden’s sedge Carex haydenii lacks fibrillose fibers extending well up the leaf blade, while at stem bases. switchgrass has a triangular patch of hairs at the base of each leaf. Sideoats grama, an upland plant, has stiff hairs that protrude distinctively outward from leaf margins. Indian grass seedlings are sometimes difficult to discern from big bluestem, but develop a stouter, keeled mid-rib on each leaf. Adult Plant Inflorescence

22 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Grasses & Grass-like Plants 23 Seedling description: Seedling June-July Flowers: roadsides and prairie, wet wet woods, banks, Stream Habitat: Wetland Virginia Wildrye 24 leaf atbases the hair of more slender has leavesSwitchgrass tufts and may stem clasp and the wildrye, of Virginia those than larger generally are wildrye of Canada have one, leaf or nosurfaces rough sidesnot on both rough however, issimilar, wildrye itsleaves Canada are Look alikes: pointed sharply and have colorStems prominent reddish are atleaf base, auricles range itsgeographic across physical in characteristics variation substantial shows species touch somewhat the . This to are rough lower leaf surfaces 10 plant the matures as mm Leaves of wide, reaching about young 4mm plants are

. . Canada wildrye may only wildrye . Canada Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Both the upper and and upper the . Both The auricles auricles . The 15.0 mm 15.0 Seeds . Elymus virginicus Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Inflorescence Seedling .

section ofsection woolgrass leaves v-shaped the cross to compared section cross but itsleaves rosettes, havebasal m-shaped an similar-looking forms bulrush green Dark Look alikes: or green brownish are sheaths well, but develops flowering. reach Leaf to slowly years three may take and section cross leaves v-shaped in are that when small identify to difficult are Woolgrass seedlings description: Seedling and wetand roadsides meadows, sedge edges, Marsh Habitat: Wetland Woolgrass June-July Flowers: Plants &Grass-like Guide -Grasses Iowa Wetland Seedling As seedlings develop, they form basal rosettes of develop, rosettes seedlings basal . As form they Seeds . . 1.0 mm 1.0

Science Museum of Minnesota Woolgrass tends to germinate . Woolgrass germinate to tends Adult Plant Adult Seedlings Scirpus cyperinus 25 Wetland Seedlings Species Descriptions Forbs

26 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 27 Aster, False Aster, Flat-topped Boltonia asteroides Doellingeria umbellata Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wet prairie, sedge Floodplains, wet woods, 3.0 mm wet prairie meadows, seeps 2.0 mm Tracey Slotta – USDA-NRCS Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Seed Flowers: Seeds July-October July-September Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedling Seedling leaves are oval to rounded, with Even as small seedlings, flat-topped aster Seedlings the first true leaves forming a fountain-like leaves have the open, net-like vein pattern basal rosette of diamond-shaped leaves with on leaves also found in more mature rounded edges. As the plant matures, plants. Seedlings have stems and leaves leaves become more lance-shaped and with short, but dense hairs (mostly at narrow, appearing stalkless to slightly the outer edges). Lance-shaped leaves clasping on the stem. The leaf margins develop alternately along the stem. are rough to the touch. Stems are smooth and stout. As the plant Look alikes: develops and flowers, it has often a Spotted joe-pye weed, boneset, and shrubby, crowded appearance with blue vervain have opposite a remarkable number of blooms. leaf arrangement on the stem. Red-stemmed Look alikes: aster develops clasping Several aster species common to leaves. The hairy stem wetland edges are similar as seedlings, and outer leaf edges and difficult to distinguish from false combined with the alternate aster. Look for the smooth stems and leaf arrangement help characteristic leaf shape of false aster as distinguish flat-topped aster seedlings develop. from other wetland asters.

Adult Plant Leaf Detail Adult Plant

28 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 29 Aster, New England Aster, Panicled Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Symphyotrichum lanceolatum Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadow, wet Sedge meadow, wet 1.5 mm prairie, floodplains, wet 3.0 mm prairie, floodplains, wet Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science roadsides Minnesota of Museum Science roadsides Seed Seed Flowers: Flowers: September-November DNRIowa July-November Seedling Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedling Seedlings of New England aster develop characteristics of adult plants Seedlings have oval-shaped leaves with early. They lose seedling leaves rather quickly. True leaves and stems on sharp teeth on the outer edge. As seedlings seedlings are similar to those of adults, having stiff hairs on leaf undersides continue to grow, leaves become more elongate in a basal rosette, with sharp and margins. Toothless lanceolate to spoon-shaped leaves vary somewhat in teeth concentrated at the outer edge. Leaves are smooth, with the exception shape with blunt leaf tips and wide leaf bases that clasp the stem as the plant of tiny hairs along the mid-vein. As plants mature, branching occurs from develops. points where leaves meet the stem. Leaves do not typically clasp the stem. Look alikes: Look alikes: Heath aster looks similar as a Red-stemmed aster looks similar seedling, but develops linear leaves as a seedling, but has stiff, compared to the clasping leaves of readily visible hairs concentrated New England aster. New England along the leaf stalks and leaves aster can also be easily confused that clasp the stem in mature with red-stemmed aster. It develops plants. Panicled aster is perhaps pointed leaves that often have most easily confused with shallow, distantly spaced teeth. calico aster Symphyotrichum lateriflorum, a woodland edge aster that is more variable in hairiness.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

30 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 31 Aster, Red-stemmed Blazingstar, Meadow Symphyotrichum puniceum Liatris ligulistylis Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadow, seeps, Wet prairie, 4.0 mm marsh edges 1.0 mm roadsides Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Science Museum of MInnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Seeds Flowers: Seed July-September June-August Seedling Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedlings have leaves with coarse, stiff, Seedling leaves and the first true leaf have the appearance of a blade Seedling whitish hairs, especially toward the outer and hilt of a sword. Successive basal leaves develop at or edges of leaves and on the stems – just below ground, forming a rosette. Leaves lack teeth a characteristic carried through to adult plants. Seedlings may have reddish and have sparse to dense minute, soft hairs, or slightly leaf margins. Leaf stems are wide and become lobed at the base (clasping longer hairs that generally lie in one direction. Leaves the stem) as the plants mature. are about 4-17 mm wide and 90-150 mm long with a prominent central nerve. Plants develop slowly and Look alikes: seedlings are difficult to spot under taller vegetation. Leaves of red-stemmed aster are similar to New England aster, which Look alikes: has a more crowded appearance to Rough blazingstar L. aspera also has pubescent leaves and typically green stems. Red- leaves, short stiff hairs on the stem, but prefers dry, stemmed aster is tolerant of wetter upland prairie. Prairie blazingstar has scattered soils than New England aster. white hairs, faint veins parallel on either side of the mid-rib vein, and leaves less than 12 mm wide. Blueflag iris has more robust seedlings with stiffly upright, folded leaves through which new leaves emerge. Sweetflag leaves have a strong, citrus- like aroma.

