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Index

Numbers in Bold refer to Plates

Aachen 149 Agrippa II, King of Chalcis 76–77 al Abbas (uncle of ) 149 Aholiab (construction of Ark of the ibn Abbas 120 Covenant) 14 Abbasid dynasty 149 Albright, William Fellows 247 Abdullah, King (Abd ibn Alexander the Great 37 al-Husay) 257, 258 Alexandria 219 Abdulziz, Sultan 240 Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor 155 Aben Shetiyah (Stone of the Ali ibn Abi Talib (son-in-law of Foundation) 131 Muhammad) 128 4, 6–7, 119, 120, 288 Ali, Muhammad (Ottoman Viceroy) ascent to heaven 2, 140, 147 228, 230, 234–235 al-Aliya, Abu 120 burial place 139, 276 Allenby, General 248–249 circumcision 39 Altar for Burnt Offerings 12, 15, 41–42, 148 51, 55, 67, 10 Mount Moriah 137 British Ordnance Survey 235 Rock 139–140 depiction in art 179, 182, 198 sacrifice of 1, 4, 6–7, 20, 101, American Christian Missionary Society 119, 134 233 Acts of the Apostles 73, 284 American School for Oriental Research 139, 140,COPYRIGHTED 147 247 MATERIAL Adrichem, Christiaan van 184–185, Amman 121, 257 191, 196, 204, 205, 19 Ananias (high ) 77 views and maps of 223, Anastasis 101, 112, 117, 149, 154, 15 226 Anthemius of Tralles 108 Aelia (Jerusalem) 88–92, 93, 124–125 103

Solomon’s Temple: Myth, Conflict, and Faith, First Edition. Alan Balfour. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 296 Index

Antiochus III, King 37 Arafat, Yasar 276–277, 278 Antiochus IV, King (Epiphanes) Araunah the Jebusite 20 32–33, 37–40, 42 Arculf (priest) 127, 129 Antipater 45 ArkoftheCovenant1–2,4,8–19, Antonia 57, 65–66, 71, 76, 78, 110, 200, 22–5, 53, 151, 159–160 231, 246 construction 12–13 attacked by Romans 76, 77, 78 ,King19–21 Antwerp Polyglot 180, 182, 183, depiction in art 178–179, 184 184, 196 disappearance 29, 30 Apis (bull ) 13 Dome of the Rock 131 Al-Aqsa 127–129, 139, PEF 246, 247 161–163, 287 rediscovery 27–28 assassination of King Abdullah 258 Tabernacle 14–18, 19–20, 25 burning 264–266 tunnel 269 conflict 255, 270–271 Armstrong, Herbert W 265–266 continual provocation 272, 274, 275 Ashbee, C R 249, 255 157, 158 Asherah 27–28 Frederick II 171 Ashrafiyya, Madras 219 al-Hakim 152–153 Askelon 18 Intifada 278 Assad, President Hafez 259 Jewish prayers 267, 272 Augustus Caesar 45–46, 47, 48 maps of Jerusalem 225, 227, 231 Ayyubid dynasty 171 plot to blow up 267, 272 repair 149, 227, 249, 271 27–28, 29, 37 Saladin 167, 168–169 Bab al-Sakina minaret 219 Sharon 277 Babylonia and Babylonians 28–29, 49, Templars 163, 165, 166, 168 82, 202 tunnels 269 exile 28–30 views of Jerusalem 219 Bacchus 100 Waqf 262 Baghdad 149 Arab League 256 Bahat, Dan 31, 59, 92, 102, 141, 164, Arab Legion 256, 257 275 Arabia and 121, 123, 137, Bahira (priest) 122 259–260, 269 Baldwin II, 163 conflict 254–256, 267, 270 Balfour, Alan 94, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, continual provocation 272–275 14, 16, 31, 32 houses demolished 263 Balfour, Lord Arthur James 248 Jerusalem 2, 124–125, 230, 233 Balfour Declaration 248 248 Balian of Ibelin (Lord of Nablus) 168 spice trade 121–122 Balage, Balogh 69 262, 267, 285–286 Bankes, William John 227–228 Western Wall 263–264 Bar Kokhba () 89 Index 297

Bar Koziba (Simeon) 89 Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig 227 Barak, Ehud (Prime Minister) Burdett-Coutts, Baroness Angela 276–277, 278 Georgina 236, 238 Barclay, James Thomas 233–234 Burford, Robert 229 Barclay’s Gate 150, 234 Bush, President George W 281 Carcocheba (Simeon) 89 Busra al-Sham 121, 122, 129 Barker Burford Panorama 229–230 Byzantium and Byzantines 93, 106, Barsauma () 101 110, 167 21 Dome of the Rock 130, 132, 134 Beautiful Gate 81, 110, 160, 161, 163, Persian war 111–112, 123 208, 266 plague 104 Belisarius, General 105 Ben-Dov, Meir 269–70 Caesarea 46 Bergheim, P 138, 239 Cairo 218–219 Besaleel (construction of Ark of the Caligula (Caius Caesar) 75 Covenant) 14 Calmet, Antoine Augustin 10, 123–124, 171, 218 196–198, 202, 204 Bezold, Gustav von 118, 132 Calvary 163, 180, 222, 225, 17 129 Calvinism 184 Boaz 203 Camp David Summit 276–277 Boreel, Adam 199 6, 14, 17–18, 19, 27 Bouillon, Godfrey of 158 Capella degli Scrovegni, Padua 175 Boullee,´ Etienne-Louis´ 193 Cardo 110–111, 15 Brandeis, Chief Justice Louis 248 Cassius, Dio 88–90 Braun, Georg 223, 21 Catherwood, Frederick 228–230 Breiarius (guide) 101 Catholicism and Catholics 184, 186, Breydenbach, Bernard von 218–219, 192, 202, 206 224 maps of Jerusalem 226, 230 Bridge al-Sirat 148 moneychangers 176 Britain and the British 227 rebuilding Temple 283 Jerusalem 234–240, 241, 248–249, split 196 254–256, 257 Chair of 148 Palestine 236, 238, 248–249, Charles, King of the Franks 149 254–256 Charles VI 203 235 Chatillon, Renaud de 167 Transjordan 257 cherubim 13, 22–25, 53, 178–179, 184 British Admiralty 235 Chipiez, Charles 210–212 British Ordnance Survey 234–240 and 1, 3–4, 67, Bruyn, Cornelius de 225, 22 93–103, 151–152, 160–163, 288 Bunting, Heinrich 222 Aelia 90 al Buraq (Muhammad’s horse) 2, 140, Armenian 2 147, 150 art 175–184 298 Index

