Lake Ontario Maps, Facts and Figures

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Lake Ontario maps, facts and figures

A project by the FINGER LAKES-LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE and NEW YORK SEA GRANT 1. Origins of Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin

2. Population by Census Block Groups

3. Detailed Surface Water New York’s Lake Ontario . . . shown in maps, facts & figures

Lake Ontario, the 14th largest lake in the world, is the smallest of the Great 4. Topography Lakes. Bordered to the north by Ontario, Canada, and to the south by New York State, it is the smallest in surface area, fourth among the Great Lakes in maximum depth, but second only to Lake Superior in average depth. The basin land area is largely rural with a significant forested and Lake Ontario at a glance 5. Land Use Types agricultural portion. The Lake is nestled between the mighty Niagara River Lake Ontario is the 14th largest lake in the world. to the west...and the picturesque St. Lawrence River Valley to its east. Length: 193 mi / 311 km Width: 53 mi / 85 km Almost one-third of the land area of New York State drains Published by Finger Lakes-Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance (FLLOWPA) Average depth: 283 ft / 86 m 6. Wastewater Treatment Plants and New York Sea Grant. into Lake Ontario, making the wise use and management of Maximum depth: 802 ft / 244 m All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval natural resources vital to the long-term sustainability of the system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 3 3 photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. Lake Ontario region’s ecology, environment and economy. Volume: 393 mi / 1634 km

2 2 FLLOWPA Water surface area: 7,340 mi / 19011 km 7. Public Lands 309 Lake St. Penn Yan, NY 14527 This booklet is designed to provide those who live, work, and play Phone: (315) 536-7488 Shoreline length: 712 mi / 1146 km http://www.fllowpa.org/ along Lake Ontario with an overview of the use and management Elevation: 243 ft / 74 m New York Sea Grant that occurs within the drainage basin. We encourage you to use 62B Mackin Hall SUNY College at Oswego Oswego, NY 13126-3599 Phone: (315) 312-3042 this booklet to add to your understanding of the issues impacting Retention/Replacement time: 6 years E-mail: [email protected] 8. Status of Municipal Land Use Controls http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/ the Lake and your management and planning activities. Watershed includes more than 16,000 mi / 25,750 km of streams and 260 lakes. Acknowledgments Writer: Helen Bagley - FLLOWPA Designer: GARCES REID Design The Finger Lakes – Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance in Photography provided by the following agencies or individuals: Great Lakes Seaway Trail partnership with New York Sea Grant developed this booklet and has made 9. Coastal Priority Waterbodies and Areas of Concern George Fischer every effort to insure that the information is accurate. The maps provided Finger Lakes Association Finger Lakes Tourism Alliance were provided by the Lake Ontario Coastal Initiative (LOCI) with permission Jack W. Miller Richard Young, Department of Geological Sciences, SUNY Geneseo for their use. This information is provided for educational purposes only. Brian P. Whattam Greater Rochester Visitors Association 10. Industrial And Municipal Permitted Discharges and New York Sea Grant Drinking Water Intake Locations Oswego County Promotion and Tourism Thousand Islands International Tourism Council David G. White Maps & Photography: LOCI (Lake Ontario Coastal Initiative) January 2006 Recreation/Tourism Specialist/Great Lakes Program Coordinator | NY Sea Grant COVER PHOTO: Dan Distler, Oswego County Tourism. BACK PHOTO: Kara Dunn, Great Lakes Seaway Trail.

11. Bedrock and Unconsolidated Aquifers FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 3 Hammond 1 a Rossie ri Population (2000) d Butterfield Yellow n Origins of Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin a x Lake Lake [! North Coast West leMud Notable Population Centers < 10,000 A Red er Lake iv Lake e R 10,001 - 50,000 North Coast Central nc Moon re a w s Lake a e Antwerp L . er North Coast East St h 2 50,001 - 100,000 T Clayton t Orleans n e 100,001 - 350,000 Town Boundary c in Philadelphia V e p Perch County Boundary a Lyme Europeans first settled the Lake Ontario Basin in the 1600s. These settlers were fur traders, The basin includes significant urban and suburban areas. The majority of the total basin popu- LOCI Project Boundary CANADA C Lake

P Le Ray fishermen, and farmers. The population of the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin (LODDB) lation of 751,891 (Census 2000) is located around the larger urban centers of Rochester, a m Fort Drum Wilna

l greatly increased after 1823 when a major portion of the Erie Canal linking Rochester to Watertown, and the city of Oswego. Rochester is the most populated city in the LODDB, Brownville i 3 a Blac Albany was opened. Large bays on the Lake such as Irondequoit Bay and Sodus Bay became despite decreasing by almost 6% since the 2000 Census. Monroe County, containing the City k River

prime fishing and recreational centers when easier access became available. At the turn of of Rochester, is the most heavily populated with Onondaga and Niagara Counties in second Champion eld sfi Watertown un the century, industrial development and growing urbanization increased the population of the and third place respectively. The remaining population centers within the basin are smaller Black River Ho wn d rto tlan Bay Wate Ru area, and with it, major ecological changes for the region. villages that largely support farming or suburban bedroom communities. Jefferson Denmark

The LODDB spans 11 counties and 80 municipalities across upstate New York. Seven of the (!

4 [ Henderson Harbor L

eleven counties have frontage on Lake Ontario. City 2000 Population 2009 Population (Estimated) % change o Henderson Adams Rodman Pinckney w

Buffalo* 292,648 270,240 -7.7% Harrisburg v

l l

County 2009 Estimated Population change Estimated Land Area e Rochester 219,773 207,294 -5.7% Population 2000-2009 in the LODDB Lewis Syracuse* 147,306 138,560 -5.9% M cayuga* 79,526 -2,435 15% Ellisburg a Lorraine r Worth Montague t Watertown 26,705 27,489 2.9% in s genesee 57,868 -2,502 25% North Sandy b 5 Lockport 22,279 20,563 - 8.8% u jefferson* 118,719 +6,981 54% Pond rg Oswego 17,954 17,177 -4.3% lewis 26,157 -787 10% South Sandy Boylston W Fulton 11,855 10,661 -9.0% Pond Sandy Redfield e Turin monroe* 733,703 -1,640 30% Lake Ontario Creek s t

T * Outside of the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin S u niagara* 214,557 -5,287 60% a r l Orwell i 8 m n 8 o n Riv Osceola orleans* 42,051 -2,122 98% er Salmon River Richland 6 onondaga 454,753 -3,583 5% 0 5 10 20 30 40 Reservoir 0 5 10 20 30 40 Wi Albion Miles l Scriba l ontario 105,650 +5,426 5% Miles i New a Lewis Haven m Oswego Oswego s oswego* 121,377 -1,002 70% t o O M Mexico w s i n wayne* 91,291 -2,475 50% Little Sodus w n e Parish Florence e t lle Bay i Oswego g t Ava o o Volney Palermo v

Somerset Yates Blind Sodus s * Counties that have frontage on Lake Ontario N

k R n C Kendall e Bay iv Carlton Port

w e

7 e Amboy An

l Hamlin East

r e Camden f i Maxwell o a Sodus Bay

Wilson r n m Bay Fulton ! Fair Haven n

Porter e Bay

n Bay [ ings Gaines t o e Irondequoit Oneida Hartland S s Ridgeway M

e Albion Murray c a t Sterling ! Parma Bay h t Constantia Lee Niagara H s h [ Clarkson Greece Hannibal ro e g nal e i Ca ! Albion r Wolcott Erie [ e p Lewiston Granby W E Medina it p v am son Cambria Monroe i o Willi e Vienna u Webster Huron l

R Ontario Rome NYPA eq Sodus Lockport OrleansClarendon Sweden e d Ira town Reservoir Tuscarora Shelby e n Victory Lysander s o Oneida Reservation Barre Ogden Ir Butler L e o O Er 8 c ak O n Lake ie Canal rc e Rochester Rose d on k Royalton hard Creek Clay l t p Gates G Niagara Falls fie le o Penfield Marion t rt Oakfield on Walworth Cicero ea end ht P Alabama Bergen ig Cross Verona Wh al Elba Br Lenox n Wayne S Lake Van Buren Tonawanda d Cato Ca Byron r Palmyra Lyons a

N v ie Riga Chili a o Macedon Conquest Sullivan r Reservation f a Salina E e s Perinton n Oneida Grand t E Onondaga

w ett Lyons i t ! r na O Sherrill Clarence i ie s [ Island nr P h Lake Syracuse n Amherst t C ei e e Galen a Camillus d a Batavia H n Brutus Elbridge a Vernon Tonawanda d Wheatland Arcadia a Manlius Pembroke Victor l Mentz Lincoln S 9 Batavia Stafford t Manchester o C Le Roy De Witt c

M Madison Rush S h Farmington Tyre Cayuga k e Mendon Black k S

a b e Genesee Junius a Onondaga m

Throop r k Lake n O r Lancaster Sennett c ith i Buffalo to e n Fenner d Caledonia a e o f g Alden C w Darien Bethany B Ontario l n Cazenovia i B te l e e

Auburn u a l a Seneca d o E Phelps l g l W l a d s Alexander Pavilion o n e Lake a Erie o a Waterloo Seneca Aurelius g

o a e m s s a Pompey Avon m Canandaigua C s t n York Lima f t Falls Ow f i d West a i e

e a Geneva S l LaFayette z d Hopewell Skaneateles Seneca l i a Otisco d p e g Eaton r s Livingston n

u i Bennington Middlebury n c Lake Lake Marilla Lake o Lackawanna Attica a gp o Elma v Nelson Covington Geneseo Fleming S i 10 G Fayette Richmond Seneca or pa Otisco a