Adult Plant Inflorescence

32 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 33 Blazingstar, Prairie Blueflag Iris Liatris pychnostachya Iris shrevei Wetland Wetland Iowa DNRIowa Habitat: DNRIowa Habitat: 4.0 mm Wet prairie, roadsides Wet prairie, sedge 4.0 mm meadows, stream banks, Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Seed wet roadsides Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS July-November Seeds Flowers: May-June Seedling description: Seed leaves and the first true leaf have the Seedling description: Seedling Seedling appearance of a sword. Leaves are narrow and Sword-like leaves develop from a flattened stem long, and often appear slightly bent along the base, with each new leaf becoming successively flat axis of the leaf. Leaves may have a slightly wavy edge. The distinctive longer. In cross-section, each central vein often has a pale appearance with two additional leaf is somewhat swollen at the faintly visible veins on either side. Successive leaves center and folded at the mid-rib, emerge from ground level or below and develop into a basal forming a slot from which later rosette of flat, thinly fleshy leaves. leaves emerge. The leaf margin appears somewhat translucent. Look alikes: The first few true leaves of young prairie blazingstar, are Look alikes: about 1.5-2 mm wide, while leaves of rough blazingstar, Blueflag iris is most readily L. aspera and meadow blazingstar seedlings are wider (3-5 confused with wet meadow and mm). Leaves of seedling marsh blazingstar L. spicata often wetland species such as cattail, which exceed 5 mm in width. Blueflag iris is much more robust, has a round stem base, and sweetflag with new leaves that emerge in the fold of previous leaves. Acorus calamus which has a similar Perhaps the greatest problem in identifying blazingstar leaf, but is not folded over at the seedlings is spotting them at all, as they tend to be very mid-rib. Sweetflag has a prominent, inconspicuous. citrus-like aroma. Blazingstar species have a similar leaf shape, but seedlings are smaller and new leaves do not emerge from the fold of previous leaves.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

34 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 35 Blue Vervain Boneset Verbena hastata Eupatorium perfoliatum Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: DNRIowa Wet prairie, Wet prairie, sedge meadow, 1.0 mm sedge meadow, 2.0 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science wet woods, Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS wet pastures, pastures, Seeds roadsides Seeds roadsides Flowers: Flowers: July-October July-August Seedlings Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedlings have hairy, narrowly oblong Seedling leaves are round in shape with stems as long as the leaves. The leaves held opposite each other. Even small first true leaves develop with a few rounded teeth. Successive leaves seedlings have sharp, forward-pointing have an increasing number of teeth and become coarsely hairy. As the teeth. As the plant continues to develop, the plant matures, opposite square stem becomes more evident. leaves grow together (perfoliate) around the Look alikes: hairy stem. May be confused with spotted joe-pye weed when young. As seedlings mature, joe-pye Look alikes: weed develops whorls of 4-5 leaves on a Boneset seedlings may round stem, while blue vervain has leaves be confused with spotted opposite each other on a square stem. Blue joe-pye weed, which is vervain seedlings could also be confused less hairy and develops with the non-native weed, stinging nettle, whorls of 4-5 leaves which has stiff, long hairs and a much more around the stem rather angular square stem. Stinging nettle also than two leaves opposite has the undesirable characteristic of causing on the stem fusing stinging on contact. together. Blue vervain has opposite, somewhat hairy leaves with stems (rather than clasping each other and the stem). Adult Plant Adult Plant

36 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 37 Bottle Gentian Canada Anemone Gentiana andrewsii Anemone canadensis Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wet prairie, sedge Wet prairie, sedge meadow, roadside 1.0 mm meadow, roadsides Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science prairies Minnesota of Museum Science Seeds Flowers: 1.0 mm Manitoba of University Knispel- Alexis May-July Flowers: Seeds August-October Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedling Seedling Bottle gentian seedlings develop slowly Seedling leaves are oval to elliptic in shape and tend to be susceptible to damping off, a condition where seedling stems and held close to the ground. The first true are attacked near the soil surface by one of several pathogens. Seedlings leaves have rounded bases with a general shape similar to a red maple or form basal rosettes of fleshy green and shiny leaves. Leaves of the youngest grape leaf. Leaf veins (3-5) radiate out from a central point near the base of plants are nearly round and crowd each other in a tight rosette. As the plant the leaf. As the plant grows, successive leaves matures, leaves become more elongate with a sharper point and a stronger develop 3-5 prominent lobes with coarse teeth. mid-vein. Leaves have a slight upward fold. Seeing the small and slowly Although difficult to see without magnification, developing seedlings is often the greater challenge in identification. leaves have fine hairs on both top and bottom surfaces. As seedlings mature, Canada Look alikes: anemone begins spreading by rhizomes. The waxy, thinly fleshy feel and shiny appearance Depending on the amount of available root of the leaves of bottle gentian make it fairly easy to space and competitiveness of surrounding distinguish from other plants. Cream gentian may be plants, Canada anemone may form a compact confused with bottle gentian, but generally occupies mat or spread with stems more widely spaced upland prairie, savanna, and woodland habitats. Cardinal flower and great blue lobelia also have Look alikes: waxy, fleshy leaves that form basal rosettes, but have Canada anemone seedlings look much like teeth and tend to develop faster than bottle gentian. those of its upland cousins, tall anemone A. virginiana and long-headed thimbleweed A. cylindrica. Neither tall anemone nor thimbleweed is tolerant of standing water or saturated soils.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

38 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 39 40 evident when stem and leaves and evident broken when stem are sap flowermilky a produces Cardinal purplish. to burgundy often shallow, are with undersides . Leaf margins teeth wavy develop, seedlings . As tooth leaves each end developleaf and stems short of on dots the white give that appearance teeth may have sharp seedlings hairy but sometimes smooth, typically Leaves are veins and mid-rib whitish to light green leaves, with often green dark shiny of fleshy, rosettes basal form Seedlings description: Seedling September - July Flowers: woods wet banks, Stream Habitat: Wetland Cardinal Flower teeth on a wavy leaf onmargin awavy teeth leaves or have shallow may lack teeth rounded that blue moreGreat rounded lobelia and wider has Look alikes: sharply toothed, fleshy toothed, leaves sharply on leaves lack teeth but go develop on to seedlings fleshy Obedient theleaves plant stem. that clasp Monkey flower also develops slowly very buthas have narrow,and stems. unwinged leaf flat bases leaf

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Ragwort Senecio spp . Ragwort Seeds 3.0 mm 3.0 .

www.prairiemoon.com Leaves of very small . Leaves small of very .

grownative.org - Don Kurz Seedlings Lobelia cardinalis Adult Plant Adult .

standing water standing shallow, meadows; sedge Marshes; Habitat: Wetland Common Arrowhead with a pointed (rather than blunt) (rather apointed than with tip Pontederia plant cordata triangular, are pickerel develops leaves narrow, linear very positiveeasy. identification Water plantain leaf makes shape arrowhead the develop further, forrelatively seedlings characteristic leaves whorl is basal ofThe triangular-shaped Look alikes: Typical leaf develops shape arrowhead later identify to easier increasingly become seedlings leaves, of splayed a rosette out triangular-shaped what looks like leaves, forming plant the begin true or four three first the ablunt to point.After tapering sides, nearly parallel with narrow are seedlings ofinches water.leaves first arrowhead The of afew soil to conditions development saturated in begin and germinate generally Seedlings description: Seedling June-August Flowers: Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -ForbsIowa Wetland Seedling Seeds 1.0 mm 1.0 The leaves. The of . As plants . As .

Science Museum of Minnesota . Sagittaria latifolia Adult Plant Adult Seedlings 41 Cream Gentian Culver’s Root Gentiana alba Veronicastrum virginicum Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wet prairie, roadsides 2.5 mm Wet prairie, wet

1.0 mm woodlands, 1.0 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: roadsides Minnesota of Museum Science July - September Seeds Seed Flowers: June-July Seedling description: Seedling description: Cream gentian seedlings develop very Seedlings Plants develop slowly, sometimes taking Seedling slowly with the first leaves being rounded, spongy and forming small several years to reach the point where they rosettes. Successive leaves become heart-shaped, ovate, or broadly can flower. Young plants have narrowly lanceolate with a slight fold along the mid-vein. Leaves also have two side elliptic, finely to sharply toothed leaves that are opposite one another on veins that parallel the leaf margin. Leaf color may vary from yellowish to an often dark-colored, hairy stem. As plants olive green. As plants mature, leaves occur in pairs opposite each other and continue to develop, new leaf sets are in whorls strongly clasp a round stem. of 3 at first, and eventually 5-6. Leaves are hairy or smooth underneath. Look alikes: Bottle gentian is very similar to cream Look alikes: gentian as seedlings. As plants develop, As a seedling, Culver’s root is perhaps leaves of cream and bottle gentian retain most easily confused with hoary vervain a similar texture. Bottle gentian leaves are Verbena stricta, an upland plant which is generally narrower than those of cream more coarsely toothed (and not toothed gentian, with their widest point close to half all the way to the leaf base). Another way up the leaf. Cream gentian leaves are upland plant, butterfly milkweed broader at the base, narrow at the tip and Asclepias tuberosa, has a similarly hairy clasp the stem. stem, but lacks teeth on the leaves. After Culver’s root plants begin forming whorls of leaves, they are easier to distinguish from other prairie seedlings.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