Christianity and Christians (continued) Umar 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 Caliph al-Hakim 152–153 views of Jerusalem 220, 223–224 conflict 270 see also Catholicism and Catholics; Constantine 93–98 Protestants continual provocation 271, 274 Chronicles, Book of 21, 202 Crusades 154–158, 159–160, 163 of the Anastasis 15 division 149 Church of ’s Resurrection 217 Dome of the Rock 130, 133–134, Church of the Dormition 258 137 Church of the Holy Sepulcher 94, Eastern Orthodox 283 95–97, 99, 101, 103, 160–161, evolution 91 185, 17 fall of 105–107 British Ordnance Survey 238 Greek Orthodox 276 Constantine 94, 95, 101, 241 103, 107–109, 117 Crusaders 163 276 destruction 152–153, 154 illustration of holy sites 191, 197 Dome of the Rock 117, 130, 134, 113, 119, 124–127, 134, 139, 135, 137 148, 153–154, 160–163, 166 Frederick II 171 Jerusalem 93–103, 112, 137, 147, maps of Jerusalem 225 154, 163, 171–172, 209, 217, map 110 226, 234, 249 PEF 241 Judaism 128 Persian war 111, 112 Julian the Apostate 98–99, 100 Saladin 170 maps of Jerusalem 226, 230, 234 shelling 258 129 siege of Bethlehem 123 mosaic map 110 Umar 170 moved from Mount of 276 views of Jerusalem 219, 222, 223, Muhammad 122, 123 225 Ostrogoths 106 World War I 249 Palestine 163, 236 Church of 163 Paul of Tarsus 72–74 218 Persian war 111–112 Church of the Pinnacle of the Temple pilgrims 147, 170 111 prophesy of endurance 83–84 Church of the Presentation of the rebuilding Temple 283–285 Virgin 231 Rome 105, 126 Church of Virgin Mary 104, 111 Saladin 167–171, 265 Church of Sion 125 282 Church of St. Anne 163 Syria 135 circumcision 39, 40, 41, 89, 155, 156 Templars 163–167 Citadel 238 Temple Mount 137, 217, 262, 285 Clermont-Ganneau, Charles 246 Transjordan 259 Clinton, President Bill 276–277, 278 Index 299

Constantine, Emperor 93–98, 101, 108, Temple Mount 156–157, 158, 162, 126, 187, 15 163 Church of the Holy Sepulcher 94, Currier, Nathaniel 204 95, 101, 241 Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem 99 Dome of the Rock 162, 244 Cyrus, King 29, 30 Constantinople 103, 149, 155 Cyrus (rebuilding Temple) 49 Hagia Sophia 103, 107–109 plague 103–104, 105 Damascus 73, 100, 135, 149, 218 Convent of St. Barbara 184 Persian war 111 Corinthian Gate 55 Saladin 167 Council of Nicaea (325) 130 spice trace 122 (1563) 176, 196 Umar 123 Counter-Reformation 176, 187 Damascus Gate 110 Court of the Gentiles 54–55, 57, 58, Daniel, Abbott 159 60–61, 68, 81 Daniel, Book of 284 depiction in art 184, 185, 190, 197, Darius (rebuilding Temple) 49 198, 202, 208 David, King 4, 19–21, 27, 148, 159 Court of the 55, 56 David’s Citadel 219 depiction in art 179, 182, 190, 198 David’s Gate 163 Court of the 184, 185 Dawud, Adu 282 Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) 131, Court of the 55, 56 268 Court of Sacrifice 179 Day of Judgment (Qiyamah) 282–283 Court of the Women 53, 56, 183 Dayan, Moshe 261, 262, 267 Covenant (Ten Commandments) Dehio, Georg 118, 132 10–14, 25, 27–28, 37, 39 Descartes, Rene 193 see also al-Din, Imad 168, 170 Covenant of Umar 124–125 al-Din, Amir Mu’ˆın 162 236, 244 al-Din, Emir Nur 167 crucifixion of Christ 2, 70, 71, 72, Dionysus 41 134, 152 Dome of Ascension of the Prophet 219 depiction in art 180–181, 206 148, 161, 219 place of 90, 93–96, 101 Dome of the Prophet 147 Crusades and Crusaders 149, 153, Dome of the Rock (Kubbat-as-Sakhra) 154–158, 206, 220, 269, 287, 17 1–3, 117–118, 129–138, 142, churches 106, 108 147–148, 160–163, 286–288, 31, defeat 234 32 Jerusalem 155–156, 158–160, ascension of Muhammad 283 162–164, 171–172 British Ordnance Survey 235, Rock 169–170 238–240 Saladin 168, 169–170 conflict and violence 255, 270 Templars 164 continual provocation 271, 272, 273 300 Index