Livonia enev Wyoming Bristol Cayuga t Owasco f Erie Canandaigua Seneca for rg Conesus Lake Lake d Fabius u Orchard Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake Niles b Wales Warsaw Perry town Lake Gorham a Tully Lebanon am Park Aurora Sheldon Leicester Varick Scipio DeRuyter Georgetown H Orangeville Lake Lake Ledyard Source: US Census Bureau, 2000. 1. Major Population Centers and Municipal Governments Map # 1 LOCI Project Area 11 “Find your place on the planet. Dig in, and take responsibility from there.” — Gary Snider SOURCE: LOCI; US Census Bureau, 2000. FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 5 Major Population Centers and Municipal Governments 1 Population by Census Block Groups Population 2000 Persons per Square Mile Butterfield Yellow Lake Lake Mud Red 0 - 50 Lake Lake CANADA Moon 2 51 - 500 Lake 501 - 2,000 St. Lawrence River Census Tracts J e f f e r s o n Estimated Population Change 2,001 and Greater Perch Lake Census tracts are small and relatively permanent geographic subdivisions of a county. The County Boundary Fort Drum 2000 2009 % change 3 primary purpose of census tracts is to provide a nationwide set of geographic units that have COUNTY ! (estimated) B stable boundaries. Each census tract must have a reasonably compact and continuous land area, LOCI Project Boundary la ck River parts of which are internally accessible by road. The entire area and population of a county are Monroe 735,343 733,703 -0.2% ! covered by census tracts. Census tract boundaries should follow visible and identifiable features, Watertown Onondaga 458,336 454,753 -0.8% Black River such as roads, rivers, canals, railroads, and above-ground high-tension power lines. Bay 4 Niagara 219,846 214,557 -2.4% Census Block Groups (! Oswego 122,377 121,377 -0.8% Henderson Harbor A block is the smallest geographic entity for which the Census Bureau tabulates decennial Jefferson 111,738 118,719 6.2% census data. Block groups are geographic subdivisions of census tracts; their primary purpose L e w i s is to provide a geographic summary unit for census block data. A block group must comprise a Ontario 100,224 105,650 5.4% 5 reasonably compact and contiguous cluster of census blocks. Block group boundaries should Wayne 93,765 91,291 -2.6% North Sandy follow visible and identifiable features, such as roads, rivers, canals, railroads, and above- Pond ground high-tension power lines. Each census tract contains a minimum of one block group Cayuga 81,963 79,526 -3.0% Lake Ontario South Sandy and may have a maximum of nine block groups. Block groups generally contain between 600 Pond S Genesee 60,370 57,868 -4.1% a and 3,000 people, with an optimum size of 1,500 people. lm 8 o n R Salmon River 6 Population concentrations by block group are found on this map in the region’s urban Orleans 44,171 42,051 -4.8% iv er Reservoir centers, particularly the greater Rochester (Monroe County) area. The major land cover/use Lewis 26,944 26,157 -2.9% 0 5 10 20 30 40 of the LODDB is agriculture (52%) and forest (36%), which is represented by the low popula- Miles Oswego O s w e g o ! tions of most of the map areas. O s

Little Sodus w

Bay e g Blind Sodus o

7 k Bay R C East i Port v e l e i Bay Bay r

Census track Maxwell Sodus

m n !

O r l e a n s Irondequoit Bay Bay ! e

e Fulton Census tracks may have 1 to 9 block groups t Bay Fair Haven ! O n e i d a h Erie Canal r g ! e i Albion v i

E Medina R

Lockport

! e e

8 NYPA s Erie Canal e O n e i d a Reservoir ! Rochester Oa n k e L a k e N i a g a r a Orchard Creek ! Niagara Falls G Cross W a y n e Lake Block Groups can have M o n r o e Lyons Onondaga Oneida ! Erie Canal ! BG from 600 to 3,000 people. Lake Syracuse Batavia ! 9 ! G e n e s e e C a y u g a Buffalo BG=Block Group ! O n o n d a g a O n t a r i o Auburn Cazenovia b= Census Block S e n e c a ! Lake Canandaigua M a d i s o n ! Geneva L i v i n g s t o n ! Skaneateles Otisco 10 E r i e Lake Lake L a k e Owasco Conesus Seneca Cayuga Canandaigua Lake Lake Lake Lake E r i e W y o m i n g Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake Lake Source:2. Population U.S. Census Bureau, by 2000. Census Block Groups — Aldo Leopold “BlockSOURCE: groups LOCI; U.S. are Census geographic Bureau, subdivisions 2000. of census tracts; 11 “We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.” their primary purpose is to provide a geographic summary FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 7 unit for census block data. A block group must comprise a Map # 2 reasonably compact and contiguous cluster of census blocks. Population by Census Block Groups Each census tract contains a minimum of one block group LOCI Project Area and may have a maximum of nine block groups." U.S. Census Bureau. !

! 1 Detailed Surface Water Large Scale Hydrology Butterfield Yellow Lake Detailed Hydrology Lake Mud Red Lake Lake Subwatershed Boundary CANADA Moon 2 Lake 697 r ve i er County Boundary R v t i St. Lawrence River n R o 698 ian m nd u I 661 Number represents HUC 11 codes. a 175 Water Flow Small Watersheds USGS HUC 11 Code* 699 h C Perch er Water from over 13,600 square miles of New York State ultimately flows to Lake Ontario through The watercourses of the major tributary watersheds of lake Ontario include: iv Lake LOCI Project Boundary R h Fort Drum 3 c a complex network of streams and rivers, lakes, ponds and wetlands. Salmon River: 639 river miles Oak Orchard Creek: 523 river miles HUC is defined as hydrologic cataloging unit. A hydrologic unit is the area of land upstream from a specific point on a surface waterbody r * e ! B and is defined by a hydrologic boundary that includes the area draining to that point. This data layer is used to identify the boundaries of P l The four major drainages to Lake Ontario are the Seneca-Oneida-Oswego Rivers basin, the 316 river miles 303 river miles a Irondequoit Creek: Sandy Creek: watersheds that are hydrographic in nature and contribute to the surface waterbodies within New York State. The Hydrologic Unit Code 701 c k R Genesee River basin, the Black River basin, and the Direct Drainage basin, which is the concen- A total of 5,891 miles of smaller watercourses like brooks and creeks flow through the direct (HUC) for the smallest watersheds in New York State is comprised of 11 digits. 700 i ! ve r tration of this book. Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes, but it has the highest ratio drainage areas of the Lake Ontario Basin. 702 Watertown Black River of watershed area to lake surface area. Bay J e f f e r s o n r 703 e 4 Freshwater Lakes, Ponds and Reservoirs ek v Henderson Harbor Cre i y R nd Subwatersheds Sa r There are 60 significant freshwater lakes, ponds and reservoirs totaling 18,042 acres in the e 704 e D The Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin (LODDB) is comprised of three major subwatersheds that Lake Ontario basin. Among the significant water resource features in this basin are: y Creek h Sand ut drain directly to Lake Ontario, along 326 miles of shoreline. The areas from east to west contain Irondequoit Bay: 1,720 acres Sodus Bay: 3,360 acres So the following: Salmon River Reservoir: 3,380 acres North Pond: 2,400 acres 196 L e w i s 5 Salmon-Sandy Drainage Area: Jefferson, Oswego, western Lewis Counties Perch Lake: 1,480 acres ek North Sandy re

Irondequoit-Ninemile Drainage Area: Cayuga, Wayne and part of Monroe County Plus Salmon Creek, and some segments of the New York State Barge Canal C r y e Pond an d ttle S v i i Oak-Orchard Drainage Area: Part of Monroe, Orleans County and Niagara Counties L 200 705 R Lake Ontario South Sandy The three areas combined encompass 2,700 square miles. Hydrologic Unit Codes Pond d 706 a Sa 8 l M m The US Geologic Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Unit codes (HUC) serve as a way to identify the o n Riv e r 6 Salmon River 206 Reservoir S boundaries of all watersheds that drain to a specific waterbody, such as a lake, pond, or stream. al r 0 5 10 20 30 40 B m ve O s w e g o o n Ri New York is delineated into these USGS HUC identifying all watersheds contributing to water- Miles u 213 t 707 L Oswego t in e k d bodies within the State. ! r e s

e W e f r E

l C y y e a

le s C t s

708 C i r ine m B t r N e

Little Sodus e r B e a e

eekk k

k ScScrribbaa C Crre n k Blind Sodus r

Water Quality reeke Bay c

691 Cr a

7 k C k h k n

nn eee Bay C oo re F c

In the LODDB about 53% of river/stream miles, 66% of lake, pond, and reservoir acres, and ss r 220 n 692 C Port i h

e oohh y East s h

k l JJ d t CCrree k d s eek F i n es Bay D

C 661 Saan We Maxwell Bay 219 e C

100% of Lake Ontario shore miles have been assessed by the New York State Department e O r l e a n s S W er r i l Sodus s i m ! e

Bay ! O Fulton C 664 k Fair Haven e h

m n ek re k Irondequoit

e e Bay s e v e 658 Albion e R k C of Environmental Conservation. Water qualility in the LODDB is largely a reflection of water l w

e r

e N i a g a r a ! r Bay e r

t 662 C d Erie Canal C e w e

h T 231 e

nn C 223 g ! k

quality in Lake Ontario, including the nearshore waters and embayments. The legacy of toxic g o M o n r o e r i o r

227 e e o E Medina m l v e

lm i 240 k R O n e i d a NYPA a 238 ee k i discharges to the Lake and its tributaries results in fish consumption advisories for numer- aS 665 r v

! R C 237 e Reservoir Lockport S n r 8 224 e o O n e i d a Erie Canal ous species. While phosphorus levels in the open lake have declined over the years, nutrients O e lm s a a ! S 241 k O e L a k e rchard Rochester R and resulting aquatic plant growth continue to impact recreational uses in nearshore waters. Niagara Falls Creek n e e ! 242 d G B lack Creek C Cross Please refer to Map #9: Coastal Priority Waterbodies and Areas of Concern for more infor- r O n o n d a g a M iv O T e W a y n e R e Lake e r n o 260 666 k a Onondaga e u i mation regarding assessment and remediation in the LODDB. Erie Canal n c Chitt d Lyons e en r a ek Lake a Oneida d w Erie Canal n re n ! a e a ! e n k C g C r C S da e o r e C Cr a l Syracuse k C ee at a u i ! e

9 r k Batavia C O r g k eek ! O eek H r m r E ndaigua Ou e n e l o a ana tlet n n i e

l C o i n C a y u g a

c e k n

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tt Cr G e n e s e e d

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e a

Buffalo g

C t M a d i s o n

t ! a

k e e C Cazenovia Cre r C e Auburn

ay t n uga O n t a r i o S e n e c a ! r

C k n Lake r u

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e l e

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k Canandaigua

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l L i v i n g s t o n Otisco n e a

o r ! n 10 e g C Lake o L a k e C Owasco k r d R e e W y o m i n g u Cayuga Lake i Conesus v k Canandaigua Seneca Skaneateles e M Lake Lake r E r i e Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake Lake Lake Lake Source: Detailed Hydrology: New York State Department of3. Environmental Detailed Conservation, Surface 2000. LargeWater Scale Map # 3 11 Hydrology:SOURCE: LOCI; U.S. Detailed Geological Hydrology: Survey, New 1999. York State HUC Department of Environmental Conservation, 2000; Large Scale Hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey, 1999; HUC Watershed Bounday: U. S. Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2003. FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 9 “Water links us to our neighbor in a way more profound and complex than any other.” — John Thorson Watershed Bounday: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Detailed Surface Water Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2003. LOCI Project Area

! 1

Contour Lines (Feet) Butterfield Topography Yellow Lake 200 - 600 Lake Mud Red Lake Lake 601 - 1,000 CANADA Moon Lake 2 1,001 - 1,400 1,401 and Higher St Lawrence River

