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Education, Libraries and Lis Education in the Republic of South Korea

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Education, Libraries and Lis Education in the Republic of South Korea Library Progress(International). Vol.36(No.2)2016:P.99-116 DOI 10.5958/2320-317X.2016.00009.X Print version ISSN 0970 1052 Online version ISSN 2320 317X EDUCATION, LIBRARIES AND LIS EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH KOREA Younghee Noh* and M P Satija** *Professor & Head, Department of Library &Information Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea **Dr M P Satija, Professor (Rtd.), Dept. of Library and Information Science, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India Received on 20 September 2016: Accepted on 22 November 2016 ABSTRACT Briefly describes the geography, economic and education culture of South Korea. Explains its higher education system which has a very high GER. States that education has significantly contributed to its high economic growth in a very short period starting from 1960s. Dwells on the state of public, academic and special libraries. Public libraries are quite a developed lot due to socially active programs like “Citizen Action for Reading Culture”. Lastly it explains the origin and development of LIS education from graduate to doctoral programmes in South Korea since 1950s. Appendixes give data about all types of libraries, LIS schools, Procedure for Ph.D. and curricula for master and graduate programs. Keywords: Higher education- South Korea, Korean Library Association, Libraries-South Korea, Library education-South Korea , South Korea. INTRODUCTION The Country and its Culture Geographically entire Korea is a mountainous peninsula between the yellow sea and the Korean straits which has is south eastern border with Manchuria. The peninsula covers an area of more than 85000 square miles of which South Korea, a sovereign nation since 1948, comprises of 38000 square miles. Its population of 51.6 million is mere 0.68% of the world. Three-fourth of the country is mountainous, and 82% of it is population lives in urban areas. Ethnically, it is a homogeneous country with natives of Mongoloid race having a traceable history of 4500 years. People’s Republic of South Korea comprises of 9 administrative provinces and 8 Metropolitan cities (CIA World Fact book).Education has since antiquity enjoyed a high position and prestige in the country. Koreans have traditionally viewed education as an effective means for socio-economic upward mobility. Since the mid-1960s the country has achieved an amazing economic progress. It is one of a few developing countries to be successful in all round high economic, technological and educational progress in a short span of time. Economy has moved from bread to roses “quickly quickly”, and by their national temperament they love speed. In industrialization it is famous as a notable success story of high growth and high income Younghee Noh and M P Satija economy. Not a less credit goes to higher education which has tremendously contributed to the national development and well-being of the society. On the dint of education and national discipline it has achieved rapid economic growth despite the lack of natural resources. Its rigorous and planned education system is ranked highly in the world education index. The country stands at the top in Education among the OECD states. In this millennium of globally competitive higher education, seven of its higher education institutes find place among the 200 top ranking universities, according to QS World University Ranking 2016( http://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2016). This, an achievement oriented society is famously said to be in the grip of education fever where academic success mostly determines the socio-economic status of its citizens (Jayasuriya, 1983). It has the highest GER rate from secondary into tertiary education as about 85% of the high school graduates join some college or a university. About 65% of the Koreans between the ages 24-34 hold a bachelor degree in this country steeped in higher education. One quarter of its population is formally enrolled in some course or the other at a given time. The country has about four hundred official higher education institutes having 3.7 million students and 60000+academic staff. About 92% of the 4-year institutes are located in the Seoul metropolitan (Europa). HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM Modern higher education system in Korea, introduced by the American missionaries in 1890s, has developed in context of western influence especially of the United States. The Education Law of 1949 outlines an education system of single ladder of 6-3-3-4 years as follows: 6 years elementary school 3 years middle school 3years high school graduation 4 years under graduation leading to Baccalaureate (Haksa-Degree) Academically oriented students may further join a master or Ph.D. course. Academic institutions of higher education are organized into discipline based departments. Graduate schools in Korea are of three types: 1. Academic graduate schools: these research oriented institutes offer Master and Doctoral degree programs. 