Dome of the Rock (Kubbat-as-Sakhra) Eilam, Lt Col Uzi 261 (continued) Eleazar 77 Crusades 157, 158, 159–160 Eleazer (high priest) 89 depiction in art 177–178, 185, 220, Eleazer, 244 16, 17, 20, 24 Eltzner, Adolf 206, 207 earthquake 255 and the English 156, 158, 170, Frederick II 171 185, 199, 204 Jewish service 262–263 see also British maps of Jerusalem 225, 227, 229, Escher, MC 194 233–234 Estienne Bible 178, 197 PEF 241, 243, 244, 246 Eucherius, Bishop of Lyon 101 plans to blow up 271, 272 Eudocia, Empress 100–101 rebuilding/restoration 227, 234, Eusebius 89, 93, 95 249, 255, 258–259, 284–285 Eutychius 126 repairs by Ottomans 209 Even ha-Shetiya () Saladin 168–169, 171 1–2 Sharon 277 Exodus, Book of 49 shelling 258 exodus from 8, 9–18, 20, 22, 24, Templars 166 25, 191 threat to destroy 276 Ezekiel 29, 83 Transjordan 258–259 description of Temple 178, 180, views of Jerusalem 217–223, 225 186–191, 194, 196, 200, 202, Doubdan, Jean 225–226 204 Dreyfus affair (1894) 211 PEF 246 Durer,¨ Albrecht 175–176 views of Jerusalem 223–224 Dury, John 199 (high priest) 32 Ezra, Book of 30 East Gate 151 Edessa cathedral 135 Fabris, Felix 217, 220 Egypt and Egyptians 8, 24, 248, 259, Fatimid dynasty 152–154, 167 277 Faure, Elie 212 Ali 228, 234–235 Faustus, Presbyter 101 cherubim 13, 24 Ferguson, James 241, 244 Christians 153 Ferguson, John 236 exodus 8, 9–18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 191 Fire of London (1666) 199 Islam 128, 153, 256 Firth, Francis 9 256, 259–260 Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernard Moses8–11 203–204 Palestine 37, 256 Fontaine, Nicolas 191 Saladin 167, 171 Foundation Stone (Even ha-Shetiya) Egyptian Expeditionary force 248 1–2 Eighty Years’ War 184 Fountain of the Virgin 27 Index 301

France and the French 152, 156, 170, Goodman, Alan Harry 270–271 178, 246, 247 Goren, Rabbi Aluf 262 Jerusalem 236, 248 Goren, Rabbi Shlomo 261–262, recreating the Temple 191, 196, 199, 272–273, 274 204, 210–212 Goths 105 Syria 257 El Greco 176, 18 Franks 157, 161, 166, 234 Greece and Greeks 33, 37–38, 67, Saladin 168, 169–170 76, 2 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Arabia 121, 122 171 90, 91 Freemasons 212 Hellenism 7, 33, 37–41, 43, 60–61, Furthest Mosque (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) 73, 90, 91, 4, 8 2, 3 Herod 50, 52, 58, 60–61 Paul of Tarsus 72–74 , 140, 146, 147, 148 Gregory the Great 106–107 Gad 20 Grey and Ripon, Earl de 236–238 Gadna 264 Grotto of Spirits (Magharatˆ al-arwah)ˆ Galilee 45 161 Garrard, Alec 7 George Grove 236, 240, 241 Gate of the Males 53, 55, 56 Guiscar, Robert 163 Gate of Mercy 149 Gur, Colonel Motta 260–261, Gate of Muhammad 125 268 Gate of the Prophet 147, 25 Gurion, David Ben 258 Gate of Repentance 149 Gush Emunim 271 Gaza 122, 273, 274, 278 Genesis, Book of 1, 4, 6–7, 180 Habiru 8 George II, King 236 Hadith 139, 282–283 Gessius Florus 75, 77 Hadrian, Emperor 88–92, 93, 97 Gethsemane 71 Temple to Jupiter 89–92, 96 Getz, Rabbi Yehuda Meir 270 Hagar 119 Gibbon, Edward 106 Haggadah 191 175, 176 Haghe, Louis 8, 23 Giphon tunnel (Silwan Spring) Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom Church) 247 103, 107–109, 117, 122, 130 Glaber, Raoul 152 136, 137, 139, 154 Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing Room al-Hakim-bi-Amir Allah, Caliph Companion 206 152–154 Golan Heights 259 Halakha 3, 273 13 Hall of Columns (Karnack) 9 67, 148, 158–159, 163, Hamas movement 273–274, 278 220, 221 Hanukkah 43, 275 Golgotha 96, 101, 163, 17 Har ha Bayit see Temple Mount 302 Index al-Haram al-Sharif (Noble ) Hebron 6, 276 1–2, 117, 129, 137, 146–147, Hegira 119 212, 286, 26, 32 Helena, Queen 126, 162, 187 British Ordnance Survey 235–236, Heraclius, Emperor 112, 159, 162, 167 238 Herod 33, 45–48, 76, 269 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque building 48–50, 262–266 51–61, 67, 287, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, Camp David Summit 277 13, 14, 23 Christians 276 death 61, 65, 74–75 conflict and violence 254, 270, 271, demolition of 276, 282 48–51 continual provocation 272–275 depictions of Temple 176, 187, 208, Day of Judgment 283 209, 233 depiction in art 206–207, 208, 209, Great Wall 83, 287 246, 20 Hulda Gates 60, 208, 269 Intifada 277, 278 map of Jerusalem 59 Jewish prayers 262–263, 267, maps of Temple 228, 232 272–273 palace 46, 187 Jordan 266 PEF 243, 245 maps of Jerusalem 226, 227–231, rebuilding Jerusalem 46–47 233–234 Stoa 97, 264 Muhammad’s ascent to heaven views of Temple 219 146–147, 148, 283 Western Wall 3, 263–264 Mu’awiyah 128 Herod Antipas 73, 74 Ottomans 223 Herod Archelaus 73–75 PEF 241, 245, 246, 247 Herodian 46 plans to blow up 272 Herrera, Juan de 186, 190 rebuilding 227, 233–236, 246, 249 Herut party 266–267, 273 Rock 139, 140 Herz, Johann Daniel 205–206 Saladin 168, 265 Herzl, Theodor 209–210 shelling 258 Hilkiah (high priest) 27–28 Transjordan 257–258 Hogenberg, Frans 223, 21 Umar 125, 126 Hollar, Wenceslaus 202 views of Jerusalem 219 holocaust 256 Waqf 264, 275–276 Holy Fire 152, 153, 154 Western Wall tunnel 269–270 Holy of Holies 16–17, 270, 288 al-Harawi, Ali 161 Crusades 158, 159 Hasmonean dynasty 43 depiction in art 178, 184, 195 Hattin 167 Dome of the Rock 130 Hayawa, Raja’b. 130 Pompey 44 Hayez, Francesco 10 Roman destruction 80 Hebrews 6, 8, 9–18 second Temple 41 Index 303