Glacial History LOCI Project Boundary Perch Lake The topography of the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin (LODDB) reflects the glacial history County Boundary Fort Drum 3 ! B of the Great Lakes. Approximately 13,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age, Glacial l a c Lake Iroquois was essentially an enlargement of the present-day Lake Ontario. The Lake k R iv ! Watertown e formed because the St. Lawrence River downstream was blocked by the ice sheet near the r present- day Thousand Islands. The water level at that time was approximately 100 ft above Black River Bay the present level of Lake Ontario. The old shoreline that was created during that time can 4 be easily recognized by the beaches and wave-cut hills 10 to 25 miles (15 to 40 km) south of (! Henderson Harbor the present shoreline. This can be seen traveling east/west along State Route 104 along the Lake’s eastern shore. Glacial landform features such as moraines, drumlins, and eskers are found throughout the LODDB. Low-lying limestone headlands, bays, peninsulas, and islands extend from the 5 St. Lawrence to the Pulaski area. Sandy beaches and marshes are south of Stony Point. The North Sandy area from Pulaski to Rochester lies along the northern edge of the largest drumlin field in the Pond United States. These glacier-molded hills lie on a north-south axis. Along Lake Ontario, partic- South Sandy ularly east of Oswego, the waves of the Lake have truncated these hills, leaving a series of high Lake Ontario Pond

S shore bluffs alternating with bays, streams, ponds, or marshes. a lm 8 Average elevation: 244 feet above sea level o n R iv Salmon River 6 e Ecoregions r Reservoir 0 5 10 20 30 40 The Lake Ontario Basin encompasses three distinct ecoregions, defined as areas of broad Miles !Oswego

s ecological unity based on characteristics such as topography, geology, plant and animal w Little Sodus e g communities, climate, and hydrology. Most of the LODDB is found in the Lake Erie and Lake Bay o Blind Sodus R

k i

7 Ontario Lake Plain ecoregions, with a small eastern area overlapping the Adirondack Mountain C v Bay e e Port r l East

i Maxwell and Foothills ecoregion. The western area falls completely in the Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Sodus Bay Bay m Bay ! Fair Haven !

n Irondequoit Bay Fulton Lake Plain and the central area is split between the Eastern Ontario Till Plain and the Lake Erie e e Bay t !

h r Plain. The eastern section includes this Lake Erie Plain, some Black River Valley and the Tug ! e g Erie Canal Albion i v i E

Medina R Hill Plateau and Transition. NYPA

! Lockport e

e Erie Cana Reservoir s O n e i d a l

8 e O ! a k n Rochester L a k e Climate and Topography Niagara Falls Orchard Creek e ! G Cross Topography has a great influence on the climate of the LODDB. For example, the region from Erie Canal Lake Onondaga Rochester to the Niagara River is characterized by the post-glacier lakebed topography. The Lyons Oneida ! Lake ! Erie Canal land, rising gently back from the Lake, is affected by the moderating influence of the Lake !Syracuse 9 ! on the region’s climate. Consequently, this is one of the great orchard regions of the eastern Batavia United States. Conversely, the Tug Hill Plateau is an area of elevated land that is about 20 mi. Buffalo /32 km. to the east of Lake Ontario. Tug Hill’s elevation, along with ample moisture from the ! Auburn Cazenovia lake, creates ideal conditions for snowfall. The “Hill”, or the “Tug”, as it is often referred to, ! Lake Canandaigua ! typically receives more snow than any other region in the eastern United States. Geneva Otisco ! 10 L a k e Lake Owasco Canandaigua Cayuga Conesus Seneca Lake Skaneateles E r i e Lake Lake Lake Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake Lake Lake

Source:4. Topography USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 1992. 11 “Those who contemplate the beauty of the Earth find resources of strength that will endure as long as life lasts.” — Rachel Carson SOURCE: LOCI; USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 1992. Map # 4 FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 11 Topography LOCI Project Area

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Land Use Types Land Use Butterfield Yellow Lake Lake Urban or Built-Up Land Mud Lake Red Lake Upland Forest CANADA Moon Lake 2 Agricultural Land, Range Land Wetlands St. Lawrence River J e f f e r s o n Major Land Use Types in the LODDB: Cultural and Natural Resources Perch Open Water Lake Although the peripheral upland areas of the basin are forested, closer to the Lake the climate The many significant cultural and natural resources in the LODDB are geographically dispersed Fort Drum Barren Land 3 and soil types support various agricultural activities. Agricultural land is used for row crops, along the Lake Ontario shoreline and find their regional identity in association with the Great B lack orchards, vineyards, pasture, and hay fields. Areas such as the Niagara region are highly Lakes Seaway Trail tourism route. This route parallels the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, County Boundary Ri ver specialized for growing fruits and vegetables. Barren land, which is represented on the map, Niagara River and Lake Erie shorelines in New York and Pennsylvania. LOCI Project Boundary Watertown is an area with less than one third of vegetation or other cover. The Niagara River bounds the western edge of the LODDB with nearby Youngstown and Black River Bay In the eastern section of the LODDB, dairy farming dominates the Tug Hill Plateau. The forest Old Fort Niagara State Park on Lake Ontario. Along the Lakeshore, Wilson, Olcott, Waterport, 4 cover is primarily deciduous forest, with some mixed hardwood, conifer and pure conifer stands. Childs, Ontario, Williamson, Sodus Point, Sterling, Henderson, Henderson Harbor, Brownville, Wetlands, especially freshwater emergent marshes, are also a major feature of this section. and Three Mile Bay are the cultural and population centers of mainly rural watersheds. Henderson Harbor In Oswego County, wetlands comprise as much as 20% of the land area. Watertown and the Tug Hill Plateau are along the most eastern area of the LODDB. The Great Lakes Basin is a key area for muckland in the United States. Muck is a deep, rich, Revenue from tourism is a major economic factor for these communities, so it is vital that L e w i s black soil that is high in nutrients. It is mainly used for vegetable production, especially for the natural resources be maintained and restored.

5 onions. Muck soil develops from wetlands that dried out a very long time ago. It takes nature The largest urban area with the highest population density is surrounding the City of North Sandy about 500 years to accumulate one foot of muck soil. The counties in the LODDB that have Rochester in Monroe County. In addition to the Lake, related cultural and natural resources Pond

muck soils are Orleans, Genesee, Oswego, Cayuga and Onondaga. that attract travelers to the Lake region include 13 historic lighthouses, Chimney Bluffs, shore- South Sandy line parks and trails, coastal vineyards, farm markets, two forts, two castles and a War of 1812 Lake Ontario Pond S Battlefield. almon R iv 6 er Salmon River Fun Activities Reservoir 0 5 10 20 30 40 Oswego The LODDB provides for water-based recreation such as boating and Miles O s w fishing. Lake Ontario is a favorite destination for anglers in search of Little Sodus e Forest Land g Bay o

trout, salmon, bass, walleye, and panfish. Other recreational activities Blind Sodus R 36% i k Bay v

7 include trout and steelhead fishing along the creeks and rivers; automo- C Port e Wetlands 4% r

e East

l Maxwell Bay i bile stops and walking along the Erie Canal; and passive recreation such Bay Sodus Bay Fair Haven m O s w e g o O n e i d a

Residential 4% n Irondequoit Bay Fulton as bird watching and sightseeing throughout the area. e O r l e a n s

e Bay t

Other 1.5% h Albion M o n r o e g r i Medina e E v

The Great Lakes Seaway Trail is one of America’s Byways and a National Recreation Trail NYPA Lockport i R

Commercial 1% Reservoir e

Agricultural Land recognized for its unique landscape, scenic freshwater coastline, and historical significance. e O n e i d a 8 O s Rochester Erie Canal a e L a k e k Orchard Cre 52% Water 1% Forests, fields, wetlands, sand dunes and other natural attractions can be enjoyed at more N i a g a r a ek n e

Niagara Falls G than 120 sites. This National Scenic Byway offers 518 miles of leisure travel opportunities. Cross Transportation 0.5% W a y n e Lake Learn more at www.seawaytrail.com. Erie Canal Lyons Onondaga Oneida Lake Syracuse 9 Batavia G e n e s e e C a y u g a Buffalo M a d i s o n S e n e c a O n t a r i o Auburn O n o n d a g a Cazenovia Lake E r i e Canandaigua L i v i n g s t o n Geneva Otisco 10 L a k e Lake Owasco Canandaigua Skaneateles Hemlock Seneca Lake W y o m i n g Lake Lake E r i e Conesus Lake Lake Cayuga Lake Honeoye Lake Lake “Just as we must carefully plan for and invest our capital in infrastructure – our roads, our bridges, and water lines - we must also invest in our environment, our green infrastructure – Source:5. Land USGS NationalUse TypesLand Cover Dataset, 1992. 11 SOURCE: LOCI; USGS National Land Cover Dataset, 1992. Map # 5 FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 13 our forest, our wetlands, our streams and rivers.” — Parris Glendening, Former Governor of Maryland Land Use Types LOCI Project Area 1 16 (No. Refers to Associated Table - Wastewater Treatment Plants See Appendix O for a Listing of WWTPs). Butterfield Yellow Wastewater Treatment Plants Alexandria Lake Lake Town Boundary 42 Mud Red Lake Lake County Boundary CANADA Moon 34 Lake 30 2 LOCI Project Boundary Clayton Theresa St. Lawrence River29 Orleans 38 Le Ray Lyme Clean Water Act Negative Water Quality Cape Vincent Fort Drum Brownville B Pamelia l In 1972, in recognition of the nation’s interest in protecting its vast waters, Congress enacted Nonpoint sources of pollution, such as failing septic systems, are a major concern in nonsew- a c 33 26 k 3 R the Clean Water Act (CWA), which instituted strict regulatory requirements as the cornerstone ered areas, where wastewater generated is treated by individual on-site systems. Failing or i 37 v e of surface water quality protection measures in the US. inadequate on-site septic systems and other untreated sanitary discharges to waters account r Watertown city Champion Black River Hounsfield Watertown for a large percentage of negative water quality impacts. 20 Bay 17 J e f f e r s o n National and State Systems In addition to the impact on recreational use and aquatic life support, such conditions also Watertown Rutland raise public health concerns as well. County programs are in place, such as septic system The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) was developed for imple- Henderson Harbor Denmark Adams 4 management programs in Cayuga County, which require the inspection and pumping of septic Henderson Rodman menting the requirements for all discharges to surface waters of the United States. Under Pinckney tanks over a period of time to check if they are in good condition and working properly. 10 New York State law, the program known as the State Pollutant Discharge Elimination Model septic system ordinances have been adopted by towns in Wayne County to combat System (SPDES) was developed and is administered by the New York State Department of Lorraine these problems that negatively effect water quality. Ellisburg Worth Environmental Conservation. L e w i s SPDES is broader in scope than the Clean Water Act in that it controls point source 5 Costs of Having Clean Water North Sandy discharges to groundwaters as well as surface waters. A fundamental aspect of the SPDES Pond Montague Boylston