42 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 43 Cup Plant Evening Primrose Silphium perfoliatum Oenothera biennis Wetland Wetland Habitat: DNRIowa Habitat:

Wet prairie, 10.0 mm Wetland edges, floodplains, wet roadsides

Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science 2.0 mm roadsides Minnesota of Museum Science Seeds Flowers: Seed Flowers: June-August June-August Seedling description: Seedling description: Seedling A basal rosette forms of ovate to Seedling Coarse leaves have stiff, short hairs and lanceolate leaves. Leaf stems a relatively short, winged leaf stem. Early leaves are somewhat round in a may be short, tapering from the leaf basal rosette. Later leaves develop a more prominent point, are opposite on blade, or lack a leaf stem altogether. the stem, and eventually clasp each Leaf margins vary from slightly other across the stem (forming the wavy to smooth. Plants may vary distinctive cup). from smooth to grayish fuzzy. Look alikes: Look alikes: Cup plant seedlings are perhaps most Of plants that form basal rosettes, easily confused with those of wild great blue lobelia is perhaps most goldenglow which develops deep similar. It has fleshier, shorter leaves lobes after getting a few (smooth that lack a grayish appearance. or fuzzy) true leaves. Cup plant has Great blue lobelia leaves typically thicker, more rigid and coarse leaves. have teeth on leaf margins that are more readily evident than those of evening primrose.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

44 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 45 stinging on contact on stinging leaves and cause on stem that hairs long, stiff but similar, has isalso nettle native, stinging joe-pye weed have stems round leaves and stems red and on leaf margins, teeth variable-sized heart-shaped germander’s while and larger shaped, are oval- are cotyledons spoon- Blue to vervain Look alikes: . taste unpleasant sizeable form coloniesto 13up to long across cm 6cm and and ovatebroadly or lanceolateleaves serrated, coarsely of plants are adult leavesleaves upper the while lack stems havestout stems short, evident readily becomes corners on stem leavesto stem develop and leaves toothed strongly held stalks, oppositeshort on ahairy with leaves heart-shaped are Seedling description: Seedling 46 July - September - July Flowers: roadsides and woods, floodplains, Wet wet prairie, Habitat: Wetland Germander

Impressed veins are prominent, giving a seersucker-like appearance aseersucker-like giving appearance prominent, are veins . Impressed As seedlings grow, the square stem with four prominent ridges ridges four prominent with grow, stem seedlings square . As the Blue vervain seedlings develop seedlings . Blue vervain . Culver’s spotted root and . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling . Leaves have an 1.0 mm 1.0 Seeds The non- . The 2.25 mm 2.25 Germander readily spreads by rhizomes by rhizomes spreads readily . Germander In more mature plants, the lower the plants, more mature . In Science Museum of Minnesota Teucrium canadense Seedling Adult Plant Adult The . The

Zizia aptera. Zizia alexanders heartleaf with confused be also can species stem on the visible hairs brownish develop and leaves formed, readily are true afew after characteristic lose this seedlings roadsides Wet and prairie, Habitat: Wetland Golden Alexanders when plants are youngwhen plants are of onebase at spot leaf the the from radiate cinquefoil, upland have both plants, that veins and . Alumroot teeth sharp and coarse arguta cinquefoil Potentilla Prairie and deeplytoothed. finelyhairy are but appearance, have asimilar seedlings richardsonii Heuchera Leaves of alumroot Look alikes: Leaves per smooth. are leaf. leaflets and haveleaf. plants eventually Juvenile leaflet adult stems and 1-3 sets of 3 on each lobes appear 3deep lobes until deeper leaves having to progress leaf edge along shallow aslightly teeth rounded, irregular to somewhat with sharp leaves round are true first The points. sharp with ribbon-like and leaves short are Seedling description: Seedling May-June Flowers: Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -ForbsIowa Wetland Seedling . However, cinquefoil seedlings have seedlings This . This Seed 4.0 mm 4.0

Adult Plant Adult Science Museum of Minnesota Seedling . Subsequent Zizea aurea 47 Goldenrod, Giant Goldenrod, Grass-leaved Solidago gigantea Euthamia graminifolia Wetland 1.0 mm Wetland Habitat: DNRIowa Habitat: Wet prairie, Wet prairie, roadsides floodplains, pastures, 1.5 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science 1.0 mm roadsides Flowers: Minnesota of Museum Science Seeds Seeds Flowers: June-September July – September Seedling description: Seedling description: Leaves of seedlings have a grainy and Seedling leaves of giant goldenrod are Seedling rubber-like appearance and lack hairs. Seedlings small and spatulate in shape. Seedlings As seedlings continue to develop, leaves have coarse hairs on the leaf stems and smaller hairs on leaf margins that become more linear and grass-like with are best viewed with a hand lens. Leaf margins have 2-4 short, forward three veins visible without magnification. As plants mature, they spread by pointing teeth toward the outer half of the leaf (away from the stem). As rhizomes. A single plant can occupy a large plants mature, the smooth, waxy leaves area with many stems. and stems of this species become more prominent. Mature plants develop light Look alikes: green stems that often have a whitish, Panicled aster and Riddell’s goldenrod have waxy bloom throughout the plant, smooth, nearly linear leaves, but widen including the inflorescence. near the end. Some upland asters also have linear leaves, but typically do not occur in Look alikes: the same habitat as grass-leaved goldenrod. Giant goldenrod seedlings are easily confused with several other goldenrods and asters. Smooth blue aster is smooth and waxy, but has leaves that clasp the stem, and tend to be bluish-green. Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis develops rough pubescence on leaves, stem and inflorescence. Canada goldenrod is found in upland settings, while giant goldenrod may occur in both upland and wetland edge areas. Adult Plant Adult Plant

48 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 49 Goldenrod, Riddell’s Great Blue Lobelia Oligoneuron riddellii Lobelia siphilitica Wetland Wetland Habitat: 2.0 mm Habitat: Wet prairie, sedge Wet prairie, sedge 1.0 mm meadows, seeps meadows, floodplains, Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science wet roadsides Flowers: Seed Seed July-September Flowers: June-August Seedling description: Seedlings have leaves that are at first Seedling Seedling description: Seedling elliptic in shape. As the plants mature, the Leaves form a basal rosette of thinly fleshy, smooth and waxy-feeling leaves become increasingly linear with green to purple-red leaves that are easily a pointed tip, and folded along the mid-rib. When viewed from crushed. Leaf margins are wavy-toothed. the side, leaves appear sickle-shaped. New leaves emerge rolled. The short, wide, leaf stem tapers from Leaves have a prominent mid-vein that is light green in color with a the base of the leaf. Because there are secondary set of smaller veins that appear almost net-like. These net- two varieties of this species in the Upper like veins become less evident as the plant matures. Foliage tends to Midwest, leaves may have fine hairs or be turn burgundy and then in rich brown in the fall. Upper leaves are smooth, with wavy edges. stalkless and clasp the stem. Riddell’s goldenrod has a flat-topped flowering Look alikes: head with a pubescent inflorescence. Great blue lobelia may be confused with Look alikes: ragworts Senecio spp., which have flat leaf bases and narrow, unwinged leaf stems. Several species of aster are similar Culver’s root leaves can look similar, but to Riddell’s goldenrod. The smooth, have sharply toothed margins on the outer linear leaves of Riddell’s goldenrod half of the leaf and do not form basal help distinguish it from similar rosettes. species, particularly as seedlings become more developed. Panicled aster is perhaps the easiest to confuse.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