Solomon’s Temple 22–24 Christianity 113, 119, 124–127, 134, third Temple 51, 53, 56, 60 139, 148, 153–154, 160–163, Holy House 120, 122 166 Holy Shrine, Mecca 136 conflict 254, 255–256, 270, 276, 282 Holy Wisdom Church (Hagia Sophia) continual provocation 272–275 103, 107–109, 117, 122, 130 Crusades 154–158, 159–160 Horeb 25 Day of Judgment 282–283 Horn, Elzear (priest) 224 Dome of the Rock 1–2, 129–137, Hosea 91 142, 286, 287 Hulda Gates 60, 67–68, 147, 150, 166, Intifada 277–278 208, 269, 5 Israel 220–263 Hurayrah, Abu 282 Jerusalem 2, 117, 123–141, al-Husay, Hussein ibn 257 146–147, 149, 152, 217, 249 al-Husayni, Mufti 254–255, 258 Jesuits 186 Hussein of Jordan, King 258 Jewish prayers 262–263, 266–268, Huygens, Constantijn 199 273 Hyrcanus I (John Maccabeus) Jews 113, 118–119, 128, 139 43, 45 maps of Jerusalem 228, 231, 234 Hystaspes 49 an Naksah 259–260 Noble Sanctuary 212, 276 Ibrahim see Abraham PEF 243, 244 Idumaea 43, 45 Rabbi’s tunnel 275–276 Illustrated London News 244 3 Inner Sanctuary 266 rebuilding and restoration work Innocent II, Pope 163 233–234, 284–286 Inquisition 184, 191 relocation of Dome of the Rock Interior Place 190 284 Intifada 273–274, 277 Rock 137, 139–141 Iona 127 Romans 123 Iraq and Iraqis 129, 256, 257, 259 Saladin 167–168 Isaac 139 second coming of Christ 282 sacrifice 1, 4, 6–7, 20, 101, 119, Sufism 146 134 Templars 163, 166 Isaiah, Book of 27, 61 Transjordan 257–259 ibn Ishaq 146, 147 views of Jerusalem 217, 220, 119 223–224 Isidore of Miletus 108 Western Wall 264 Islam and 4, 103, 113, Western Wall tunnel 269–270 117–121, 161–162, 285–286 World Trade Center 278 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque al-Isra (Muhammad’s flight from 264–266 Mecca to Jerusalem) 2, 139–140, Camp David Summit 276–277 142, 146–147, 223 304 Index

Israel and Israelites 260–263, 264, 266, Jerusalem 1–4, 31, 160–163, 286, 1, 2, 267–268, 11 21, 22 annexation of East Jerusalem 260, AgrippaII76–77 263, 268 Arabs 2, 124–125, 230, 233 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque Ark of the Covenant 19, 27–28 265–266 Babylonians 28–29 Camp David Summit 276–277 British 234–240, 241, 248–249, conflict and violence 254, 256, 254–256, 257 270–271, 277–278 building of Temple 21, 22, 26 continual provocation 271–275 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque Day of Judgment 283 265 Intifada 277–278 call to rebuild Temple 29–30, 32 Jerusalem as capital 258, 262, 263, called Aelia 88–92, 93, 124–125 268 Camp David Summit 277 Rabbi’s tunnel 276 capital of Israel 258, 262, 263, 268 rebuilding the Temple 284, Christ entering 65–66, 159, 205 285–286 Christianity 93–103, 112, 137, 147, Six Day War 259–260, 263 154, 163, 171–172, 209, 217, Transjordan 257, 258 226, 234, 249 Western Wall 263–264 conflict 270 Western Wall tunnel 269 conflict 254–256 Israeli Defense Force 274 Constantine 93–98 Israeli Antiquities Authority 275 continual provocation 272–275 Israeli Army 256–257, 262, 272–273 Crusades 155–156, 158–160, attack on Muslims 270–271 162–164, 171–172, 17 attack on Tomb of Patriarchs 276 David19–20 Rabbi’s tunnel 276 Day of Judgment 282–283 decline29–32 Jabalia refugee camp 273 depiction in art 175–185, 186–187, Jachin 203 191–197, 200, 204–206, 4, 148, 158, 223 208, 8 ben Jacob, Abraham 191 destruction of Temple 76–84 Jaffa 218 Dome of the Rock 117–118, Jaffa Gate 248 129–137, 138, 142 James, Colonel Sir Henry 237–238, Europeanization 208–209 240 fall 122–123 Jamnia 91 Frederick II 171 Jason (high priest) 38–40 Gessius Florus 75, 77 Jehoiachin, King 28 Greek influence 37–40, 67 30, 159 Hadrian88–90 18, 163 Hagia Sophia 109 de Prado 186 Herod 45, 46–48, 59–60 Index 305