program is that each wastewater discharger must obtain a permit that limits the amount of Wastewater treatment systems are essential for the protection of our waterbodies. Many South Sandy Sandy Creek Lake Ontario Redfield pollutants that can be discharged into a waterbody. The treated wastewater is released into factors that have caused the cost of New York State’s wastewater infrastructure to increase. Pond 24 local waterways where it’s used again for any number of purposes, such as supplying drinking New federal standards push the need for enhanced wastewater treatment systems, as well as Orwell Osceola S a Salmon River water, irrigating crops, and sustaining aquatic life. the sometimes costly programs to address stormwater, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and l m o n R i v Reservoir e 6 separate sanitary overflows. 0 5 10 20 30 40 Richland r 2 Albion Miles Newhaven 32 Purification Processes Many facilities are past their expected useful lives. Systems are failing, and municipalities 16 Oswego Mexico Lewis 41 O Scriba Florence do not have the funds to adequately repair and replace necessary infrastructure. The conser- Volney s O s w e g o Williamstown Wastewater treatment is one of the most common forms of pollution control to protect our 22 w 12 Little Sodus e Parish vative cost estimate of repairing, replacing, and updating New York’s municipal wastewater g Yates Bay Oswego Minetto 31 40 Blind Sodus 9 o Palermo Amboy k Somerset waters. Its basic function is to speed up the natural purification process. Wastewater from 18 Carlton R infrastructure is $36.2 billion over the next 20 years (NY State Department of Environmental C East Kendall 27 Port Bay i v homes, along with wastewater from businesses, industries, and other facilities, flows through e Newfane Hamlin Bay l Maxwell Bay e i Sodus 25 7 Conservation, 2008 report). This is more than local governments and the State can address r Hastings Ridgeway Gaines Bay Fair Haven Fulton West Monroe a community’s sanitary sewer system to a wastewater treatment plant. Porter Wilson m Irondequoit Bay

n Hartland Fulton on their own. Federal, state and local governments will need to establish stronger partner- Albion Murray 8 19 Hannibal 1 e Bay 28 e 11 Erie Canal Parma Sterling Schroeppel Clarkson r Granby t Wolcott O n e i d a ships toward a long-term solution. Albion 4 14 Greece e 6 35 Wastewater treatment stages Lewiston h 21 Lockport v Ontario Williamson 5 Huron g Medina i Webster 23 39 Cambria i

The Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin is very fortunate to have vast water resources. 7 15 3 R Irondequoit NYPA E Sodus Ira

Primary treatment: Solids are allowed to settle and are then removed from wastewater. Shelby Clarendon e Reservoir 7 Royalton O r l e a n s Sweden Butler Victory Lysander e O n e i d a These resources are critical to the people who rely on them for drinking, bathing, recreation, Tuscarora Barre Walworth O den s Reservation Lockport Og Erie Canal a e Rochester Secondary treatment: Designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the k O Rose L a k e r c n and to all living things. Undertreated or raw sewage, street waste, and nutrient pollution cause ha r d C re Gates Penfield 8 N i a g a r a e k e Rochester sewage, which is derived from human waste, food waste, soaps, and detergent. The majority Elba G Niagara Falls Marion excess algae and weed growth. This impairs the precious waters of Lake Ontario. A reli- Alabama Byron East Lyons Cross Oakfield 36 Brighton of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. Erie Canal Rochester W a y n e Conquest Cato Lake able and efficient wastewater treatment system protects the Lake and waterbodies, and also Tonawanda Chili Galen Onondaga Tertiary treatment: Provides a final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before Reservation 13 M o n r o e Lyons Erie Canal Lake Oneida contributes to the health of the regional communities and the future of economic growth. Henrietta Pittsford Perinton it is discharged to the sea, river, lake, ground, etc. More than one tertiary treatment process, Syracuse Batavia Batavia such as lagooning, filtration, constructed wetlands, and nutrient removal, may be used at any Mendon Victor G e n e s e e 9 treatment plant. C a y u g a Buffalo O n o n d a g a M a d i s o n O n t a r i o Auburn Cazenovia West S e n e c a Lake E r i e Bloomfield Canandaigua L i v i n g s t o n Geneva Otisco Lake L a k e Owasco Cayuga 10 Canandaigua Lake Seneca Lake Skaneateles E r i e W y o m i n g Conesus Lake Lake Lake Lake Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake Source: Waste Water Treatment Facilities: US EPA Region 2, 2004. “No one has the right to use America’s rivers and America’s Waterways, that belong to all the people, as a sewer. The banks of a river may belong to one man or one industry or one State, but 6. Wastewater Treatment Plants Map # 6 11 SOURCE: LOCI; Waste Water Treatment Facilities: US EPA Region 2, 2004. Wastewater Treatment Plants FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 15 the waters which flow between the banks should belong to all the people.” — Lyndon B. Johnson, signing the Clean Water Act of 1965. LOCI Project Area `[ `[

Goose Bay and 1 Lake of the Isles Cranberry Creek KRING POINT !U Public Lands ! County Parks Wellesly Island Pools STATE PARK WELLESLEY ISLAND Eel Bay Crooked Creek Marsh State Forests STATE PARK Yellow !"U $1 Butterfield INDIAN Lake Municipal Parks Lake Grindstone Island Wetlands RIVER NYSDOS Coastal Habitat Area Mud $1 Lake Red Wildlife Viewing Areas Lake U Moon !" GRASS POINT 2 `[ STATE PARKS BURHAM POINT Lake Bird Concentration Areas STATE PARK FRENCH CREEK !] WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS St. Lawerence River New York State Marine Facilities French Creek Marsh The coastal region of Lake Ontario has a wealth of natural resources and scenic beauty. County CANADA Carlton Island Featherbed Shoals ASHLAND Perch J e f f e r s o n National Wildlife Refuges `[ Chaumont [ and municipal parks are scattered throughout the LODDB. In Monroe County alone nearly State Wetlands (NYSDEC) Chaumont Boat Launch `$1 Lake Wilson Bay and Marsh Marine Park 3 12,000 acres have been set aside in 21 parks for the public to explore and enjoy. Residents and !] PERCH RIVER Fort Drum Federal Wetlands (NWI) LOCI Project Boundary Grenadier Island Chaumont Boat Launch visitors are provided with many opportunities to picnic, camp, bicycle, fish, swim, or just relax ! `[ LONG POINT Fox Island - Grenadier STATE PARK !"U and observe nature. Maps and more information about many of the sites listed on this map Island Shoals Wetlands State Parks County Boundary Bl UU !"U a c k Riv !" ! can be found at the Department of Environmental Conservation’s website. Point Peninsula er Dexter !"U Watertown Black River Marsh Numerous wetlands are scattered throughout the LODDB. These areas provide important New York’s State Parks offer countless opportunities to explore the natural environment, escape Stony Island Bay WESTCOTT BEACH Wildlife Viewing Areas habitat for resident and migratory birds, as well as other wildlife species. They also play an from the grind of the everyday, and experience exciting new adventures. Beaches, boat launches, STATE PARK 4 Little Galloo Island `[ important role for: hiking trails, campsites, and golf courses found throughout the LODDB are enjoyed by residents Lyme Barrel HONEYVILLE There are several wildlife viewing areas along the coast of Lake Ontario. These areas, which Calf Island (! Shoals • Flood and storm water control • Surface and groundwater protection and tourists alike. ROBERT WEHLE Henderson Harbor are accessible year-round, provide an opportunity for the public to observe wildlife in their STATE PARK !] • Erosion control • Pollution treatment Stony Creek BLACK POND natural habitat. Many of these areas have visitor centers, interpretive walking trails, nature !U L e w i s • Nutrient cycling Wildlife Management Areas Marine Park El Dorado Beach ! workshops, and Watchable Wildlife events. To see a full list of wildlife viewing sites, or to find and Black Pond The New York State Freshwater Wetlands Act, passed in 1975, protects and preserves these Wetlands Lakeview Marsh WHETSTONE GULF 5 information about Watchable Wildlife events, please visit the NYSDEC website. Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) are lands owned by New York State under the control and SOUTHWICH BEACH `[ LAKEVIEW STATE PARK valuable areas. The Act requires the DEC to map all those wetlands protected by the Act so STATE PARK $1 management of the Department of Environmental Conservation’s Division of Fish, Wildlife and North Sandy LITTLEJOHN TUG HILL that affected landowners can be notified, and for other interested parties to know where 8 SANDY ISLAND BEACH Pond New York State Bird Conservation Area Marine Resources. These lands have been acquired primarily for the production and use of STATE PARK jurisdictional wetlands exist. The National Fish and Wildlife Service is also required to map Sandy Pond SELKIRK Tributaries wildlife. While fishing, hunting, and trapping are the most widely practiced activities on many South Sandy STATE PARK The New York State Bird Conservation Area Program was established in 1997 to safeguard wetlands in all of the states through the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) and to assess the 0 5 10 20 30 40 Lake Ontario Pond DEER CREEK WMAs, they are not limited to these activities. Most WMAs also provide good opportunities for Mexico Point Miles Marine Park MARSH and enhance bird populations and their habitats on State lands and waters. An area can be status of the nation’s wetland resources every ten years. This report helps the State to under- S Salmon River hiking, cross-country skiing, bird watching, or just enjoying nature. a 6 MEXICO POINT $1 l m designated as a Bird Conservation Area if it is judged an important-enough site for one or stand the extent of its wetlands and ensure that all wetlands are being used properly, and STATE PARK on R Salmon River iv Reaching from the mouth of the Salmon River north to the outlet of Black Pond, the Eastern Oswego e Reservoir !"U !]U$1 Ramona r more species. A site is nominated because of its importance to large numbers of waterfowl, protected against the negative impacts of development. River !" Lake Ontario Dune and Wetlands Area contains three WMAs: Deer Creek WMA, Lakeview Marsh LAKESIDE Beach Marsh $1 STATE PARK Oak Orchard Derby Hill pelagic seabirds, shorebirds, wading birds, and migratory birds. A site can also be nominated FOUR MILE CREEK GOLDEN HILL !U Butterfly Creek STATE PARK Marine Park HAMLIN BEACH U Little Salmon River WMA, and Black Pond WMA. Because of a barrier environment of beaches, sand dunes (some FORT NIAGARA STATE PARK BRADDOCK BAY !"U!" Oswego Wetlands U STATE PARK !"U! !" because of high species diversity, importance to species at risk, or its importance as a bird State Forests STATE PARK Johnson STATE PARK !"U HAPPY!U WILSON-TUSCARORA Creek Oak Orchard Creek U VALLEY cresting at more than 70 feet above the surface of the lake), embayments, and wetlands, these Sandy Creek !"O Braddock Bay Lake Shore Marshes FAIR HAVEN !U O s w e g o research site. STATE PARK ! s and Salmon Creek STATE PARK w State Forests are under the administration of the New York State Department of Environmental areas contain rare plants, animals, and natural communities restricted to this type of shoreline Fourmile !]!U CHIMNEY BLUFFS Sterling Creek !U e !"U 7 There are several of these sites in the LODDB, which is an important flyway for migratory Creek Bay ! !"U STATE PARK and Wetlands g !"U k Genesee Irondequoit Bay o R