50 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 51 Great St. Johnswort Ironweed Hypericum ascyron Vernonia fasciculata Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wet prairie, Floodplains, wet 3.0 mm roadsides prairie, wet woods, 1.0 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science roadsides Flowers: Seed Seeds June-September Flowers: July-August Seedling description: Seedling description: Leaves of seedlings are opposite on the Seedling Seedling leaves are spatula-shaped. The Seedling stem and elliptic in shape. As seedlings first true leaves are elliptic in shape with mature, leaves reach about 4 cm in length. Leaves lack teeth and are a prominent light green to whitish mid-vein and several lateral veins attached directly to the stem. Lacking a leaf stalk, leaves sometimes clasp extending periodically outward. Leaves have slightly in-rolled leaf margins the stem. Stems are yellow-green and smooth. and shallow, forward-pointing teeth that are at times difficult to notice. Leaves are darker yellow-green than leaf As seedlings mature, leaves become mid-veins, lateral veins, and stem. Leaves tend increasingly longer than wide with to turn yellow- to orange-brown color in fall. coarsely saw-toothed leaves. The mid-vein on the underside of the leaf also becomes Look alikes: more prominent as the plant matures Riddell’s goldenrod and panicled aster have more linear leaves, held opposite on stems. Look alikes: Monkeyflower and obedient plant leaves have Seedlings of ironweed are fairly easy teeth. to confuse with other members of the composite family, including goldenrods and asters. Positive identification becomes easier as seedlings mature and the characteristics mentioned above become more prominent.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

52 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 53 Marsh Milkweed Monkey Flower Asclepias incarnata Mimulus ringens Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Iowa DNR Wet prairie, Sedge meadows, floodplains, sedge floodplains, 0.5 mm 7.0 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science meadows, roadsides Minnesota of Museum Science roadsides Seed Seed Flowers: Flowers: July-September June-September

Seedling description: Seedling Seedling description: Seedlings Seed leaves are oblong with long stems. Seedlings are slow to develop and may take three years to flower Often appearing crowded on the plant, from seed. Seedlings are also very small, making them difficult to true leaves are lanceolate in shape spot. Smooth leaves become lance-shaped to somewhat linear with with short leaf stems Leaves on sharp, forward-pointing teeth. Leaf bases clasp the square stem, seedlings vary from softly fuzzy which is sometimes winged to smooth. Seedlings develop a milky sap just a few weeks after Look alikes: germination, about the time they May be confused with turtlehead, are approximately 10 cm tall. and skullcaps Scutellaria spp., some species of which have similar Look alikes: leaves. Spotted joe-pye weed and Common milkweed Asclepias blue vervain have hairy leaves. syriaca seedlings have a Obedient plant has smooth leaves somewhat similar leaf shape and with teeth, but its leaves are longer can be distinguished from marsh and narrower than those of monkey milkweed by the more oblong flower, with a heavier, waxy feel. rather than lanceolate leaf of marsh milkweed, which is wider at the base and narrows to a sharper point.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

54 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 55 Mountain Mint Nodding Beggarticks Pycnanthemum virginianum Bidens cernua

Wetland Wetland 1.0 mm Habitat: DNRIowa Habitat: Wet prairie, sedge Moist soil, mud flats, meadow, marsh 2.0 mm 1.25 mm seasonally flooded Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS edges, moist Minnesota of Museum Science wetlands Seeds roadsides Flowers: Flowers: August - October June-August Seedling Seedling description: Seedlings Seedling description: Seedlings usually have deep green foliage, and Nodding beggarticks is an annual plant adept at taking advantage of are often reddish-purple tinged. Leaves are lanceolate recently exposed mudflats, shorelines and other wet, bare soil areas. to narrow and opposite each other on a square stem. Seedlings have strap-like leaves that persist past development of several sets Leaf margins are smooth and leaves appear crowded on of true leaves. Leaves are held opposite on the stem, are sessile, or clasp and seedlings. Spearmint-like smell of foliage is evident when nearly surround the stem. Stems are often red. Leaves lack lobes. Flower rubbed between fingers. Because this plant develops and seed heads nod, and achenes have four awns. slowly, it tends to be one of the harder seedlings to spot in restoration plantings. Look alikes: Devil’s beggartick Bidens Look alikes: frondosa and swamp beggarticks Even as a seedling, the minty smell Bidens discoidea develop 3-7 of foliage distinguishes this plant leaflets per leaf with distinct from others that have a similar petioles that are winged or appearance. Wild bergamot, which unwinged. Leaves of purplestem has a more pungent minty smell beggarticks Bidens connata do not reminiscent of Earl Grey tea, is clasp the stem. larger, and develops to maturity more quickly.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

56 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 57 Obedient Plant Pennsylvania Smartweed Physostegia virginiana Polygonum pensylvanicum

Wetland 1.0 mm Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Sedge meadows, marsh Wet prairie, 2.0 mm edges, stream banks wet roadsides Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Seeds Flowers: Seeds June-September June - September Seedling description: Seedlings Seedling leaves are elliptic to lanceolate with Seedling description: Seedlings white hairs along the margins. The first true Seedling leaves are oblong in shape. True leaves of this annual plant -- as well as successive leaves develop in a basal rosette with successive leaves increasing leaves -- are alternate, lanceolate in shape, and in size. Basal leaves eventually reach a proportion of having leaf hairy on the upper surface. As plants mature, blades about 4-5 times as long as wide, with leaf stems nearly equal leaves are usually only slightly hairy and the to the blade length. Leaves have a spongy appearance when viewed papery sheath that encircles the stem nodes up close, and are even more so when viewed with a hand lens. Leaf becomes quite conspicuous. Leaves may or mid-veins may be light green to reddish. may not have a purple spot in the middle. Native Seedling leaf margins may be smooth or smartweeds play an important role in seasonally with fine, shallow teeth. flooded wetlands. Seeds of smartweed are also highly prized by many wildlife, especially Look alikes: waterfowl, because of their high The fleshy leaves have a spongy protein and nutrient content. appearance, red-tinged mid-veins, and habit of forming a basal rosette causing obedient Seedling look plant to have an appearance similar to the alikes: non-native weed curly dock. Curly dock Marsh milkweed develops milky leaves lack teeth. sap. The papery leaf sheaths of smartweeds make them relatively easy to distinguish from other species a few weeks after germination.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

58 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 59 similar to sneezeweed blue lobelia may finely be hairy, flower great ofand those cardinal leaves reliably are while smooth, rosettes basal form flower, also andbottle gentian blueGreat lobelia, cardinal Look alikes: leaves of with other heldwinged each alternate third outer toward the concentrated teeth with leavessuccessive more rosette, become linear leaves the in form have yellow-green shallow, vein and aprominent . As central teeth rounded of fleshy, rosettes basal form Seedlings fuzzy) smooth leaves thatfinely (to description: Seedling August-October Flowers: roadsides wetedges, woods, marsh prairie, wetFloodplains, Habitat: Wetland Sneezeweed 60 Bottle gentian gentian . Bottle .

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling 1.0 mm 1.0 Seeds As the plant grows, the main stem is stem plant main the the grows, . As

Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS . Helenium autumnale Seedlings Adult Plant Adult S

or five. leaves and stem develop whorls in of four expand and on new leaves prominent emerge they especially as are and leaf surface, and tip point toward the that teeth but sharp relatively two on and side veins either vein, distinct roadside moistedges, meadow, marsh Wet sedge prairie, Habitat: Wetland whorls of 4-5 leaves developjoe-pye weed matures, in opposite leaveshairy are that have also blueBoneset and vervain Look alikes: long leaf itselfas the as about one-fourth leafleaves stalks and bases, have rounded afew only teeth, true opposite leaves of other. each forming successive first the The true leaves elliptic with narrowly are Seedling description: Seedling July-September Flowers: potted Joe-pye Weed s As the plant matures, purple spots become more become evident on the spots purple plant the matures, . As . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -ForbsIowa Wetland Seedling . Leaves of young plants have mid- one prominent Seeds As spotted spotted . As 3.0 mm 3.0 Hairs are visible on leaf margins visible are on leaf margins . Hairs Eupatoriadelphus maculatus Science Museum of Minnesota The leaves. The have coarse, Adult Plant Adult Seedling 61 Sunflower, Maximillian Sunflower, Sawtooth Helianthus maximilliani Helianthus grosseserratus