Islam 2, 117, 123–141, 146–147, Transjordan 257–259 149, 152, 217, 249 Umar 123–129, 170 al-Isra (Muhammad’s flight from views 218–225 Mecca) 2, 139–140, 142, water supply 236, 238, 247, 28, 29, 146–147, 223 30 Isreli annexation 260, 263, 268 World War I 247–249 Jews 88–89, 97–98, 101, 112, Jesus Christ 2–3, 199, 285, 4 149–154, 170, 256–258, ascension to heaven 2, 139, 140, 266–268 147, 284 Jews banned 91, 97, 101, 112, 124, confrontation with 97, 103, 125, 170, 259 111, 221 Maccabean revolt 41–42 crucifixion 2, 70, 71, 72, 73, 134, Madaba mosaic map 110–111, 15 152, 180–181, 206 maps 217–218, 223, 225–234, depiction in art 175–178, 180–181, 17, 19 184–185 Mount Moriah 7 Dome of the Rock 133–134 Mu’awiyah 128 entering Jerusalem 65–66, 159, 205 Muhammad 119, 120, 122–123 entering Temple 68, 220 225, 247, 249, 256–263, handing keys to Peter 177 265, 267, 274–275, 277 moneychangers 3, 69–71, 166, Ottomans 223, 225, 234–236, 238 175–177, 185, 18 Paul of Tarsus 72–74 place of crucifixion 90, 93–96, 101 PEF 240–247 place of resurrection 93, 94, 95, Persian war 111–113 96–97, 101 photographs 232, 233, 238–239 place of tomb 96, 101, 110, 117, 137, pilgrims 147, 152, 154, 161, 170 153, 154 plague 103 presentation in the Temple 225 prediction of destruction 27 prophesy of fall of Temple 3, 66, rebuilding 32, 46–47 70–72, 82, 100, 103, 126, 134, Rock 137, 139–141 136, 220 Romans 43–44, 46–48, 74–75, 77, resurrection 70, 71, 94–97, 101, 206 88–89, 91, 221–222 second coming 3, 266, 282, 283–284 Saladin 167–171 views of Jerusalem 220, 221 second coming of Christ 284 Jewish Defense League 267 second Temple 30 Jihad 167 Six Day War 259–260 Joachim and Anna (parents of Mary) Solomon restoring walls 22 158 Syrians 32–33, 154 Jode, Gerard de 180, 181 Tacitus 82 John the Apostle 161 Templars 163, 166, 167 John, of 65, 71, 73, 175–176, Temple to Jupiter 89–92 183, 185 Temple to Venus 90, 93 John of Wurzburg¨ 161 306 Index

Jordan 258, 259–260, 263, 266, 267, destruction of 257–258, 271 262 I, Emperor 203 destruction of Temple 78–84 Joseph and Mary 74 Eudocia 100–101 Josephus Flavius 7, 14, 29–30, 76, Hadrian88–90 162, 10 Haggadah 191 Abraham and Isaac 7, 20 Hellenism 33, 37–41, 43, 60–61, 72 Antiquities 7, 14, 30, 43, 47, 72, 75 Herod 45, 47, 48–49 Ark of the Covenant 13, 14, 19 Idumaea 45 art and the Temple 176, 177, 180, Islam 113, 118–119, 128, 139, 184, 200–201, 208 262–263, 266–268, 273 building of Temple 22, 25, 26 Jerusalem 88–89, 97–98, 101, 112, Caligula 75 149–154, 170, 256–258, destruction of Temple 28, 79–83 266–268 Herod 47–51, 53 Julian the Apostate 98–99 Holy of Holies 22, 25 Maccabean revolt 41–43 JesusChrist70–72 maps of Jerusalem 231–232, 234 maps of Jerusalem 231–232 massacre 75, 156 Passover 65, 68 millennial movement 199 PEF 246 moneychangers 70 Romans 43–44, 76, 77 Muhammad 118–119, 120, 121 Stoa and Royal Stoa 176 Newton 202 Ten Commandments 12 Palestine 84, 209–210, 238, 248, third Temple 51–56, 58 255–256 views of Jerusalem 221 Persian war 111–12 Wars of the Jews 7, 47, 52, 65, 75, 77 pierced stone 97–98, 130 Western Wall tunnel 269 Rabbi’s tunnel 276 18 rebuilding Jerusalem 32 Josiah 151, 159 rebuilding Temple 98–100, 134, Judaism and Jews 1–4, 186, 209, 247, 266, 284, 285–286 262–263 reformation 91 anti-Semitism in Europe 210–212 return to Judea 29–30 banned from Jerusalem 91, 97, 101, Romans 3–4, 7, 74–84, 88–91, 99, 112, 124, 125, 170, 259 101 British Ordnance Survey 238 Saladin 170–171 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque 265 Six Day War 259–260 Camp David Summit 277 Syrians 32–33, 77, 125 conflict 254–256, 267, 276 Temple Mount 101, 112, 128, 130, continual provocation 271–275 137, 149–151, 260–263, Crusades 157–158 266–268, 271, 273, 276, 277 depiction of Temple 191, 197, 199, third Temple 52–53 200, 205, 211 traditionalists 37–38, 61 Index 307

Transjordan 257, 259 bin Laden, Osama 278 Western Wall 3–4, 150–151, Laicstain, Peter 180, 181, 186, 223 263–264 Lamentations, Book of 150 Western Wall tunnel 269 Lamy, Bernard 24, 192–196, 197, 204 Judas 70 148 Judea 29–30, 271 Latin Kingdom 158, 161, 162, 165 Julian the Apostate 98–99, 100 Saladin 167, 171 Julius Caesar 45, 46 Lawrence, TE 247 Jupiter, Temple to 89–92, 96, 97–98 League of Nations 254 Justinian, Emperor 104–105, 130, 162, Leon, Rabbi Jacob Judah (Leon 231 Templo) 199–200 Church of Virgin Mary 104, 111 Levites 27 Hagia Sophia 108, 109 Likud party 273, 277, 278 Juvelius, Walter 246, 247 Lion’s Gate 260–261 Lombards 106 Ka’b (al-Ahbar) 126 London Polyglot Bible 202 Ka’ba (Sacred Mosque) 2, 119, 120, Louis Napoleon, Emperor 236 129, 132, 146, 148, 223, 20 Lubke, Wilhelm 211 Dome of the Rock 135, 136, 137 Luke, Gospel of 65, 66, 72, 176 Rock 139 Luyken, Jan 200–201 Kach movement 267–268, 271 Lyra, Nicholas de 178, 179, 180, 182 Kahane, Rabbi Meir 267–268, 270, 271, 272 Maccabeans 41–43, 44, 45 Al-Kamil, Sultan 171 Maccabees, Books of 38–39, 159–160 129 Maccabeus, John (Hyrcanus I) 43, 45 Karlskirche, Vienna 203 Maccabeus, Judas 42–43, 44 Karnack (Hall of Columns) 9 Maccabeus, Simon 43 Khadija (wife of Muhammad) 122 Macedonians 49 al- 148 Madaba 110–111, 15 Khosrow II, King 111 Maghrebi Gate 263, 265, 267, 270, 272, Khusraw, Nasir-i 147, 148, 149, 154 277 Kidron Valley 3–4, 28, 148–149, 194 Maimonides 151, 171, 285 Kings, Book of 22, 25, 158, 178, 202 Malik, Abdel 162 Kiswa 20 al-Malik, Caliph Abd 117, 129–137 Knesset 260, 268, 272 Mamluk rulers 223, 235, 269 Koberger, Anton 178, 179 Mamre 6 Kollek, Mayor Teddy 274 al Mamun, Amir 162 Kotel (Wailing Wall) 255, 263–264 al-Mansur, Caliph Abu Ja’far 149 Kothel Hama’arabit see Western Wall Maria Maggiore Church 106 Kubbat-as-Sakhra see Dome of the Marianne (wife of Herod) 45 Rock Mark, Gospel of 65, 70–72, 176 Kumamah Church 125 moneychangers 68–70 308 Index