Conservation’s Division of Lands and Forests. These are forested areas which have been acquired area. C BRADDOCK BAY !U

River BEECHWOOD ! Marine Park Port Bay U i birds, including: e ! v l STATE PARK e by people of New York State outside the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. State Forests include: These habitats would be quickly destroyed if the barrier were eroded and lost. Braddock Bay, i HARTLAND SWAMP MARSHES$1 !"U !"U Sodus !r

• Braddock Bay • The Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge m $1 Irondequoit Bay Bay Sodus SHORE ! BATTLE ISLAND n U N i a g a r a !" Irondequoit and Creek LAKE Fair Haven O n e i d a • Reforestation Areas • Multiple-Use Areas • Historic Preserves which covers 2,402 acres in Monroe County, is another of more than 21 WMAs in the LODDB. e !"U Albion `[ !U Bay Fulton STATE PARK EARL BRYDGES e !

t ! U U • Lakeview Marsh • Little Galloo Island Devil's Hole Erie Canal !"U !"U !" !"U !U Bay ! THREE MILE `[ ARTPARK h !"U !"U !U CURTISS-GALE • Unique Areas • State Nature Preserves Please visit the NYSDEC website for a complete listing of WMAs by county in the LODDB. !!"U !"U r U BAY & BIG BAY State Park g U !" STATE PARK U U !" e • Perch Lake • Ashland Wildlife Management Area i !" Medina !" U !"U !U ] !"U U U M o n r o e !" v ! ! ROME SAND !" !U E !" i U U !"U !"U!"U !"U !U !"U !U U!" Salmon Creek !" PLAINS U !"U U !U ! R !"U U • Derby Hill Bird Conservation • Black Pond Wildlife Management Area Whirlpool NYPA !" ! U !" U ! U !"!"U THREE !"

8 !"Lockport O r l e a n s !U !" !"U !"U e !" Lake Shore e Erie Canal State Park !"U !"U !U !U LAKE SHORE RIVERS O n e i d a

Coastal Areas National Wildlife Refuge System Reservoir s O !"U!"U !"U !"U Marshes e U a ! U!U!U !" MARSHES U L a k e RESERVOIR k Orchard Cre n !" !"U !$1

Iroquois NWR ek Rochester e U `[ STATE PARK !"U UU ! The Eastern Lake Ontario Dune and Wetlands system is a barrier-beach formation that The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System is to manage a national network of lands ! !U G !"!" U New York State Marine Facilities `[$1 U ! U !" CICERO VERONA BEACH $1 Niagara Falls !" !"U Cross OAK ORCHARD !U !"U U!"U HAMLIN MARSH STATE PARK !"U !"U !"!"U !"U NORTHERN SWAMP stretches for 17 miles along the eastern shore of Lake Ontario from the Salmon River north to and waters for the conservation, management, and, where appropriate, restoration of fish, wild- `[ Erie Canal U !" !"U W a y n e Lake BIG SIX MILE TONAWANDA U !" MONTEZUMA New York State Marine Facilities provide public access for boat launching, or to fish from !" U !"U !"U CROSS LAKE CREEK MARINA !"U!"!"UU!"U !"U!"U U Stony Point. It is the only freshwater barrier-beach formation in New York, and is an impor- life, and plant resources and their habitat for the benefit of present and future generations of ] !"U !" U !"U !" `[ ISLANDS Onondaga Oneida ! !"U !"U !" !"U !"U ! ! shore. Marine parks that provide facilities in the LODDB include: Oak Orchard, Irondequoit !"U "!U Erie Canal Lake tant staging area for migratory birds and other unique species. The area is comprised of Americans. The Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge lies midway between Buffalo and Rochester, !"U $1 !"U !U Syracuse $1 9 BUCKHORN ISLAND Batavia U U Lyons GALEN ! Bay, and Chaumont. ! ! !" two state parks, three wildlife management areas (WMAs), one State Forest property, and and is the only National Wildlife Refuge in the LODDB. It is within the Atlantic Flyway, a primary STATE PARK !"U OLD ERIE CANAL The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation provides an online Marine $1 Montezuma STATE PARK the Eldorado Preserve owned by The Nature Conservancy. The New York State Department migration route for many bird species. The area encompasses 10,818 acres of habitat, with fresh- BEAVER ISLAND G e n e s e e O n o n d a g a GREEN LAKES STATE PARK er NWR STATE PARK Public Access page, which lists contact information for the parks, agencies, and municipalities Buffalo iv CAYUGA LAKE CHITTENANGO FALLS Strawberry Island - ! R $1 C a y u g a CLARK RESERVATION of State and other agencies and organizations have partnered to guide the conservation and water marshes, hardwood swamps, forests, meadows, and fields. e STATE PARK STATE PARK Motor Island Shallow e Cazenovia that manage the facilities for public use. s Auburn STATE PARK Buffalo Harbor DARIEN LAKES e ! Lake beneficial use of the Eastern Lake Ontario Dune and Wetlands System. Special planning and n O n t a r i o OLD ERIE CANAL STATE PARK e Canandaigua S e n e c a M a d i s o n North Buffalo E r i e G STATE PARK Harbor $1 ! Geneva management initiatives are described in the document, “New York’s Eastern Lake Ontario Skaneateles 10 CARLTON ! L i v i n g s t o n CANOGA Lake Otisco Dune and Wetland System: Guidelines for Resource Management in the 21stCentury.” L a k e Woodlawn Beach HILL HONEOYE MARSH Lake State Park CREEK Owasco Canandaigua Cayuga TIOUGHNIOGA Smoke Creek Lake Lake E r i e Conesus Lake SENECA LAKE Shoals Knox Farm W y o m i n g Hemlock Honeoye Seneca Seneca STATE PARK State Park Lake Lake Shoals $1 Lake Lake “Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountain is going home; that wildness is a necessity; that mountain parks and reservations Source: NWI Wetlands: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; NYS Marine Facilities: NYS Offic e of Parks, DEC7. Wetlands:Public NYS LandsDEC; Park Boundaries: NYS Recreation and Historic Preservation; 11 OfficeSOURCE: of Parks, LOCI; RecreationNWI Wetlands: and U.S. Historic Fish Preservation;and Wildlife Service; Bird DEC Concentration Wetlands: NYS Areas: DEC; ParkHabitat Boundaries: Inventory NYSUnit Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation; NYSDOS Coastal Habitat Areas: NYS Department of State; Division of Coastal Resources; Wildlife Man- FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 17 — John Muir NYSDOSagement CoastalAreas: Habitat Habitat Inventory Areas: NYS Unit Department Department of of Environmentalof the Division Conservation, of Fish, Wildlife 2004; and NYS Marine Marine Resources: Facilities: NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation; Bird Concentration Areas: HabitatMap Inventory # 7 Unit of the Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life. State,Resources: Division The of New Coastal York Resources; Wildlife Viewing Wildlife Guide; publishedThe by Falcon New York Publishing, Wildlife Inc.,Viewing 1998; Guide; Viewable Wildlife Locations: Habitat Inventory Unit, 1998; State Forests: NYSDEC Bureau of State Land Management Division of Lands and Forests, 2005. Management Areas: Habitat Inventory Unit published by Falcon Publishing, Inc., 1998; Viewable Public Land Department of Environmental Conservation, 2004; Wildlife Locations: Habitat Inventory Unit, 1998. State Forests: NYSDEC Bureau of State Land Management LOCI Project`[ Area `[ Division of Lands and Forests, 2005. `[ ! `[

`[ ! `[

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`[ 1 LOCI Project Boundary Status of Municipal Land Use Controls Butterfield Yellow Alexandria Lake Lake Town Boundary Mud Red CANADA Lake New York State Land Use Controls Lake Moon Lake 2 No Controls Comprehensive Plan, Subdivision Regulations Orleans Theresa Zoning Comprehensive Plan, Zoning, Site Plan Review Clayton Zoning, Site Plan Review Comprehensive Plan, Subdivision Regulations, Site Plan Review St. Lawrence River Le Ray Perch Zoning, Subdivision Regulations Comprehensive Plan, Zoning, Subdivision Regulations Planning and Zoning Cape Vincent Lyme Lake Zoning, Subdivision Regulations, Site Plan Review Comprehensive Plan, Zoning, Subdivision Regulations, Site Plan Review Brownville Fort Drum Planning and zoning have long been a part of the social and political landscape of the state Zoning Regulations Pamelia Subdivision Regulations, Site Plan Review B 3 l of New York at all levels of government. The state constitutional provisions for home rule a c k Riv Comprehensive Plan e r Municipal zoning regulations are a major tool for guiding land use decisions in New York and Watertown specify that cities, towns, and villages are the primary authority for guiding community plan- City the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin. Zoning helps to separate compatible and incompati- Comprehensive Plan, Zoning Hounsfield Watertown Champion ning and development. Local governments’ efforts to manage the development of land within Black River ble uses, thereby protecting property values and promoting economic growth, public health, Bay J e f f e r s o n the community previously centered on public health, safety, and welfare. Rutland safety, and welfare. In New York, the statutes provide that zoning regulations “shall be made Watertown Access to clean water is just one attribute that provides a strong incentive to the citizens and 4 in accordance with a comprehensive plan ... .” Henderson Harbor Denmark Adams elected officials of cities, towns, and villages in the state to regulate land uses. Areas that do Henderson Rodman Over time, the courts have sanctioned zoning ordinances, even though they were not based Pinckney not have controls over land use have little leverage, outside of enacting an emergency mora- on a formal written comprehensive plan. torium, when trying to control unwanted and unanticipated land use projects that may appear.