Wetland 1.0 mm Wetland 4.0 mm Habitat: Habitat: Wet prairie, roadsides Wet prairie, sedge meadow, 4.0 mm 1.0 mm Science Museum of Minnesota of Museum Science Flowers: Minnesota of Museum Science floodplains, July - October Seeds roadsides Seeds Flowers: Seedling description: July - September Seedling leaves are round to spatulate. Stem and leaves have stiff, flattened Seedling Seedling description: Seedling hairs. The first 2-4 pairs of leaves on Seedling leaves are oblong to spatulate. seedlings lack teeth. Leaves of mature plants may lack teeth or have about Leaves in pairs on lower stem, with oppositely arranged leaves on 6-8 shallow, inconspicuous forward-pointing teeth. Leaf margins are often upper stems. Leaves, and leaf margins have coarse, stiff hairs resulting whitish in appearance. Leaves are opposite, slightly folded, arching and in a sandpapery texture. Leaves develop teeth that are visible without about 6–7 times long as wide. Leaves and stems have a rough, sandpaper- magnification after about the third set of true leaf pairs are developed. like feel. Plants typically have a light green or grayish appearance, and may Stems are smooth often red, and have a waxy bloom, giving a whitish cast occasionally have reddish stems. to the stem. Leaves are arching and slightly folded along the mid-vein. Look alikes: Look alikes: Sawtooth sunflower seedling Maximillian sunflower leaves leaves are more round than those are narrower and lack leaf stems. of Maximillian sunflower, and Giant sunflower Helianthus its leaves develop teeth early that giganteus has stems that are are visible without magnification. rough, with coarse hairs. Maximillian sunflower leaves lack Sawtooth sunflower has more leaf stems. Sawtooth sunflower and pronounced teeth on the leaf giant sunflower Helianthus giganteus margins than either giant or lack dense, white hairs on foliage and Maximillian sunflower. Both have shorter, wider leaves with more Sawtooth and giant sunflower pronounced teeth. are rhizomatous, Maximillian sunflower is not.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

62 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 63 Seedling description: Seedling 64 softly pubescent very to smooth is and teeth develops coarser lobes with deep hairs coarser leaves, longer, and leaf wide stems thinner triloba Rudbeckia susan Brown-eyed developsquickly leaves larger, coarser purpurea coneflower Echinacea Purple Look alikes: ridged somewhat of plants adult leaves, acharacteristic develop and of lower to number lobes teeth common 3deep increasing slightlyoften folded along mid-vein the have long leaf about blade, are as the and leaf as lackstems teeth, often shape elliptic in sometimes and heart-shaped, to fuzzy to softly coarse from varies texture Leaf July - September - July Flowers: moist roadsides Wet wet woods, prairie, Habitat: Wetland Sweet Coneflower

. True ovate leaves are of seedlings . Wild goldenglow eventually .

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling . 1.0 mm 1.0 Seeds has has Plant stems may be slightly fuzzy and and may. Plant slightly be stems fuzzy .

As plants mature, leaves gain an leaves an gain plants mature, . As Rudbeckia subtomentosa

. Leaves of young plants Prairiemoon.com Adult Plant Adult Seedling shallow, standing water shallow, standing meadows; wet roadsides; sedge Marshes; Habitat: Wetland Sweetflag from which new leavesfrom emerge crushed odor when itsleaves are have citrus-like the leaves not does and have green to darker blueflagHowever,iris. tends iris blueflag to appearance in plant issimilar This Look alikes: closely by looking seedlings seed at the small very to identify an opportunity giving leaf, of tip on first the the of leaves length the throughout prominent are veins . Mid-veins bunch successive secondary and leavesexpanding an in section cross in diamond-shaped narrowly are sword-like, sweetleavesgreen that has flag light calamus, as known smells much odor citronella that like aromatic citrusy, a characteristic leaves give off crushed Even seedlings, as description: Seedling June-July Flowers:

Iris leaves fold have also . Iris asharp Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -ForbsIowa Wetland Seedling

2.0 mm 2.0 Seeds . .

As the plant matures, it develops plant the matures, . As Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Seed Hull Seed Seed hulls are often borne borne often are hulls . Seed Adult Plant Adult Acorus calamus Seedlings Also . Also 65 66 pointed more sharply and deeper are they havealso a3-lobed leaves, but plantings prairie included in not commonly virescens Delphinium larkspur of prairie seedlings with confused easily Tall most isperhaps meadow rue Look alikes: cast a whitish them giving stems, purplish to green on the coating a waxy color in purple-blue often and wiry are of plants stems small The fleshy feel. athinly with underneath leaves finelyhairy sometimes of and on plants.top smooth Leaves adult are shaped Leaves round- of initially young plants are description: Seedling May-June Flowers: roadsides moistedges, marsh floodplains, Wet prairie, Habitat: Wetland Tall MeadowRue

Plants often develop. Plants often . Subsequent leaves have 3-lobed resemble lobes distinctly that the . , a dry prairie species species prairie , adry Prairie larkspur seedlings seedlings larkspur . Prairie . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling 4.0 mm 4.0 Seed

Science Museum of Minnesota Thalictrum dasycarpum Adult Plant Adult Seedling

Iowa DNR

widely colonies vegetative spaced from offshoots inconspicuouslymay form persist and for years, many when easily folded snap prone to over hairy roughly of underside on the veins leavesand commonly are stem on the alternate and individuals as of stems floweringoccur Leaves upper onplants the Turk’s CapLily more commonly, dry prairie more commonly, dry Lilium philadelphicum Turk’s closely cap lily of resemble wood lily seedlings leaf tips leaves, sharper with Solomon’sfalse Smilacina seal racemosa Solomon’s false of stellata starry Smilacina seal germination weeks after foliage and stems developafew seedlings hairy milkweed plants. Butterfly heightthe of surrounding develop slowly match to several years may take and them all. at Plants juveniles isfinding and seedlings Turk’s bigThe challengeidentifying with cap lily Look alikes: whorls in later then stems leaves oblong and leaf smooth are short Seedling with description: Seedling woods, roadsides woods, Wet sedgemeadow, prairie, moist Wetland Habitat: June-July Flowers: Subsequent leaves are narrow and in pairs, and and pairs, in and . Subsequent leaves narrow are Mature plant stems are brittle and and brittle are plant stems . Mature

. Foliage stem waxy and issmooth Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -ForbsIowa Wetland Seedling , which isfound on mesic, or Small, vegetative. Small, shoots . . Vegetative offshoots of Small plants . Small Leaf margins margins . Leaf have broader Seeds 1.0 mm 1.0 and and . Lilium michiganense

. Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Adult Plant Adult Seedling 67 July-September Flowers: moist roadsides woods, floodplains, Sedge meadow, wet Habitat: Wetland Turtlehead 68 leaves on pattern vein more a crowded net-like and teeth leaves, butMonkeyflower has similar leaves joe-pye have blue weed and hairy vervain of those skullcap than narrower leaves longer become and matures, leaveshave similar Scutellaria skullcaps with spp. confused may be be Turtlehead seedlings Look alikes: bloom) (glaucous cast veins several lateral leaf tip point toward the that teeth sharp Smooth leaves with opposite on stem, are mature seedlings as shape in lance-ovate to linear become that have somewhat leavesSeedlings rounded description: Seedling

Marsh milkweed has milky sap milky has milkweed . Marsh Leaf veins are typically prominent, including a central vein and vein and acentral including prominent, typically are veins . Leaf As turtlehead turtlehead . As Leaves have very short stems, or lack them altogether or lack them stems, . Leaves have short very Stems are four-angled are may. Stems have and awaxy, whitish . . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling 1.0 mm 1.0 Seeds , which which , Spotted . Spotted .