Mark Antony 45, 57 Montano, Benedictus Arias 180–183, Martyrion 96 186, 191, 196, 197 Martyrium 101, 110 Montefiore, Sir 238 Marwani Mosque 276, 277 Morris, William 249 Mary, Virgin 132, 133–134, 162 Mortier, Pieter 200 Masada 46, 77 Moses 8–11, 18, 127, 285 Matson photograph collection 138, 140 Ark of the Covenant 10, 13, 14–16, Mattathias (priest) 41–42 24–25 Matthew, Gospel of 2, 65–66, 72, 74, ascension to heaven 140, 147 176 Tabernacle 14–18, 26–27 Maundrell, Henry 226–227 Ten Commandments 10–14, 25 Mazar, Benyamin 264, 269 Mosque of Omar 227, 238, 261–262, 23 McDonald, Sergeant James 138, Mount Moriah 1, 17, 20–21, 29, 205, 238–239 227, 288 Mecca 119, 121, 135–137, 212, 218 Abraham 6–7, 137 al-Isra 2, 139–140, 142, 146–147, Ark of the Covenant 25 223 depiction in art 200, 210 Malik 129 Dome of the Rock 130, 131, 137 relocation of Dome of the Rock 284 Jewish shrine 134 Umar 127 PEF 245 Medes 202 second Temple 40, 48 2, 119, 120, 129, 212 Mount of Olives / Mount Olivet 3, 66, Mosque 129, 136 98, 150, 227, 284, 287, 3, 14, 23, spice trade 121 32 Memphis, Admiral 162 Christians moved 276 Menen, Aubrey 266 continual provocation 272 menorah in Arch of Titus 82 depiction in art 201 Merian the Elder, Matthaus¨ 191, 204, PEF 245 224 Saladin 171 Michal (wife of King David) 19–20 third Temple 54–55 Michelangelo 181 views of Jerusalem 218–219, 223, Midrash1,3,150 225 millennialism 199 10, 13 Minbar 265–266 Mount Zion 19–20, 42–43, 219, 222 Mi’raj (Muhammad’s ascension to Ark of the Covenant 19–20, 25 heaven) 3, 139–142, 146–148, Mu’awiyah, Caliph 128 160, 168, 283 Muhammad, Prophet 117, 122, 283 Mishna 171, 199 al-Isra 2, 139–140, 142, 146–147, Mishneh 285 223 moneychangers 3, 60, 68–72, 166 ascension into heaven 3, 139–142, depiction in art 175–177, 185, 18 146–148, 160, 168, 283, 20 Mons Moria 184 Christians 122, 123 Index 309

death 123 maps of Jerusalem 225, 228, 233 Hagia Sophia 109 PEF 246–247 Jesus Christ 134 Ovadiah of Bertinoro 222–223 Jews 118–119, 120, 121 Medina 119, 120, 129 Palestine 37, 110, 218, 230–233, 263 meeting other prophets 2, 140, 147 British 236, 238, 248–249, 254–256 pilgrimages 136 Camp David Summit 276–277 Rock 148 Christians 163, 236 Sanctuary of David 125–126 conflict 254, 255–256, 271, 277–278 son-in-law becomes Caliph 128 continual provocation 273–275 Munqidh, Usama ibn 162 Jews 84, 209–210, 238, 248, al-Muqaddasi 148, 152 255–256 Muslim Committee 264, 265 liberalization 228 Muslims see Islam and Muslims maps and engravings 204, 206, 241 Myriam, Queen 112 Ottomans 235 plague 103 an Naksah 259–260 Rabbi’s tunnel 276 Napoleon Bonaparte 234–235 Six Day War 259–260 Narkiss, General Uzi 261–262 Transjordan 257 Nasser, President Gamal Abdel 259 Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) Nazareth 171 240–247, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30 Nebuchadnezzar II 28–33, 119, 171, Parker, Capt Montague Brownslow 288 (Earl of Morley) 246–247 Nehemiah, Book of 30, 32 Pasha, Izzet 238 Nero, Emperor 65, 77 Passover (Pesach) 65–70, 71, 91, 191, Netanyahu, 276, 278 254, 9 Newton, Sir Isaac 202–203 Paul the Silentiary 108–109, 110 Nezami, Elyas 20 Paul of Tarsus 72–74 Night Journey see al-Isra Pax Romana 46, 84 112 PEF see Palestine Exploration Fund Noble Sanctuary see al-Haram al-Sharif Perrot, Georges 210–211 Numbers, Book of 18 Persia and Persians 45, 104, 122–123, 132, 134, 202 Olmert, Mayor Ehud 276 war 100, 111–113, 123 Omar, Caliph 249 Perugino 177–178 Omayyad Caliphate 264 Peter the Apostle 161, 177 Oratory to Mary 148 Petra 121 Ornan the Jebusite 21 Philadelphia (now Amman) 121 Ostrogoths 105, 106 Philip II, King of Spain 180, 184, and Ottomans 190–191, 196 208–209, 234–236, 238, 246 Phineas (treasurer of Temple) 82 Jerusalem 223, 225, 234–236, 238 Phocas, Emperor 111, 112 310 Index