Local governments often turn for technical assistance to county and regional planning Ellisburg Lorraine Overlay Zone Worth agencies and municipal associations, including: L e w i s 5 • The New York Planning Federation Although it is not indicated on the map next page, a water protection overlay zone is a special North Sandy Pond Montague • The NYS Department of State’s Division of Local Government Services kind of zoning district designed to protect a stream corridor, lake, or watershed. It “overlays” Boylston South Sandy Sandy Creek • Department of Environmental Conservation existing zoning districts and adds additional requirements to the underlying district zoning, Lake Ontario Pond Redfield

• Department of Agriculture and Markets. which remains in effect except to the extent the overlay zone provisions specifically modify it. S a l m o Orwell n Riv Osceola Resource-based and region-based planning have been the foundation of most federal and An overlay zone protects water quality by setting additional standards for development e Richland r Salmon River 6 state planning initiatives. by incorporating site-specific review procedures. By creating a system of “overlay zones” Reservoir 0 5 10 20 30 40 Albion that cross conventional zoning district boundaries and protect stream corridors, lakeshores, Oswego Newhaven Miles O Mexico Lewis Comprehensive Plans and watersheds, it is possible to maintain and improve water quality even as the community s Scriba Florence w

Minetto O s w e g o e Williamstown becomes more developed. This type of zoning is especially important to protect the water Little Sodus g Parish A majority of the municipalities in the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin have adopted Oswego o Volney Bay R Palermo Amboy resources in the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin. k Somerset Yates Carlton i Blind Sodus v Comprehensive Plans. These plans describe the community’s existing conditions and identify C

Kendall e

7 e Port Bay Newfane Hamlin r l East

future goals for growth, economic development and conservation. The comprehensive plans i Bay Bay Fair Haven Fulton Hastings m Gaines Subdivision Regulations Porter Wilson Irondequoit Sodus

n Hartland Fulton also serve as a tool to help guide both county and local decision makers when considering Ridgeway Albion Murray Hannibal e Bay Bay

e Sterling Clarkson Parma Greece Granby t Schroeppel planning and development matters. Unlike zoning, subdivision regulations deal exclusively with new residential development as Albion r Wolcott O n e i d a h Erie Canal e Lewiston Lockport Ontario Williamson Huron g Medina v Cambria i Webster NYPA i M o n r o e

Legislation sponsored by the Rural Resources Commission (Chapter 418, Laws of 1995) land is divided into lots and streets on which homes are to be built and provided with appro- Lockport R E Sodus Shelby Clarendon Ira Reservoir Royalton O r l e a n s Sweden e Victory Tuscarora Ogden Butler Lysander O n e i d a created the first statutory definition of municipal comprehensive plans in New York. Such priate infrastructure. Subdivision regulations significantly affect infrastructure, public health Barre e Walworth O Irondequoit Reservation s Rochester Erie Canal a e L a k e 8 k O r Rose c ha r n written plans are easily identifiable and accessible to the public and provide legitimacy to and safety, housing affordability, and open space. The review and approval of the subdivision d C ree k Gates Rochester Penfield N i a g a r a e Niagara Falls G Marion local zoning and land use decisions, particularly when these decisions are challenged in court. of land ensures the provisions of comprehensive plans and zoning laws are followed. Alabama Elba Byron East Lyons Cross Brighton Oakfield Rochester W a y n e Conquest Cato Lake Similarly, the State Land Use Advisory Committee and Rural Resources Commission drafted Erie Canal Tonawanda Chili Galen Reservation Lyons Erie Canal Onondaga Oneida comprehensive plan legislation for counties and regional planning councils that became law Site Plan Review Henrietta Pittsford Perinton Lake Syracuse in 1997. Ready access to such county plans is of particular importance to county planners Batavia Batavia Whereas subdivision regulations deal with the division of land into buildable lots, zoning deals Mendon Victor 9 when they review local planning and zoning actions under Article 239-L and M of the General with the outside dimensions of lots and allowable land uses, site plan review deals with the communities start with the site plan review process as opposed to adopting zoning or subdivision G e n e s e e C a y u g a Municipal Law. It is also important to the development and implementation of county and Buffalo structure and its use on the lot. Many municipalities employ a site plan review to insure build- regulations. This is especially the case in those rural areas where subdivision activity is minimal and O n o n d a g a M a d i s o n town agricultural and farmland protection plans. O n t a r i o Auburn Cazenovia ing projects conform to comprehensive plan objectives. zoning is unwelcome by property rights advocates. Some communities regard site plan review as a West S e n e c a Lake E r i e Bloomfield Canandaigua Skaneateles In metropolitan areas, site plan review is most commonly applied to large-scale commercial or function of their planning board. Others, which may have placed their site plan review regulations Geneva L i v i n g s t o n Lake Otisco residential development such as shopping malls, superstores, and large subdivisions. Some rural within the zoning ordinance or local law, assign the task to their zoning board of appeals. L a k e Lake 10 Owasco Cayuga Canandaigua Lake E r i e Seneca Lake W y o m i n g Conesus Lake Lake Lake Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake Source: Published by NYS Legislative Commission8. Status on Rural of Resources. Municipal Land Use Controls Appendix A: Directory of Basic Land Use Map # 8 11 — Robert Frielich SOURCE: LOCI; Published by NYS Legislative Commission on Rural Resources. Appendix A: Directory of Basic Land Use Tools Used by Each City, Town, and Village in NYS 2003 Update. FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 19 “Sprawl is America’s most lethal disease.” Tools Used by Each City, Town, and Village in NYS Status of Municipal Land Use Controls 2003 Update. LOCI Project Area 1 1 ^ Areas of Concern (AOC) Coastal Priority Waterbodies and Areas of Concern Butterfield Yellow Waterbodies Classified as Impaired on Lake 2 CANADA Lake e r NYSDEC's 303(d) List i v Mud Red R e Lake Lake n c r e w Moon Additional Waterbodies Classified as a 3 L Lake . Impaired on NYSDEC's 305(b) List t 2 S er iv Additional Waterbodies Identified as Priorities R t n 4 o in a County Water Quality Strategy m u Perch a J e f f e r s o n septic systems. These lakes and bays are rimmed with residential development. h Priority Waterbodies List Lake LOCI Project Boundary C Guffin On the other hand, the PWL indicates impairment to stream and river miles is caused by Lake Ontario Bay k C Fort Drum In order to fulfill certain requirements of the Federal Clean Water Act, the New York State el Shoreline m agriculture (66%), followed by failing septic systems (22%), land disposal (7%), and contami- lo k ! i C 3 h Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) must provide regular, periodic assess- ey P ls nated sediments (2%). In both lakes and rivers, nutrients are the primary pollutant with some e Chaumont K ments of the quality of the water resources in the state. This inventory of water quality infor- ck iver Bla Ri k R impairment due to pathogens. Bay ver ! ac mation is the Division’s Waterbody Inventory/Priority Waterbodies List (WI/PWL). Bl Black River Watertown The most recent Lake Ontario and Minor Tributaries Basin Waterbody Inventory/Priority Waterbodies Bay Areas of Concern k List Report was issued as a Final Draft Report in August 2007. This report includes an overall eval- ny Cree Sto 4 uation of water quality in the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin (LODDB), as well as assessments Other water quality issues center around Areas of Concern (AOCs), which are identified by (! Henderson Harbor k ee Cr for specific waterbody segments in the basin. To view the report please visit the NYS DEC website. the International Joint Commission (please see map key). These are being addressed through y ton Henderson e S Remedial Action Plans (RAPs), and the Lake Ontario Lakewide Management Plan (LaMP), tl Bay t Li k ee Stressed or Impaired Waters which is a multi-jurisdictional water quality restoration and protection effort. Black Pond Cr y d n Past industrial discharges are being remediated in AOCs in Oswego, Rochester, and a L e w i s About one-third (36% or 2,100 miles/3,380 km) of the river miles in the LODDB are included S Eighteenmile Creek. The designation as an AOC results in the development of a Remedial Cranberry Pond 5 on the Priority Waterbodies List as either not supporting uses or having minor impacts or North Sandy Pond Action Plan (RAP) to address water quality issues and restore uses. Eighteenmile Creek was k tle Sandy C threats to water quality. The large majority (78% or 4,500 miles/7,242 km) of these river miles Lit designated as an AOC in 1985 because of water quality and bottom sediment problems associ- South Sandy are considered Stressed or Threatened Waters that fully support appropriate uses, but that Lake Ontario Pond ated with past industrial and municipal discharge practices, the disposal of waste, and the use have minor impacts/threats to uses. Only about eight percent (8%) of basin river miles are Sal 8 mo of pesticides. The Niagara County Soil and Water Conservation District took responsibility for n Salmon River Lake Ontario R Impaired and do not fully support appropriate uses. iv Reservoir 6 coordination of the Eighteenmile Creek RAP in 2005. Shoreline er Eighteen of the 60 separate lake segments in the basin are also included on the PWL as m 0 5 10 20 30 40 Sal on In July of 2006 Oswego Harbor was officially removed from the list of Great Lakes AOCs. River Miles Oswego River having impaired uses or minor impacts/threats to uses. However, these 18 impaired/impacted Oswego The harbor is the first and only one of 31 Areas of Concern in the United States to be delisted. Lake Ontario W ! i lakes represent two-thirds (66%) of the total lake acres in the basin. For ten of these lakes n Litlle Shoreline ^ e Sa Pollution reduction activities in the Oswego Remedial Action Plan (RAP) to date that led to Eighteenmile Creek lm O C on R (totaling 7,759 acres, or 43% of the basin) the impacts are such that fish consumption, recre- s k ive Cranberry Pond Little Sodus w r the delisting include: remediation of State Superfund hazardous waste sites, upgrade of the k Long Pond e ll C Bay g ational uses and/or aquatic life are not fully supported. All of the 326 miles/525 km (100%) Hi k k Braddock Bay o n n C Buck Pond Lake Ontario e so C Blind Sodus The Pond R k ^ d d Oswego WWTP and collection system, control of point and nonpoint water discharges, reduc- n r l Shoreline i k C o h a o ch v 7 of Great Lake shoreline in the basin is assessed as being impaired and not supporting uses C G J r Round Pond East Port Bay s O e e r l n Maxwell Sodus tion of nutrients and stormwater runoff, implementation of river corridor enhancement proj- i k Bay i k O Ck Bay k a k k C y Rochester Embayment Fulton m O t d Bay Bay C Fair Haven ! due to the fish consumption advisory for Lake Ontario. This advisory is the result of organics/ p C e t ! n o

k S lv o e Sa C e d ects, and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) re-licensing of the Oswego River e e t Irondequoit t l l r O s w e g o

r e

i i H O n e i d a k w d C o k C k r pesticides contamination of lake sediments related to past/historic industrial discharges to e p m k Bay

! C l T m C Lake J n i r k i n c p d n power dam license to increase and better support the suitable fish habitat in the AOC. u NYS Barge Canal k e o u n o ! Albion k g Neatahwanta

e r r o Shipbuilders Ck

the lake, the Niagara River, and the Upper Great Lakes.

t C ar r F N i a g a r a C B h P ^

Medina L h r t e k d r e

g v

n t i o Tributaries to In the LODDB, virtually 100% of the use impairment to lakes and bays is from failing on-site ! i u a E N l R NYPA o Irondequoit Bay Erie Canal Water Quality in The Lake Ontario and Minor Tributaries Watershed S e O n e i d a R e

8 Reservoir O r l e a n s s ! Good water quality: Fully supports designated activities and uses Lockport Little Black Ck e L a k e

Primary Causes of use impairment in the Direct Drainage Areas: n ! Niagara Falls e Rochester Satisfactory: Fully supports designated activities, but with minor impacts G Erie Canal RIVERS AND STREAMS LAKES k Cross C t Poor (Impaired): does not support designated activities and uses i W a y n e Lake Onondaga o

u Lake

Erie Canal M o n r o e q Lyons Explanation of Terms:

Unassessed: Insufficient data available e Erie Canal ! d !

