THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART BACHE COLLECTION STUDY CHART, XV CENTURY

1400 ITALY THE LOW COUNTRIES FRANCE ENGLAND SPAIN, PORTUGAL, Separate City States and Papal domains. Venice Flanders, Brabant, Holland, Hainault, and other Monarchy had been kept weak and territory divided Power of king stronger than in France. Engaged GERMANY mistress of Eastern trade, sending goods north via provinces came under rule of Dukes of Burgundy in by power of great nobles and English claims. En­ in Hundred Years' War with France, 1337-1453. Alpine passes and fleets. XIV-XV centuries. Were centers of Northern trade, gaged in Hundred Years' War with England from THE EASTERN & with important guilds. 1337 to 1453- HOLY ROMAN EMPIRES

1400 Chaucer died. Hoo3r? Domenico Veneziano born. Hoo.' Roger van der Weyden born. 1400? Luca della Robbia born. '400? Dirk Bouts born. 1401 Masaccio born. 1404 Alberti born. •404 John the Fearless became Duke of Burgundy. 1405 Venice seized Padua, Verona, Vicenza 1406? Filippo Lippi born. > 1409 Work begun by the Limboirgs on the Very Rich Hours. 1410? Petrus Cristus born. y 1412 Joan of Arc born. 1413 Henry V became King. 1415 Battle of Agincourt: English victory. 1415 English victory at Battle of Agincourt. 1416 Piero della Francesca born 1419 Philip the Good became Dtke of Burgundy & head of union of Lov Countries rivaling France. 1420 Benozzo Gozzoli born. 1422 Henry VI became King. 1426 Huber* van Eyck died 1428? Masaccio died. 1429? Gentile Bellini born. 1429 Order oi the Golden Fleect founded at Bruges by Philip the 1429 Joan of Arc raised siege of Orleans. Charles VII crowned at Good. Reims. 1430? Carlo Crivelli born. 1430? Hans M*mling born. • 1430? Giovanni Bellini born 1430? Antonello da Messina born. 1430? Cosimo Tura born. 1431 Andrea Mantegna born. 1431 Joan of Arc burned at Rouen. 1431 Francois Villon born. 1432 Savonarola born. 1432 Ghent altarpi;Ce completed by 1432? Bartolommeo Vivarini born Jan van Eyck 1432? Antonio Pollaiuolo born. 1433 Portuguese rounding of Cape Bojador marked progress in search for new sea route to the East, encouraged by Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal.

1434 Cosimo I de' Medici assumed power in Florence 1435 Verrocchio born. 1440? Hugo van der Goes \>orn. 1441 Signorelli born. 1441 Jan van Eyck died in Bruges. 1444? Botticelli born. - 1444 Petrus Cristus became citizm ot Bruges. \ 1444: 1)1.1111.1111.1- iH'i... 1446-1447 First approximately datable printed book, Latin 1446 Perugino born. grammar by Donatus, printed at Mainz. 1446 Brunelleschi died.

1449 Ghirlandaio born. 1451 Christopher Columbus born. 1452 Leonardo da Vinci born. '453 Capture of Constantinople by Turks. End of Byzantine, or 1453 End of Hundred Years' War. 1453 End of Hundred Years' War. Eastern, Empire.

1454 Pinturricchio born. es he n 1455 Fra Angelico died. 1455 Wars of the R°s ^ - 1455 Ghiberti died. 1455? Carpaccio born. 1456 "Gutenberg" Bible printed at Mainz.

1457 Filippino lippi born. 1460 Henry the Navigator died: Portuguese search for new 1460? Gerard David born. — Eastern route slowed. 1460? Quentin Massys born. Charles VII died. Louis XI became King: began to build royal 1461 Edward IV became Ki . 1461 Domenico Veneziano died. 1461 ng power at expense of nobles. 1462 Piero di Cosimo born. 1462? Hieronymus Bosch born. 1464? Antonio Vivarini died. 1464 Roger van der Weyden died. 1466 Donatello died. 1466? Erasmus born. 1467 Charles the Bold became Duke of Burgundy: carried on move­ ment for separate Burgundian Kingdom. 1469 Sir Thomas Mal°r*/ c°mpleted his Morte d'Arthur. 1469 Filippo Lippi died. 1471 Albrecht Diirer born in Nuremberg 1472 Lucas Cranach born in Saxony. 1472 Alberti died. 1472 Lucas Cranach born in Saxony. 1473 Petrus Cristus died at Bruges. 1474 First printed book in English. Translation of Raoul le Fevre's History of Troy, by Caxton and Mansion at Bruges. 1475 Paolo Uccello died. J475? Joachim Patinir born. 1475 Michelangelo born. 1475 Dirk Bouts died. 1477? Titian born. >• 1477 Charles the Bold died. Much of Burgundian territory annexed 1477 First dated book printed in England by Caxton at West­ by Louis XL Remainder, including Flanders, passed into Haps- minster, The Dictes or Sayings of the Philosophers. burg hands with marriage of Charles's daughter, Mary, to Maximilian of Austria. 1478 Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Magnificent," became sole ruler of Florence. 1478 Giorgione born. 1479 Antonello da Messina died. 1479-1480 Gentile Bellini sent from Venice to Constantinople to paint for Turkish court. 1482 Luca della Robbia died. 1482 Hugo van der Goes died. 1483 Raphael born. < *• 1483 Louis XI died. Charles VIII became King. 1483 Richard III became King. 1483 Martin Luther born 1485 Henry VII became King. E j i486 Andrea del Sarto born. nc of Wars o{ Roscs