Pi Ramesse 8 Religious Affairs Ministry 269 pierced stone 97–98, 130 Rembrandt 176, 177 Pierotti, Ermete 235–236 Remote Mosque (al-Msjid a-Aqsa) 2, 3 Pilgrim of Bordeaux 96–97, 98, 130 Reuwich, Erhard 218–220, 221, 224 pilgrims 136, 147, 152, 154, 161–162, Christ 71, 72, 170, 217–220 93–97, 101, 206 Pithom 8 Revelation, Book of 83–84, 151, 202, Place of the Ant 148 284 Place of the Fire 148 Richard the Lionheart, King 170 plague 103–105 Ritmeyer, Leen 55, 58 Pococke, Richard 227 Ritter, Carl 235 Pompey, General 43–44, 45, 187 Robert (monk) 155 Pontius Pilate 72, 75, 184, 187, Robert of Flanders, Count 156 205–206 Roberts, David 230, 8, 23 Procopius 104, 108 Robinson, Edward 230–232 Protestants 184, 196, 230, 232 Robinson, Geoff 7 depiction of Temple 196, 199, 202, Robinson’s Arch 54–55, 59, 67–68, 204 232–234, 243, 264 rebuilding Temple 283, 284–285 Rock 137, 139–141, 148, 160, 262–263 Reformation 176 Crusades 159–160 Pythagoras 202 PEF 243 Saladin 169–170 ibn al-Qalanisi 152 Rohan, Dennis William al-Qa’im, Commander of the Faithful 264–266 161 Romano, Giulio 181 qiblah 119–120, 127, 148, 166, 168 Romans 37–38, 65–66, 123, 205, 269, 8 Qiyamah (Day of Judgment) Antonia 71, 76, 77, 78 282–283 Christ 70–71 al-Quds (Jerusalem) 154, 263 Christianity 93–103, 126 Qur’an 2, 118–121, 122–123, 139 destruction of Temple 3, 68, 70, 73, Day of Judgment 282–283 76–84, 97–98, 201, 221, 241, Dome of the Rock 131, 133, 161 264, 10 Jesus Christ 282 fall of Rome 103, 105–107 Saladin 169 Herod 45–50, 74, 75 Jerusalem 43–44, 46–48, 75–76, 78, Rabbi’s tunnel 273 88–89, 91, 221–22 al-Rabi ibn Anas 120 Jews 3–4, 7, 73–84, 88–91, 99, 101 Rabin, Yitzhak 261 Passover crowds 65, 68 Ramadan 3, 136, 154, 274 Paul of Tarsus 72–74 Ramallah 276, 278 PEF 246 Ramses II, Pharaoh 8, 9–10, 13 Rome, fall of 103, 105–107 176, 178, 221 Ronen, Yossi 260–261 Index 311

Rothschild, Baron Edmund 247 Scholasticus, Socrates 98–99 Rothschild, Baron Lionel Walter 248 Schott, Christian 204 Royal Portico 54–55, 57–61, 7 Schott, Gerhard 200 Royal Stoa 147, 165, 168, 176, 208, 2, Scott, Major 235 6, 12 second Temple 30, 40, 41–42, 62 Rum 122, 124 demolished 48–51, 171, 264 Ruskin 249 Seleucid Empire 37 Seleucus 38 St. Adamnan 127 Seljuk 167 St. Augustine 105, 161 Septuagint 38 St. James the Just 98, 246 Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople St. Jerome 98 112 St. Paul 73, 105, 246, 283 Seti I, Pharaoh 8 St. Peter’s martyrdom 95 Severus, Julius 89–90 St. Simeon 246 Shamir, Yitsak 273, 275 St. Stephen’s Gate 110, 163, 15 Sharon, Ariel 271, 277, 278 Sacred Mosque see Ka’ba (Sacred Shavuot 91 Mosque) Shepherd, Naomi 267 Saewulf (pilgrim) 158 Shi’a Muslims 128, 129, 136, 167 Sa’id the Good 130 Shiloh 18–19 Saladin 167–172, 265 Shofar (rams’ horns) 268 Salam, Yazid b. 130 Shrine of the Cradle of Jesus 148 Samaria 43 Simeon 89 , Book of 4, 19–20 Simpson, William ‘‘Crimea’’ 244, 25, Sanctuary 67, 80, 91, 125–126, 168, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 227, 244 259–260 Antiochus40–41 Sistine Chapel 177 Depiction in art 191, 195, 197–198, Six Day War 259–260, 263, 269 200, 202, 208–210 Sixtus V, Pope 191 destruction of Temple 76–84 Smith, Eli 230 Jews 151 Soane, Sir John 229 Maccabeans 42 Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 186, 191, 192, third Temple 51–53, 56–57, 196 60, 75 Solomon 21–26, 27, 28 Tiberius statue 75 Solomon’s Cloister 163, 10, 17 Sanders, EP 55, 56 Solomon’s Stables 165, 276 Sanhedrin 246 Solomon’s Temple 28, 30, 40–42, 61, Saudi Arabia 259 119, 158, 262–4, 268, 288 Sayer, Robert 204 British Ordnance Survey 235 Schedel, Dr Hartman 220–222 burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque Scheuchzer, JC 16, 202 265–266 Schick, Conrad 208–209, 246 continual provocation 273 312 Index