On-Site n

^ o 1. Areas of Concern (AOCs) are designated by the International Joint Commission and are areas where serious impairment of beneficial

Batavia r ! Septic 22% On-Site RIVERS LAKES GREAT LAKES SHORES Niagara River ! I uses of water or biota (swimming, fishing, drinking, navigation, etc.) is known to exist, or where environmental quality criteria are 9 Septic exceeded to Cthe apoint y that u g such a impairment is likely. Agriculture Hundred Land 22% G e n e s e e 2. The Federal Clean Water Act requires states to periodicallyO n oassess n d and a report g a of the quality of their waters. Under Section 303(d) of the 66% Acre Ponds Disposal 7% Buffalo Act, New York State DEC identifies Impaired Waters where specific designated uses are not fully supported.M NYS’s a d 303(d) i s olist nincludes 28% 34% ! those impaired waters where development of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) or comparable pollutant control strategy is required. Other 3% 100% Auburn Cazenovia O n t a r i o TMDLs prescribe reductions! of pollutant(s) that restrict the uses of the waterbody. For some 303(d) listed waterbodies, more Agriculture Lake 47% 43% E r i e documentation of impairments or pollutants is indicated prior to development of TMDLs. Contaminated 0.27% !Canandaigua 17% Geneva 3. Under Section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act, New York State maintains the Priority Waterbodies List (PWL), a subset of the statewide Sediment 2% 23% Otisco L i v i n g s t o n ! assessment of all waters called the Waterbody Inventory (WI). The 305(b) list includes all waterbodies with documented water quality Owasco Lake 10 8% L a k e S e n e c a problems. This map shows 305(b) waters classified as impaired which are not already on the 303(d) list. Canandaigua Cayuga Lake W y o m i n g Hemlock Seneca 4. Counties document local water quality prioritiesSkaneateles in their respective county water quality strategies. This map shows those local priorities SOURCE: www.fllowpa.org/statebasin.pdf SOURCE: www.dec.ny.gov/lands/48368.html Conesus Lake Lake E r i e Lake Honeoye Lake which are not classified as impaired on the NYS 303(d)Lake or 305(b) lists. Several of these waters are also documented by NYS as having Lake Lake minor impacts or needing verification of problems. Source: NYS DEC Final 2004 Section 305(b) Priority Water Bodies List; County Agencies. Map # 9 Areas9. Coastal of Concern: US Priority EPA, 1994. Waterbodies and Areas of Concern Coastal Priority Waterbodies 11 — Stuart Udall SOURCE: LOCI; NYS DEC Final 2004 Section 305(b); Priority Water Bodies List; County Agencies; Areas of Concern: US EPA, 1994. FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 21 “Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife are in fact plans to protect man.” and Areas of Concern LOCI Study Area

! 1 WELLESLEY ISLAND #* )" National Priority List (NPL) Facilities Federal Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) WATER CORPORATION Yellow Industrial and Municipal Permitted Discharges and Drinking Water Intake Locations ! Butterfield ! Lake # ! ! Lake (! Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) ! ! Federal Superfund (CERCLIS) Facilities ! Mud Red CANADA CLAYTON VILLAGE Lake Lake ! !! Moon ( p[ Public Water Intakes #*(! ! Permit & Compliance System (PCS) Facilities !! Lake !! #* ! ! 2 ! LOCI Project Boundary National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) (!! CAPE VINCENT VILLAGE ! St.! Lawrence! River ! ! ! ! State Pollution Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) County Boundary (! ! (! A Superfund site is an uncontrolled or abandoned place where hazardous waste is located, Elimination System (SPDES) and is broader in scope than the Clean Water Act because it ! Perch J e f f e r s o n Lake Water Uses Note: WTP- Water Treatment Plant ! ! ! possibly affecting local ecosystems or people. Once discovered, sites are entered into the controls point source discharges to groundwaters, as well as surface waters. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Fort Drum Municipalities, manufacturing, and power plants throughout the Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System Toxics Release Inventory The EPA and States are required to annually collect data on ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 ! la! Basin draw 6,628 million cubic meters of water per year from Lake Ontario to satisfy water (CERCLIS), EPA’s computerized inventory of potential hazardous substance release sites. The releases and transfers of certain toxic chemicals from industrial facilities, and make the data CHAUMONT VILLAGE! #!# !B c k Ri #* ! ( !#*(!#* (!#!v!e ! #*#*#(!#*!#*r Watertown! ! ! #*####(####*!#! supply needs. Public water supply systems provide water to homes, schools, and offices, CERCLIS Database contains general information on sites across the nation and U.S. territo- available to the public in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). EPA compiles the TRI data each #*#(*!#*#p[# ! #! ! (!! (! ! ! as well as industrial facilities and businesses. The average household uses 100 gallons of ries, including location, contaminants, and cleanup actions taken. The Superfund measures its year and makes it available through several data access tools. Armed with TRI data, communi- Black River #*#* Bay ! water per person per day. In addition, millions of people in both rural and urban areas rely cleanup accomplishments through various criteria, including construction and post construc- ties have more power to hold companies accountable and make informed decisions about how !! SACKETS! HARBOR on groundwater for their sole supply of water. Groundwater is important to the ecosystem, tion completions of hazardous waste sites. toxic chemicals are to be managed. The data often spurs companies to focus on their chemical ! VILLAGE (! ! 4 !! serving as a reservoir that replenishes Lake Ontario in the form of base flow in tributaries. Permit Compliance System: The Permit Compliance System (PCS) provides information management practices since they are being measured and made public. !! Henderson ! Harbor The region’s large industrialized urban areas are located on the shores of Lake Ontario, not on companies which have been issued permits to discharge waste water into rivers. Information Combined Sewer Systems Combined sewer systems are sewers that are designed to (#*! only because of transportation advantages but because of the inexhaustible supply of fresh- can be reviewed on when a permit was issued and expires, how much the company is permit- collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater in the same pipe. Most ! ! water for domestic and industrial use. Many industries demand large quantities of water in ted to discharge, and the actual monitoring data showing what the company has discharged. of the time, combined sewer systems transport all of their wastewater to a sewage treat- L e w i s their manufacturing operations. About 10 percent of the water used in industrial processes is Inspection and enforcement information is collected and entered by Regions and/or delegated ment plant, where it is treated and then discharged to a waterbody. However, during periods North Sandy 5 ! consumed, with the remainder returned to the watershed following treatment. States. Water pollution degrades surface waters making them unsafe for drinking, fishing, of heavy rainfall or snowmelt, combined sewer systems are designed to overflow occasion- Pond (! swimming, and other activities. ally and discharge excess wastewater directly to nearby streams, rivers, or other water bodies. (!!! (!! p[ 8 South Sandy Keeping Waters Clean National Pollution Discharge Elimination Program: As authorized by the Clean Water These overflows, called combined sewer overflows (CSOs), contain not only stormwater but Lake Ontario Pond LACONA-SANDY Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls water also untreated human and industrial waste, toxic materials, and debris. They are a major (! CREEK JOINT WTP ! ! The following sites detailed on this map on the next page indicate the efforts made to keep the (! ! pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. water pollution concern for the approximately 772 cities in the U.S. (Rochester, Watertown, 0 5 10 20 30 40 OSWEGO CITY !!(#*! Salm ! Salmon River waters of Lake Ontario and surrounding drainage areas clean: Miles on 6 Point sources are discrete conveyances, such as pipes or man-made ditches. Industrial, munic- and Fulton in the LODDB) that have combined sewer systems. EPA’s CSO Control Policy is the METROPOLITAN (!(! R Reservoir SODUS POINT iv (!! National Priorities List: The National Priorities List (NPL) is the Environmental Protection WATER BOARD e !( ! r ipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters. national framework for control of CSOs. The Policy provides guidance on how communities LYNDONVILLE VILLAGE #*(! ! !! ALBION WOLCOTT #*(!(!)"#* ! ! ! Agency’s (EPA) list of hazardous waste sites potentially posing the greatest long-term threat VILLAGE #(#!#* ! (! VILLAGE BROCKPORT ONTARIO TOWN SODUS VILLAGE VILLAGE ! #*(!#(!# Oswego ! The NPDES permits program consists of a number of initiatives focused on such areas as with combined sewer systems can meet Clean Water Act goals in as flexible and cost-effective MONROE COUNTY (!! ! ! to health and the environment. EPA identifies and ranks NPL sites according to threats to VILLAGE CONSOLODATED !! ! (! Little Sodus ( (O AUTHORITY SHOREMONT WTP O O s w e g o animal feeding operations, combined sewer overflows, pretreatment, sanitary sewer over- a manner as possible. (! WATER DISTRICT ss (! ! Bay (! !(! ww (! humans through actual or potential contamination of groundwater, surface water, or air. (! (#*! ee ! ! ! Blind Sodus g g ! ( flows, and stormwater. In most cases, the NPDES permit program is administered by authorized o o ! ! ! k #* !

!(! ! ! ! Bay R R Federal Superfund: The federal government’s program to clean up hazardous waste sites. ! C ( #* (!(!(! i Port ()"!v i )" Maxwell ! e v 7 states. Under New York State law, the program is known as the State Pollutant Discharge #* e East !(#*!

l ( (! ! ! r e

i #* Sodus Bay !#- # r Bay Bay Fairhaven (! O ! ! ## m !! (! !

! O r l e a n s Bay ! #*(!(! !Fultons n !#*(!#!