Science Museum of Minnesota Seedlings Adult Plant Adult Chelone glabra .

moist roadsides meadow, edges, marsh Wet sedge prairie, Habitat: Wetland in tall, dense stands dense tall, in grow to tends and which poison isleafier hemlock, with May confused be Look alikes: hollow lack hairs that stems purple-spotted, plants have distinctly poison hemlock Mature progressively moredissected. finely and larger leaves become themature, As plants leaflets. 3-toothed with compound odor mouse-like give off a distinct when bruised, Seedling leaves are needle-shaped and, description: Seedling July-September Flowers: these attractive plants are highly poisonous highly plants are attractive these soils wetter in stems Water scattered as grow to hemlocktends Water Hemlock or horse. ingested rootissufficient to killacow system inaslittle15minutes . One which causesparalysisofthe nervous livestock. They containcicutoxin, extremely poisonoustohumans and DANGER: Rootsandstemare Poison hemlock stems have purple spots and streaks . Poison and have spots hemlockstems purple Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -ForbsIowa Wetland Seedling Seeds 1.0 mm 1.0

Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS . First true leaves are . First true Adult Plant Adult Seedling Cicuta maculata Both of. Both . . 69

Iowa DNR Water Plantain Wild Bergamot Alisma subcordatum Monarda fistulosa Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: DNRIowa Marshes; sedge Wet prairie, moist meadows; mud flats; 1.0 mm roadsides 1.75 mm Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS shallow, standing water Minnesota of Museum Science Seeds Flowers: Seed Flowers: June-July June-July Seedling description: Even as a seedling, all plant parts have Seedling description: a pleasant, minty aroma similar to that Seedling Seeds may germinate in shallow water or of Earl Grey tea. The aroma is easily detected by gently rubbing foliage. open mud flats. Seedlings have small, fine, Stems, leaf stems, and leaf bases often have a pinkish- to purplish-green linear leaves. As seedlings continue to color, and are generally about one-fourth to one-third the length of the leaf grow they develop upright, elliptic leaves, blade. Paired opposite each other on a square stem, leaves are light to dark eventually becoming broad, flat blades green, and are slightly rounded-triangular to heart-shaped. Leaves often that may be rounded or tapered at the base. have sharp to rounded teeth, but are sometimes without. Plants can vary Seedlings develop relatively quickly in from smooth to finely hairy. favorable settings. Look alikes: Look alikes: Bergamot seedlings might be confused in Similar emergent and wetland edge species general appearance with oxeye sunflower include arrowhead and pickerel plant Heliopsis helianthoides or common evening Pontederia cordata. Arrowhead seedlings primrose. Neither of these species has a have short, broad, thick, strap-like leaves minty aroma. with rounded tips. Pickerel plant develops leaves as a seedling that are similar to those of arrowhead, but with a much sharper leaf tip. Water plantain leaves are much narrower than those of either arrowhead or pickerel plant as a seedling.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

70 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Forbs 71 Wild Goldenglow Rudbeckia laciniata Wetland Habitat: DNRIowa Floodplains, wet woods, moist 2.0 mm roadsides Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Seeds Flowers: Wetland Seedlings June-August Species Descriptions Seedling description: The first true leaves of wild goldenglow Seedling seedlings are nearly round, with stalks almost as long as the leaf blades, and a few coarse teeth toward the Weeds outermost edges. As seedlings mature, leaves become increasingly dissected and the veins of the leaves often have a light green to whitish color. Leaves are borne alternately on a stem that is often slightly ribbed. Look alikes: Wild goldenglow seedlings could be confused with those of cup plant. However, cup plant leaves are thicker, more firm, and coarser to the touch than wild goldenglow seedlings. Also, goldenglow leaves become increasingly dissected as the plant matures, whereas cup plant leaves remain entire, become stalkless, and eventually clasp the square stem.

Adult Plant

72 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Weeds 73 Barnyard Grass 74 blade (auricles) stem the encompassing of base at leaf the the visible is no ligule blade over isbent stem, the to parallel appearance in bulbous sometimes sheaths and andhairless leaf blades stem flattened pronounced plants have adult and a seedlings grass Barnyard Characteristics: Distinguishing June-August Flowers: moist roadsides wetlands; farmed floodplains; ground; Wet, disturbed Habitat: Wetland

. Barnyard grass has no claw-like has appendages grass . Barnyard The base of the stem is usually red and and red of isusually base stem . The the Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Seeds When the leaf the . When Echinochloa crusgalli MN Dept. of Agriculture Adult Plant Adult Seedling

MN Dept. of Agriculture Canada Thistle

roadsides fields,crop ground, disturbed Wetland edges, Habitat: Wetland the main stem as plants mature as stem main the early, clasping leaves with more widely along spaced edges spiny lobed with irregularly and underneath, hairy leavesseed anglesto right at leavespaired true first the with lowerand surfaces the upper on hairs bristly with egg-shaped at first leaves cup seed asmall the form thick and green, shape,dull in leavesSeed (cotyledons) oblong are oval broadly to Characteristics: Distinguishing June-August Flowers: Plants appear compressed to the ground ground the to compressed . Plants appear Later leaves are wavy-edged, somewhat leaves wavy-edged, . Later are Seedlings form small rosettes rosettes small form . Seedlings Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -WeedsIowa Wetland Seedling . Joined base, at the . . True leaves are

MN Dept. of Agriculture Adult Plant Adult Cirsium arvense

Province of British Columbia 75 76 ofearly stages plantings “weedy” the during prominent be may isanative that species This lack of spines leaves (petioles), on long leaf stalks and more ovoidclotbur cockleburs, by broader wide 1cm about long each 3cm less than and leaves stem, cap this green shaped 2-7 stem consist of aslender, whitish-green tall cm straight, shape lanceolatein and leavesSeed (cotyledons) waxy large, thick, are Characteristics: Distinguishing June-August Flowers: land submerged recently areas, waste Pastures, Habitat: Wetland Cocklebur

Mature plants can be distinguished from spiny from distinguished be plants can . Mature . True leaves have three prominent lobes. True leaves prominent have three . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling

Xanthium strumarium

MN Dept. of Agriculture Adult Plant Adult . Two strap- Seedlings . Seedlings

MN Dept. of Agriculture MN Dept. of Agriculture

roadsides ground, disturbed Wetland edges, Habitat: Wetland Curly Dock . reddish/purple. isoften species leaffor sheath the this of base leafthe blade the at only present are Longhairs flattened. is stem the and ishairless sheath The Characteristics: Distinguishing June-August Flowers: Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -WeedsIowa Wetland Seedling The base of base . The

MN Dept. of Agriculture Adult Plant Adult Rumex crispus

MN Dept. of Agriculture 77 78 . of plantings early stages “weedy” the during prominent may be isanative that species This haveand surface arough 5-lobed), stem, on the opposite other each deeply and 3-lobedlarge commonly (less margins toothed shape,with lanceolatein are They purple thick and leavesSeed (cotyledons) oblong, to large, round are Characteristics: Distinguishing June-August Flowers: moistroadsides, soils areas, Disturbed Habitat: Giant Ragweed

First true leaves not lobed are . First true Subsequent leaves are increasingly . Subsequent leaves increasingly are The stem below stem leaves. The seed the isoften . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling .

Seed .

MN Dept. of Agriculture Ambrosia trifida Seedling

Lambsquarters farmed wetlands farmed ground, disturbed Wetland edge, Habitat: Wetland June-August Flowers: underside above on ared-violet the with appearance whitened appear to True leaves begin will below above purple blue-green often and dull edges smooth ovate oppositewith shape and are in haveand sides nearly parallel shape, in linear and leaves small Seed appear Characteristics: Distinguishing Seed leaves and early true leaves are leaves. Seed earlytrue and . Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -WeedsIowa Wetland Seedling First true leaves . First true Seed .

