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Ecological Communities of New York State Second Edition A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke’s Ecological Communities of New York State Edited by Gregory J. Edinger D. J. Evans Shane Gebauer Timothy G. Howard David M. Hunt Adele M. Olivero New York Natural Heritage Program NYS Department of Environmental Conservation 625 Broadway, 5th Floor Albany, NY 12233-4757 March 2014 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor Joe Martens, Commissioner The NY Natural Heritage Program is a partnership between the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. This publication should be cited as: Edinger, G. J., D. J. Evans, S. Gebauer, T. G. Howard, D. M. Hunt, and A. M. Olivero (editors). 2014. Ecological Communities of New York State. Second Edition. A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke’s Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY. ii CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................... vi 1. Spring .............................................................. 22 Acknowledgements (for 2014 edition) ..................... vii 2. Intermittent stream .......................................... 22 Acknowledgements (for 1990 edition) ....................viii 3. Rocky headwater stream ................................. 23 Introduction ............................................................. ix 4. Marsh headwater stream ................................. 24 5. Coastal plain stream ........................................ 25 I. MARINE SYSTEM ............................... 1 6. Backwater slough ............................................ 26 A. MARINE SUBTIDAL ......................................... 1 7. Confined river ................................................. 26 1. Marine deepwater community ........................... 1 8. Unconfined river ............................................. 28 2. Marine eelgrass meadow ................................... 1 9. Deepwater river ............................................... 29 B. MARINE INTERTIDAL ..................................... 2 B. RIVERINE CULTURAL ................................... 29 1. Marine intertidal mudflats ................................. 2 1. Riverine submerged structure ......................... 29 2. Marine intertidal gravel/sand beach ................... 2 2. Riverine water chestnut bed ............................ 17 3. Marine rocky intertidal ...................................... 3 3. Acidified stream .............................................. 29 C. MARINE CULTURAL........................................ 3 4. Canal ............................................................... 29 1. Marine submerged artificial structure/reef ........ 3 5. Ditch/artificial intermittent stream .................. 30 2. Marine dredge spoil shore ................................. 3 6. Industrial effluent stream ................................ 30 3. Marine riprap/artificial shore ............................ 4 C. RIVERINE REFERENCES ............................... 31 4. Marine dredge spoil dump site .......................... 4 5. Marine dredge excavation pit/channel .............. 4 IV. LACUSTRINE SYSTEM ................ 33 6. Marine aquaculture areas .................................. 4 A. NATURAL LAKES AND PONDS ................... 33 D. MARINE REFERENCES.................................... 5 1. Great Lakes deepwater community ................. 34 2. Great Lakes aquatic bed .................................. 34 II. ESTUARINE SYSTEM ....................... 6 3. Great Lakes exposed shoal .............................. 35 A. ESTUARINE SUBTIDAL .................................. 6 4. Bog lake/pond ................................................. 35 1. Tidal river .......................................................... 6 5. Oligotrophic dimictic lake............................... 36 2. Saltwater tidal creek .......................................... 6 6. Mesotrophic dimictic lake ............................... 37 3. Freshwater tidal creek ....................................... 7 7. Eutrophic dimictic lake ................................... 37 4. Brackish subtidal aquatic bed ............................ 8 8. Summer-stratified monomictic lake ................ 38 5. Freshwater subtidal aquatic bed ........................ 8 9. Winter-stratified monomictic lake .................. 39 B. ESTUARINE INTERTIDAL ............................... 9 10. Meromictic lake ............................................ 39 1. Brackish meadow .............................................. 9 11. Marl pond ...................................................... 40 2. Salt shrub ........................................................ 10 12. Inland salt pond ............................................. 40 3. High salt marsh ............................................... 10 13. Oxbow lake/pond .......................................... 41 4. Salt panne ......................................................... 11 14. Coastal plain pond ......................................... 41 5. Low salt marsh ................................................ 11 15. Oligotrophic pond ......................................... 41 6. Coastal salt pond ............................................. 12 16. Eutrophic pond .............................................. 42 7. Brackish interdunal swales .............................. 13 B. LACUSTRINE CULTURAL ............................ 43 8. Brackish tidal marsh ........................................ 14 1. Lacustrine submerged structure ...................... 43 9. Brackish intertidal mudflats ............................ 14 2. Acidified lake .................................................. 43 10. Brackish intertidal shore ............................... 15 3. Cultural eutrophic lake .................................... 43 11. Freshwater tidal swamp................................. 15 4. Lacustrine water chestnut bed ......................... 43 12. Freshwater tidal marsh .................................. 15 5. Farm pond/artificial pond ................................ 44 13. Freshwater intertidal mudflats ....................... 16 6. Reservoir/artificial impoundment ................... 44 14. Freshwater intertidal shore ............................ 16 7. Quarry pond .................................................... 44 C. ESTUARINE CULTURAL ............................... 17 8. Artificial pool .................................................. 44 1. Estuarine submerged structure ........................ 17 9. Industrial cooling pond ................................... 44 2. Estuarine water chestnut bed ........................... 17 10. Sewage treatment pond ................................. 44 3. Estuarine channel/artificial impoundment........ 17 C. LACUSTRINE REFERENCES ......................... 45 4. Estuarine ditch ................................................ 17 5. Estuarine impoundment marsh ........................ 17 V. PALUSTRINE SYSTEM .................. 47 6. Estuarine common reed marsh ........................ 18 A. OPEN MINERAL SOIL WETLANDS ............. 47 7. Estuarine dredge spoil shore ........................... 18 1. Deep emergent marsh ...................................... 47 8. Estuarine riprap/artificial shore ....................... 18 2. Shallow emergent marsh ................................. 48 9. Estuarine dredge excavation pit/channel ......... 18 3. Shrub swamp ................................................... 49 D. ESTUARINE REFERENCES ........................... 19 4. Cobble shore wet meadow .............................. 50 5. Inland calcareous lake shore ........................... 50 III. RIVERINE SYSTEM ...................... 21 6. Inland non-calcareous lake shore .................... 50 A. NATURAL STREAMS ..................................... 21 7. Coastal plain pond shore ................................. 51 New York Natural Heritage Program iii CONTENTS 8. Sinkhole wetland ............................................. 52 6. Maritime heathland ......................................... 85 9. Maritime freshwater interdunal swales ........... 53 7. Maritime grassland .......................................... 86 10. Pine barrens vernal pond ............................... 53 8. Hempstead Plains grassland ............................ 86 11. Pine barrens shrub swamp .............................. 54 9. Riverside ice meadow ..................................... 87 B. OPEN PEATLANDS ......................................... 55 10. Floodplain grassland ..................................... 87 1. Inland salt marsh ............................................. 55 11. Riverside sand/gravel bar .............................. 88 2. Sedge meadow ................................................ 55 12. Shoreline outcrop .......................................... 88 3. Marl pond shore .............................................. 56 13. Calcareous shoreline outcrop ......................... 88 4. Marl fen ........................................................... 56 14. Cobble shore .................................................. 89 5. Rich sloping fen .............................................. 57 15. Wet alvar grassland ........................................ 89 6. Rich graminoid fen .......................................... 58 16. Dry alvar
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