Solomon’s Temple (continued) Sura 118–119, 120 depiction in art 175–184, 186–198, Surayya Pasha 235 199–212, 9, 17, 18 Syria and Syrians 90, 117, 121, destruction by Romans 3, 68, 70, 73, 122–123, 235 76–84, 97–98, 201, 221, 241, Christians 135 264, 10 Dome of the Rock 130, 135 Holy of Holies 22–24 Jerusalem 32–33, 154 maps of Jerusalem 225, 227 Jews 32–33, 78, 125 model 199–200, 266, 7 an Naksah 259–260 PEF 241, 244, 245 Palestine 256 Rabbi’s tunnel 275 pilgrimage 135–136 Rebuilding 283–287 Vichy French 257 views of Jerusalem 219, 220, 221–225 Tabari 124 Western Wall tunnel 269–270 Tabernacle 14–18, 19–20, 25, 26–27 Song of Solomon 150 depiction in art 180, 181, 182, 199, Sophronus 123–124, 125, 126 208 Sozomen, Salaminius Hermias 99–100 Tacitus 82–83 spice trade 121–122 Talmud 246 Spinoza 199 Tefillah 88 Stanley, Very Rev Arthur (Dean of Tehiya 273 Westminster) 236–238, 240, Templars (Poor Knights of Christ) 241 163–167, 168 Stations of the Cross 184 Temple to Mars the Avenger 46 Stations of Gabriel 147 Temple Mount (Har ha Bayit) 1–4, 6, Stephen of Blois, Fulcher of Chartres 28, 88, 95, 97, 160, 260–263, 13, 157, 159–160 14, 28, 29 Steps of Abraham 28 Arabs 262, 267, 285–286 Stoa 57–65, 97, 232, 243, 264, 5, 13, attempt to rebuild Temple 98–100 14, 32 Christians 137, 217, 262, 285 depiction in art 176, 209, 9 conflict 254, 267, 282 destruction of Temple 81 continual provocation 272–275 Jesus Christ 69–70, 71 covert excavations 271 violence 75 Crusades 156–157, 158, 162, 163 Stoa of Attalus 60 depiction in art 177–178 , 191, 194, Stone of the Foundation 131 195, 206 Sufism 146, 149 destruction of Temple 103, 105 Sukkoth 91, 112, 150, 198, 274 Dome of the Rock 129–137 Suleyman, Sultan 223 Herod 46–47, 57, 59 Sunni Muslims 128, 136, 167, 254 Intifada 277 Supreme Muslim Council 254, 267, Islam 161, 162, 285–286 272–273, 274 Israelis 260–263, 264 Index 313

Jews 101, 112, 128, 130, 137, Tiberias 167 149–151, 260–263, 266–268, Tiberius, Emperor 74 271, 273, 276, 277 Titus, Emperor 74, 77, 78–82, 187, 208, maps of Jerusalem 227, 229, 230 221–222, 241, 8 mosaic map 110–111, 15 Tomb of the Patriarchs 276 Mount of Olives 54–55, 66 Torah 32, 89, 91 Mu’awiyah 128 Totila 105–106 Muhammad 120 Transjordan 256, 257–259 myths 101, 103 Travels in the 218–220 Noble Sanctuary 117, 142 True Cross 112, 125, 159, 167 Passover 67 Turkey and Turks 167 PEF 241, 244, 247 Tzevi, Shabbetai 199 Persian war 112 rebuilding Temple 285–286 Umar, Caliph 123–129, 130–131, 159, Rock 139 170 Romans 44, 48, 74, 90, 91, 162 Mount Moriah 134 Saladin 171 Temple Mount 125–128, 130–131, Templars 163, 166 136–137 Temple to Jupiter 89, 90, 91, 92, 96 Umayyad dynasty 128, 136, 137, third Temple 272 149 Umar 125–128, 130–131, 136–137 United Nations 256, 257–258, 259, Temple Mount and Land of Israel 263, 268, 270–271 Faithful 271–272, 274–276, 285 United Nations Special Committee on Temple to Venus 90, 93, 94–95 Palestine (UNSCOP) 256 158, 160–163, 184 United States of America 256, 260, 278, Ten Commandments (Covenant) 285 10–14, 25, 27–28, 37, 39 Ur, 6 Theoderich of Wurzburg¨ (pilgrim) Urban II, Pope 154–156 165 Uriah 21 Theodora, Empress 132 Uthman, Caliph 128 Theodoric 105 Theodosius II 100–101 Valentinian 100 Theophanes 124 Valley of Gehenna 126, 127 third Temple 51–61 Valley of the 13 Christ’s prophesy of destruction 66, Valley of Jehoshaphat 227 70–71 Vatable (Vatablus), Franciscus 26, 178, Herod 48–50, 51–61, 67, 287 180, 183, 197 Holy of Holies 51, 53, 56, 60 Vespasian, General 78, 150 moneychangers 69–70 Via Dolorosa 3, 273 Passover 65–69 Victoria, Queen 240–241 Roman destruction 68, 70, 73, 74 Villalpando, Juan Bautista 186–190, Sanctuary 51–53, 56–57, 60, 74 191–196, 200, 202, 204, 206 314 Index

Vogu¨e,´ Marquis Charles-Jean- Wilson, Capt Charles W 237–238, 241, de 206–208, 209, 240–241 244 Bible 196 Wilson’s Arch 29 World Trade Center 278 Wadi Jahannum see Kidron Valley World War I 234, 247–249 Wailing Wall (Kotel) 255, 263–264 World War II 256, 257 al-Walid, Caliph 135, 264 World Zionist Organization 255 Waqf 233, 254, 262, 269, 277 Wren, Christopher 199–200 Haram 264, 275–276 PEF 243 Yahweh 9, 10, 13, 19–20, 27, 37–38 Warren, Charles 241–247, 264, 269, Yazed, Caliph 128–129 27, 30 Yazid Bahia b. 130 Warren’s Gate 269–270 Yehuda 170–171 Weill, Raymond 247 Yoland (married Frederick II) 171 Weizmann, Chaim 248 Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) 131, Werner, Carl 24 268 260, 267, 270, 274, 278 Western Wall (Kothel Hama’arabit) Zachariah 159 3–4, 160, 231, 261–262, Zacharias 97, 101 263–264, 29 Zakariyya 148 Camp David Summit 277 Zakkai, Johanan ben 91 conflict 255, 276 Zealots 77, 78–80 continual provocation 273, Zedekiah, King 28 274–275 Zeno 58 Jews 3–4, 150–151, 263–264 Zeus 40–41 plaza 263, 269, 270, 274 Zion Gate 163, 257 Western Wall tunnel 269–271 Zionists 248 Whole World in a Cloverleaf 222 zodiac 52, 53, 288 William, Archbishop of Tyre 153, 154, Zubayr, Abdullah ibn 129, 135–136 158, 166–167 al-Zuhri, ibn Sihab 136