MN Dept. of Agriculture Chenopodium album Adult Plant Adult Seedling 79 MN Dept. of Agriculture of Dept. MN Agriculture of Dept. MN Perennial Sow-thistle Poison Hemlock Sonchus arvensis Conium maculatum

Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wetland edges, Disturbed ground, disturbed ground, wet roadsides farmed wetlands The Ohio State University 1.0 mm Agriculture of Dept. MN 1.0 mm The Ohio State University Flowers: Steve Hurst – USDA-NRCS Flowers: June-August June-August Distinguishing Distinguishing Characteristics: Characteristics: All leaves, including seedling Agriculture of Dept. MN Seed leaves are narrow, lanceolate, and leaves, have a milky sap. Seed leaves have long leaf stalks (petioles). First The Ohio State University (cotyledons) are round to oval in true leaves have two or more leaflet shape with slight indentations at the divisions (pinnately compound), are tips. Although they tend to wither, hairless and often purple at the base. the seed leaves usually remain until Plants form basal rosettes of finely true leaves develop. First few true divided, fern-like leaves during the leaves are alternate, elliptical to oval in first year. Mature plants have distinctly shape, narrower at the base than at the purple-spotted stems without hairs. tips, and have toothed edges with soft prickles. Plants form a basal rosette. Leaf margins become wavy to lobed, and contain spiny teeth that point backwards. Lower surfaces of mature leaves often have a powdery white to purplish film. WARNING: Although rarely eaten, plant is poisonous to cattle, hogs, poultry, horses, goats, and sheep.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

80 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Weeds 81 82 . hairy and rough very becomes stem the mature, leaves purple are true tip the have at and notch or indentation adeep egg-shaped (ovate), strongly alternate, are hairless and appearance leavesSeed (cotyledons) in linear are Characteristics: Distinguishing Habitat: Habitat: Wetland Purple Loosestrife June-August Flowers: roadsides wetwetlands, Disturbed

The leafstalks or petioles of the leafstalks . The As the seedlings seedlings the . As First true leaves . First true Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Seeds

MN Dept. of Agriculture Lythrum salicaria Adult Plant Adult Seedling

Oregon State University- Larry Burrell & Jed Colquhoun

Reed CanaryGrass with the exception the ofwith somewhat edges rough ofand smooth, leaves leaf.hairless the The flat, are hollow is stem the and membranous, and Ligule isprominent Characteristics: Distinguishing wet roadsides pastures, wetlands, Drained/disturbed Habitat: Wetland June-August Flowers: Small clasping auricles are present at the base base at the present are clasping. Small auricles Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -WeedsIowa Wetland Seedling

Seeds .

MN Dept. of Agriculture Phalaris arundinacea Adult Plant Adult Seedling 83

The Ohio State University 84 Habitat: Habitat: Wetland Stinging Nettle which are bright yellow bright which roots the are are as stolons, and rhizomes widely spreading height 2min 1to reaches that weed isaperennial nettle Stinging Characteristics: Distinguishing June-July Flowers: areas disturbed and roadsides Waterways, moist itching sensations itching and burning resulting skin, the into of severalchemicals acocktail injects that aneedle into them off, transforming come hairs of tips the stinging touched, hairs well as stinging as stinging non- with hairy are Leaves stems and clusters. axillary in dense flowersoccur opposite leaf tips pointed narrowly and bases, heart-shaped margins, leaves soft The have serrated strongly

Small greenish or brownish or brownish greenish . Small .

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Leaves are . Leaves are

. It has When . When Seeds 1.0 mm 1.0 .

Adult Plant Adult MN Dept. of Agriculture Seedling Urtica dioica

farmed wetlands farmed ground, disturbed Wetland edges, Habitat: Wetland Yellow Foxtail . reddish/purple. isoften species of base leaffor sheath The the this of base atonly leaf the blade the present are Longhairs is flattened. stem the and ishairless sheath The Characteristics: Distinguishing June-August Flowers: Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide -WeedsIowa Wetland Seedling . Seeds

MN Dept. of Agriculture Adult Plant Adult Seedling Setaria glauca 85 Yellow Nutsedge Water Hemp Cyperus esculentus Amaranthus rudis Wetland Wetland Habitat: Habitat: Wetland Edge Farmed wetlands and other moist, disturbed Flowers: ground

1.00 mm 1.0 mm Ohio State University June-September Steve Hurst- USDA-NRCS Seeds Seedling Flowers: Seeds Seedling Distinguishing June-August Characteristics: Distinguishing Plants may reach 0.7 m in height. The stems are distinctly Characteristics: three-sided and triangular in cross section. Leaves are The seed leaves are shaped like oars with shiny and yellow to green. In mature plants, leaves are the first true leaves being lance-shaped. 5 to 8 mm wide and have a distinct ridge Leaves on young plants may have along the mid-vein. Leaves are produced in a slight notch at the tip. Seedlings groups of three from the base of the plant. and mature water hemp plants are Leaves are hairless, have no auricles or smooth and hairless, a characteristic ligules, and taper to a sharp point. Yellow feature for this species compared to to brown spikelets occur at the ends of the other common Amaranthus species. solitary flowering stems. Reproduction Water hemp has long, narrow leaves is primarily from tubers and rhizomes, with wavy leaf margins. There with establishment from seed being less is considerable variation among common. Mature plants have the ability to stands of water hemp plants based produce several hundred tubers in a single on how recently the ground was growing season. Tubers can remain viable disturbed, soil type, and how moist in the soil for about 4-5 years, making this the soil is during plant development. plant one of the more problematic weeds As a result, mature plant height to control in areas where it has a chance to may range from 0.6 to 2.5 m, and become established. stem and leaf color may range from reddish-purple to green.

Adult Plant Adult Plant

86 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Weeds 87 Appendix

Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Appendix 89 List of Synonyms for Common and Scientific Names Having trouble finding a plant you’re looking for? Below is a list of some of the more frequently used synonyms for plants that are known by more than one common and/or scientific name. Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name (synonym) (synonym) (synonym) (synonym) Common arrowhead Schoenoplectus fluviatilis Sagittaria latifolia River bulrush (Duck potato) (Scirpus fluviatilis) Gentiana alba Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Cream gentian Softstem bulrush (Gentiana flavida) (Scirpus validus) Doellingeria umbellata Eupatoriadelphus maculatus Flat-topped aster Spotted Joe-pye weed (Aster umbellatus) (Eupatorium maculatum) Euthamia graminifolia Yellow coneflower Grass-leaved goldenrod Ratibida pinnata (Solidago graminifolia) (Gray-headed coneflower) Great St. Johnswort Hypericum ascyron (Hypericum pyrimidatum) Marsh milkweed Asclepias incarnata (Swamp milkweed) Symphyotrichum novae-angliae New England aster (Aster novae-angliae) Nodding beggarticks Bidens cernua (Nodding bur marigold) Obedient Plant Physostegia virginiana (False dragonhead) Symphyotrichum lanceolatum Panicled aster (Aster lanceolatus) (Aster simplex) Polygonum pensylvanicum Pennsylvania smartweed (Persicaria pensylvanica) Red-stemmed aster Symphyotrichum puniceum (Swamp aster) (Aster puniceus) Oligoneuron riddellii Riddell’s goldenrod (Solidago riddellii)

90 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Appendix 91 Glossary of Technical Terms We have made an effort to avoid using technical botanical terms in this guide. Despite our good intentions, some botanical terms were included. We hope this glossary helps.

Achene – A dry fruit with a relatively thin wall that stays closed at maturity.

Acute – Sharp-pointed.

Annual – A plant that completes its life cycle in one year or less.

Auricle – Appendages or lobes at the base of the leaf blade.

Axil – The area or angle formed between the base of an organ and the structure from which it originated, such as between the leaf base and the stem.

Axillary – Growing in an axil.

Basal – Pertaining to the base of the plant.

Biennial – A plant that requires two years to complete a life cycle; the first year typically forming a basal rosette, the second year forming an inflorescence.

Bipinnate – Twice pinnately compound.

Bract – A reduced leaf or scale, typically below a flower stalk or group of flowers. It also can refer to small leaves on a stem.

Compound – Leaves that are divided into distinct leaflets.

Cordate – Heart-shaped.

Cotyledon – A seed leaf; the first leaf (or leaves) to appear during the development of a seedling.