2. Special graduate schools: these conduct evening classes for practitioners, and award master’s degree. 3. Professional graduate schools: introduced in early 1990s, these impart professional knowledge, and award master and professional Ph.D. degrees. 100 EDUCATION, LIBRARIES AND LIS EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH KOREA < The government recognizes seven types of institutions of higher education are: 1. Colleges and Universities 2. Industrial Universities 3. Universities of Education 4. Junior Colleges 5. Open and Distance Education Universities 6. Technical Colleges 7. Other miscellaneous institutes In the present business and competitive climate the higher education is forced to toe the market forces. To full-fill the human resources demand in the fast growing service and industrial economy there is a shift from purely general academic courses to professional and vocational streams. The current trend is towards vocational subjects. About 96% of the Korean labour is vocationally trained which is highest in the world, whereas India has only 2.3% trained vocational labour. The higher education is mostly in the private sector. Four-year private colleges and universities which enroll 3/4th of the students out-number by far the public ones. The government provides direct and indirect liberal financial assistance to all types of institutions and students. There has been a planned transfer of education from humanities and social sciences to engineering. According to an estimate science and engineering students count for 54% enrollment in higher education. At the same time, the country is the biggest investor in R&D. South Korea is already a world leader in patent applications mostly due to high number of researchers which is at 13 per 1000 population of the country. With an eye on the Nobel Prize in science, it nurses an ambition to become a global leader in basic and fundamental research, too. This trend towards career oriented professional education is motivating high school graduates to opt for practical vocational training in 2 or 3-year junior colleges (at present numbering 150) in their eagerness to sooner join the world of work. Nevertheless, 4-years degree continues to be popular among the more ambitious. Following the Bachelor, P.G. Master (Suk-sa) and doctoral (Pak-sa) degrees are offered primarily by graduate schools which generally form a part of a research oriented university. The master degree takes two years (four semesters) and requires 24- 36 credits, whereas a Doctorate needs at least two years and 36 credits. Both of these degrees require submission of a formal research dissertation. FACULTY There are four types of faculty members in the Korean higher education system, namely Instructors, Assistant professors, Associate professors and Professors. Academic posts are tenured as means of improving the faculty competency and productivity. Now a Ph.D. is almost a requisite in all the 4-year institutes. In 1990, 74% of the faculty was holding Ph.D. degrees according to Lee (2006). The faculty members are equally involved in the research project funded by one or the other national research funding organizations. About 70% of the teaching faculty has some research project. For recruitment, initial posts are advertised and a teacher is selected in an open competition. 101 Younghee Noh and M P Satija For promotion, an assistant professor takes 5/6 years to become an associate, whereas for pull professorship another 4/6 years are required depending upon merit and performance of the teacher. Average age of a professor in Korea is 44years. About 12% of the faculty was females in 1990 (Lee, p.168). And 34% of teachers had an opportunity to study abroad. With expansion of doctoral programs and increase in research facilities and incentives the younger generation prefers home universities to going abroad. Temporary, full time or part-time teachers are employed for a fixed period. They are excluded from holding tenures. Such staffs, engaged primarily for teaching only, are paid by the number of hours they teach. They are given no other responsibility, nor are they assigned any rank. They are just called professors or lecturers. These temporary teaching staff fall into three groups: 1. Adjunct professors: Who are primarily employed in some other non-academic institution 2. Part-time lecturers: As said above, they have no permanent job. 3. Emeritus professors: Who are eminent, but retired from some permanent university position. Professional duties of faculty divided into four main areas in priority are teaching, research, service and administration. It of course includes course and curriculum development and student evaluation. When classes are in session about 23 hours a week are devoted to teaching that includes group teaching and individual instructions, guidance and teaching. Teachers are fully free to determine the content of the course they teach. At the same time student activism has gained increasing control of academic core issues including curriculum. Mostly it is the lecture method of teaching up to 80% of the instructions. Rest 20% of the time is devoted to class room discussions and lab work.
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