# Irondequoit ! ! #(#*!! w e ! ##* ! ( Albion #* ! #* #(! e ! ! e ! ! (! !!! Bay (! ! (! (! !(#*! g #*! t ! p[(#*(! (! ! o ( ! ! ! h ! (#! ! ! (! ! (! #*(!C (! (! ##### ! ! !a! O n e i d a N i a g a r a g ()"! #*!(! ! ! #*! (! !! ! n i ! ###*! ! ( M o n r o e (! ! ! (! (! Erie Canal(! #*(!)" ! # ! (#*! #* (! ! #* ()"! a E #* !! ! ! #* ! #*! ! ! l ! NYPA #(#*!! ! #*(!( #* ! #*(! ! ( !(! (! (! #*(!#*## ! ! !!! #* ! (! ! !#(!#*##*!#####Lockport Medina (! #*#* ! ! (#*! !(! Reservoir #*#*(! #*#* ##*# (! !( #* # (#*!#*#*#*(!#*###*#* #*# ! O n e i d a Erie Canal ! #*#* #(!#*#* Rochester ! 8 O ! (! (#*!#*!#*#*#*(#*!#*(!#*#!#*#*#* # ! a k #* (!!#*(!#*#* !## #* ! (! L a k e O! rch!a!rd Creek #*!#*#*#*#* (! #*#* ! Niagara Falls ! ! #* #*(! #*! ! !! ! ()"! (! #*(!(! ! #* ! #*(!(!! ! ! ! ! ! #*#*(!#*(! ! Cross #* (!#*#* Erie Canal ! (! #* #* #* W a y n e Lake ! #*#*#* !! ! ! (! ! (#*! ! Lyons Onondaga #*(! ! Oneida !! ! ! Erie Canal Lake E r i e !Syracuse ! Batavia r !

9 e (!

v C a y u g a

i R Buffalo G e n e s e e e O n o n d a g a e M a d i s o n ! s e O n t a r i o n S e n e c a Auburn Cazenovia e ! G Lake Canandaigua ! L i v i n g s t o n Geneva Cayuga Canandaigua Otisco L a k e ! Lake Lake Seneca Lake 10 Owasco Skaneateles Conesus Lake Lake E r i e W y o m i n g Lake Lake Hemlock Honeoye Lake Lake

Source: Superfund Facilities, NPDES: Sep. 16, 2005, Map # 10 TRI, Outfall Locations: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2005; 10.NYS Drinking Industrial Water Locations: And NYSDOH Municipal Public Drinking Permitted Discharges And Drinking Water Intake LocationsIndustrial and Municipal 11 — Don Beard, US Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner SOURCE:Water Supply LOCI; Superfund Database, facilities, 2001; NPDES:SPDES: Sept. New 16, York2005; State TRI, Outfall DEC, locations: 2005. US Environment Protection Agency, 2005; NYS Drinking water locations: NYSDOH Public drinking; Water Supply Database, 2001; SPDES: New York State DEC, 2005. FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 23 “We’ve reached the point in water management when if it’s not water reuse, it’s water abuse.” Permitted Discharges and Drinking FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l XX Water Intake Locations LOCI Project Area !

! 1 LOCI Project Boundary Butterfield Yellow Bedrock and Unconsolidated Aquifers Lake Unconsolidated Aquifers Lake Mud Red Lake Lake

Moderate-to-High-Yielding Bedrock CANADA Moon Lake 2 Carbonate

Sandstone St. Lawerence River Bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of the earth. Most of the under- Perch Well Yields Low-Yielding Bedrock Lake lying geology of the two western Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin sections were formed in Fort Drum Upper Ordivician as part of the Medina Group and Queenstone Formation. The underlying Well yields in bedrock may vary greatly, from less than one gallon per minute to more than ! 3 Shale B la rocks are Queenstone shale composed of red siltstones that lie across the entire southern 500 gallons per minute. These widely divergent well yields result from differences in bedrock ck River section of the LODDB. These siltstones tend to increase in thickness moving from the Niagara formation. The density and size of openings in bedrock determines the capacity for water Other Low-Yielding Bedrock Types !

River eastward to just south of Oswego. Most of the eastern Direct Drainage Basin is part of movement to sustain well yields. Some rocks are more porous than others; sandstone for Black River Watertown the Lorraine Group formed a little earlier in the Middle Ordivician. Going north from Oswego, example is more porous than granite. Fracturing also creates cracks and fissures; the degree Bay J e f f e r s o n this Direct Drainage area is characterized by: of fracturing varies widely in bedrock formations. 4 Henderson Harbor • Oswego Sandstone (with thin red or gray shales) High-yield aquifer formations can sustain well yields of more than 10 gallons per minute. • Pulaski Formation (tan-gray siltstones, shales, light gray sandstone) Sand and gravel aquifers are the most highly productive aquifers in New York. These aquifers • Utica Shale (fissile black shales) are capable of supplying large quantities of water, sufficient to meet commercial, industrial, L e w i s • The Trenton Group (Cobourg Limestone) in the Henderson Pond/Crystal Lake area. and municipal needs. Low-yield aquifers have sustained well yields of less than 10 gallons per minute, and may 5 supply only enough water for individual homes and farms. Thin till formations, left by glaciers, North Sandy Aquifers and Formations Pond containing a high percentage of clay and/or silt have low yields. Low yield wells sometime An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated mate- South Sandy occur in otherwise high yield sand and gravel deposits due to the presence of interspersed Lake Ontario Pond rials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a layers of clay that block internal water movement in the aquifer. 8 S water well. The most productive aquifers in upstate New York consist of unconsolidated depos- a lm o R n iv Salmon River its of sand and gravel that occupy major river and stream valleys, or lake plains and terraces. e 6 r Reservoir Sand and gravel formations were created when the glaciers melted and retreated. Lake 0 5 10 20 30 40 Miles clay deposits formed in the beds of glacial lakes, frequently covering sand and gravel beds Oswego O s w e g o ! O

deposited earlier. Sand and gravel beaches were formed, creating productive beach deposit s w

e aquifers. The large glacial lake that preceded Lake Ontario, named Lake Iroquois, was much Little Sodus g o Blind Sodus Bay R k larger than the present-day Lake Ontario. Lake Iroquois beach deposits are particularly well i

v C

Bay

7 e e Port r l East formed along the western edge of Tug Hill, north of Syracuse. Groundwater in these aquifers i Sodus Maxwell Bay Fair Haven m O r l e a n s Bay Bay ! !

n Irondequoit Bay Fulton occurs under water-table (unconfined) or artesian (confined) conditions. e

e Erie Canal Bay

N i a g a r a t ! h

r g ! Albion M o n r o e i e E Medina v O n e i d a

NYPA i

! R Reservoir Lockport e O n e i d a Erie Canal e 8 O s ! Rochester a e L a k e k Niagara Falls Orchard Creek n ! e G Cross W a y n e Lake Erie Canal Onondaga Oneida !Lyons Lake ! Erie Canal !Syracuse !Batavia 9 C a y u g a G e n e s e e O n o n d a g a M a d i s o n Buffalo ! O n t a r i o S e n e c a Auburn Cazenovia ! Lake Canandaigua E r i e L i v i n g s t o n ! !Geneva Skaneatles Otisco Lake 10 L a k e Owasco Lake Canandaigua Cayuga Lake Conesus W y o m i n g Honeoye Lake Seneca Lake E r i e Hemlock Lake Lake Lake Lake

Source: New York State Aquifers: NYS Department of Health, Bureau of Public Water Supply Protection, 2001. Map # 11 Principal11. Bedrock Aquifers of NYS: and U.S. GeologicalUnconsolidated Survey, 1998. Aquifers Bedrock and Unconsolidated Aquifers 11 — Loren Eiseley, The Immense Journey, 1957 StatewideSOURCE: LOCI; Bedrock New York Geology: State Aquifers; NYS Geological NYS Department Survey, of Health, 1999. Bureau of Public Water Supply Protection, 2001; Principal Aquifers of NYS: U.S. Geological Survey, 1998; Statewide Bedrock Geology: NYS Geological Survey, 1999. FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 25 “If there is magic on the planet, it is contained in water.” LOCI Project Area

! SOURCES

Dr. Ted Endreny, P.H., P.E., Professor of Water Resources and Ecological Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science & Forestry, Syracuse, NY The Great Lakes Atlas, 3rd Edition, EPA: 905-B-95-001, 1995 www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2009-02.html www.census.gov/geo/www/psapage.html#TRACTS www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2009-02.html www.dec.ny.gov/lands/48368.html NEW YORK SEA GRANT LOCI FLLOWPA www.fllowpa.org/statebasin.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/rec_area_survey/great-lakes/ny.htm The mission of the Lake Ontario Coastal Initiative (LOCI), FL-LOWPA is an alliance of 25 counties wholly or New York Sea Grant (NYSG) is a statewide network of www.water.ca/sat-70508.asp encompassing all of the New York State north coast partially in the New York Lake Ontario Basin. It’s mission www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/ontariosetxt.pdf integrated research, education, and extension programs ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wwvisit.html stakeholders from the Niagara River to the St. Lawrence is to protect and enhance water resources by: promoting the wise use and protection of marine and www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/infrastructurerpt.pdf River, is to enlist and retain broad public commitment 1. Promoting the sharing of information, data, ideas, and www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=52540 Great Lakes resources. The combined talents of university www.dec.ny.gov/61.html for remediation, restoration, protection, conservation resources pertaining to the management of watersheds scientists and extension specialists help transfer science- www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=52540 and sustainable use of the coastal region. LOCI’s goal in New York’s Lake Ontario Basin; www.dec.ny.gov/lands/60135.html based information to many coastal user groups--businesses www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/36741.html is to coordinate efforts to remediate, restore, protect 2. Fostering dynamic and collaborative watershed and industries, federal, state and local government decision- www.fllowpa.org/publications.html and sustainably use the Lake Ontario Coastal region, management programs and partnerships; and www.epa.gov/enviro/html/data_source.html makers and agency managers, educators, the media and www.glc.org/living/ Upstate New York’s world class asset. The LOCI project 3. Emphasizing a holistic, ecosystem-based approach the interested public. NYSG is a cooperative program of the ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/3406/2/Aquifers.pdf brings together the Center for Environmental Information to water quality improvement and protection. www.dos.state.ny.us/lgss/pdfs/RuralResourceSurvey.pdf State University of New York (SUNY) and Cornell University. www.lewiscountyny.org/content/Generic/View/20:field=documents;/content/Documents/File/862.pdf and partners including the Finger Lakes-Lake Ontario A unique facet of FL-LOWPA is a commitment to developing www.nyseagrant.org Water Protection Alliance (FL-LOWPA), SUNY Brockport local solutions to meet local water quality needs Department of Environmental Sciences and Biology, and while promoting the integration and transfer of tools and others representing public and private stakeholders. information to enhance the regional effectiveness of water resources management. www.ceinfo.org/loci/index.php www.fllowpa.org

FINGER LAKES - LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE l 2010 report l 27