Cultivar – A cultivated variety of a particular species of plant, usually selected or manipulated for specific traits.

92 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Appendix 93 Elliptic – A circular shape widest about the middle. Palmate – Radiately lobed or divided, with individual segments originating at a common point or nearly so. Entire – Leaf margins without teeth; even though the margin may have hairs. Parallel-veined – A feature where veins are parallel to each other and the mid-rib, or nearly so. Fruit – Structure that bears the seeds. Pedicel – The stalk of a single flower in a cluster. Glabrous – Smooth, in the sense of not possessing hairs. Pendulous – Drooping. Glaucous – Covered by a white or pale, often waxy, bloom. Perennial – A plant that lives for more than two years. Hirsute – With stiff, usually straight, hairs. Perigynia – Bristle, scale, or bottle-shaped appendage about the fruiting Inflorescence – The flowering part of a plant or arrangement of flowers structure in sedges. on a stalk. Perfoliate – Condition where the stem appears to pass through the leaf. Lanceolate – Lance-shaped, broadest below the middle, long-tapering above the middle, several times longer than wide. Petiole – A leafstalk.

Leaflet – One segment of a compound leaf. Leaflets may resemble Pinnate – Leaf structure that is compound or deeply divided, the leaves, but differ principally in that buds are not found in the axils of principal divisions arranged along each side of a common axis. leaflets, and leaflets all lie in the same plane. Pubescent – Hairy. Ligule – Small structure, often membranous, where a grass blade meets Recurved – Directed backward or downward. the leaf. Reflexed – Abruptly turned or bent downward. Linear – Very long and narrow, with nearly or quite parallel margins. Rhizomatous – Bearing rhizomes. Lobe – Any segment or division, particularly if blunt. Rhizome – An underground stem, typically horizontal. Mid-nerve, Mid-rib, Mid-vein – The central or principal vein of a leaf, bract, sepal, or petal. Serrate – With sharp, typically forward-pointing teeth.

Nerve – Same as a vein. Sessile – Without a stalk.

Node – The point along a stem which gives rise to leaves, branches, or Sheath – Lower part of the grass leave that encloses the stem. inflorescences. Spikelet – Part of a grass plant inflorescence. Oblong – Several times longer than wide with nearly, or parallel sides. Stipule – An appendage or bract situated at either side of a leaf axil. Ovate – Egg-shaped.

94 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Appendix 95 Tomentose – Dense, matted hairs.

Translucent – Between opaque and transparent; allows some light to pass through.

Truncate – Ending abruptly; appearing to be cut off. Vegetative – Plants or plant parts not involved in flowering or seed/ Index fruit production.

Vein – A wire-like bundle of tissue in a leaf or other plant part. Same as nerve.

Weed – A plant growing in an undesired location. In wetland restorations, this typically refers to non-native, invasive species that can potentially crowd out desirable native plants.

96 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide 97 Plant Species Index

A Cocklebur 76 Acorus calamus 65 Common Arrowhead 41 Alisma subcordatum 70 Common Rush 12 Amaranthus rudis 87 Conium maculatum 81 Ambrosia trifida 78 Cream Gentian 42 Andropogon gerardii 2 Culver’s Root 43 Anemone canadensis 39 Cup Plant 44 Asclepias incarnata 54 Curly Dock 77 Cyperus esculentus 86 B Barnyard Grass 74 D Bidens cernua 57 Dark Green Bulrush 4 Big Bluestem 2 Doellingeria umbellata 29 Blueflag Iris 35 Dudley’s Rush 13 Bluejoint grass 3 Blue Vervain 36 E Boltonia asteroides 28 Echinochloa crusgalli 74 Boneset 37 Eleocharis spp. 15 Bottlebrush Sedge 17 Elymus virginicus 24 Bottle Gentian 38 Eupatoriadelphus maculatus 61 Eupatorium perfoliatum 37 C Euthamia graminifolia 49 Calamagrostis canadensis 3 Evening Primrose 45 Canada Anemone 39 Canada Thistle 75 F Cardinal Flower 40 False Aster 28 Carex comosa 17 Flat-topped Aster 29 Carex lacustris 20 Fowl Manna Grass 8 Carex lupulina 19 Fox Sedge 18 Carex lurida 21 Carex stricta 22 G Carex vulpinoidea 18 Gentiana alba 42 Chelone glabra 68 Gentiana andrewsii 38 Chenopodium album 79 Germander 46 Cicuta maculata 69 Giant Goldenrod 48 Cirsium arvense 75 Giant Manna Grass 9

98 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Index 99 Giant Ragweed 78 Lurid Sedge 21 Glyceria grandis 9 Lythrum salicaria 82 Glyceria striata 8 Golden Alexanders 47 M Grass-leaved Goldenrod 49 Marsh Milkweed 54 Great Blue Lobelia 51 Maximillian Sunflower 62 Great St. Johnswort 52 Meadow Blazingstar 33 Mimulus ringens 55 H Monarda fistulosa 71 Hardstem Bulrush 5 Monkey Flower 55 Helenium autumnale 60 Mountain Mint 56 Helianthus grosseserratus 63 Helianthus maximilliani 62 N Hop Sedge 19 New England Aster 30 Hypericum ascyron 52 Nodding Beggarticks 57

I O Inland Rush 14 Obedient Plant 58 Iris shrevei 35 Oenothera biennis 45 Ironweed 53 Oligoneuron riddellii 50

J P Juncus dudleyi 13 Panicled Aster 31 Juncus effusus 12 Panicum virgatum 23 Juncus interior 14 Pennsylvania Smartweed 59 Juncus torreyi 16 Perennial Sow-thistle 80 Phalaris arundinacea 83 L Physostegia virginiana 58 Lakebank Sedge 20 Poison Hemlock 81 Lambsquarters 79 Polygonum pensylvanicum 59 Leersia oryzoides 11 Prairie Blazingstar 34 Liatris ligulistylis 33 Prairie Cordgrass 10 Liatris pychnostachya 34 Purple Loosestrife 82 Lilium michiganense 67 Pycnanthemum virginianum 56 Lobelia cardinalis 40 Lobelia siphilitica 51

100 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Index 101 0 0 Inches Inches 1 1 R T Red-stemmed Aster 32 Tall Meadow Rue 66 Reed Canary Grass 83 Teucrium canadense 46 Rice Cutgrass 11 Thalictrum dasycarpum 66 Riddell’s Goldenrod 50 Torrey’s Rush 16 2 2 River Bulrush 6 Turk’s Cap Lily 67 Rudbeckia laciniata 72 Turtlehead 68 Rudbeckia subtomentosa 64 Tussock Sedge 22 Rumex crispus 77 U S Urtica dioica 84 3 3 Sagittaria latifolia 41 Sawtooth Sunflower 63 V Schoenoplectus acutus 5 Verbena hastata 36 Schoenoplectus fluviatilis 6 Vernonia fasciculata 53 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 7 Veronicastrum virginicum 43 4 4 Scirpus atrovirens 4 Virginia Wildrye 24 Scirpus cyperinus 25 Setaria glauca 85 W Silphium perfoliatum 44 Water Hemlock 69 Sneezeweed 60 Water Hemp 87 5 5 Softstem Bulrush 7 Water Plantain 70 Solidago gigantea 48 Wild Bergamot 71 Sonchus arvensis 80 Wild Goldenglow 72 Spartina pectinata 10 Woolgrass 25 Spike Rush 15 X

6 Spotted Joe-pye Weed 61 6 Stinging Nettle 84 Xanthium strumarium 76 Sweet Coneflower 64 Sweetflag 65 Y Switchgrass 23 Yellow Foxtail 85 Symphyotrichum lanceolatum 31 Yellow Nutsedge 86 8 7 8 7 Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 30 Symphyotrichum puniceum 32 Z Zizea aurea 47 mm mm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 190 200 180 102 Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide Iowa Wetland Seedling Guide - Index 103 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 190 200 230 240 250 220 180