1488 Verrocchio died. 1487-1488 Portuguese under Diaz rounded Cape of Good Hope. 1489 Correggio born. 1490? Bruges finally cut off from sea by silting of River Zwyn. Foreign trade passed to Antwerp. 1492 Lorenzo the Magnificent died. T492 Columbus discovered New World for Spain while seeking 1492 Piero della Francesca died. new route to East by sailing West. 1494 Invasion by Charles VIII of France. 1493 Maximilian I became Emperor of Holy Roman Empire. 1494 Hans Memling died in Bruges. 1494 Charles VIII invaded Italy and brought France into closer con­ 1494 Medici driven from Florence. nection with Italian Renaissance. 1494 Ghirlandaio died. 1495 Cosimo Tura died. 1495? Carlo Crivelli died.

1497 Henry VII sent John Cabot across Atlantic to seek •497 Holbein born in Augsburg.-> sea route to East. 1498 Leonardo da Vinci completed the Last Supper in Milan. 1498 Charles VIII died. Louis XII became King. Continued Italian 1498 Savonarola burned in Florence. 1498 Antonio Pollaiuolo died. 1498 Benozzo Gozzoli died. 1499 Louis XII of France took Milan from Ludovico Sforza, patron 1499 Louis XII captured Milan. 1499 Vasco da Gama's voyage of Leonardo da Vinci. around Africa to India and 1499 Opening of new sea route to East by Vasco da Gama marked back opened new sea route beginning of decline in Venetian trade. to East and laid foun­ 1499? Bartolommeo Vivarini died. dations of Portuguese sea power. Lisbon soon re­ placed Venice in control of Eastern trade. THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART BACHE COLLECTION STUDY CHART, XVI CENTURY

1500 ITALY THE LOW COUNTRIES FRANCE ENGLAND SPAIN, PORTUGAL, Discovery of new sea routes in late XV century had Burgundy and French fiefs had reverted to France on French territory and royal power had been consoli­ Wars of the Roses (i455-H$5) had weakened begun shift of Eastern trade centers from Italian death of Charles the Bold of Burgundy (1477). Other dated in XV century by weakening of great nobles power of nobles, and England embarked under the GERMANY, THE cities to Atlantic seaports. Growing power of Popes provinces had passed into Hapsburg hands with and reversion of their lands to the crown. English had first Tudor king (Henry VII, 1485-1509) upon a had given Rome position of leadership. French in­ marriage of Charles's daughter, Mary, to Maximilian been driven from France at end of Hundred Years' period of strong centralized rule. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE vasions had begun subjugation of Italy to foreign rule. of Austria, 1477. War, 1453.

504 Filippino Lippi died. 1500 Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal. 506 Mantegna died. 507 Gentile Bellini died. 508 Palladio born. 1509 Henry VII died. Henry VIII became King. 1510-1511 Erasmus wrote the Praise of Folly, in London. 510 Giorgione died. 1512 Cornells Massys born. 512 Medici power restored in Florence. 512 Michelangelo completed Sistine ceiling in Rome. 5*3 Machiavelli completed The Prince. 5'3 Pinturricchio died. 514 Castiglione wrote The Courtier. ici< Louis XII died. Francis I became King, reconquered Milan. 5'4 Bramante died.

516 Giovanni Bellini died. 1516 Bosch died. 1516 Sir Thomas More's Utopia published. 516 Ariosto's Orlando Furioso printed. 516-1517 Leonardo da Vinci called to France by Francis I. 1516-1517 Leonardo da Vinci called to France by Francis I. 1517 Beginning of the Reformation. 518 Tintoretto born. 519 Leonardo da "> inci died in France. 15 iy Leonardo da Vinci died in France. 1519 Emperor Maximilian I died. Charles V became Emperor. 1519 Magellan began first circumnavigation of the globe. 520 Raphael died. 1520? Corneille de Lyon born. • 521 Piero di Cosimo died. 1521 Cortes captured Mexico City for Spain. 152; Gerard David died at Bruges. 1522 Magellan's ship, Victoria, returned from circumnavigation of the globe. 523? Perugino died. 523 Signorelli died. 1524 Patinir died. 1524 Tyndale's New Testament printed. 525 Palestrina born. 1525 Pieter Bruegel the Elder born. 526? Carpaccio died. 527 Sack of Rome by Emperor Charles V. 527 Medici again expelled from Florence. 528? Veronese born. 1528 Diirer died. 530 Medici made hereditary rulers of Florence by Charles V. 1530 Quentin Massys died. 531 Andrea del Sarto died. 1531- Pizarro conquered Peru forSpain. 1533 Henry Duke of Orleans (later Henry II) married Catherine de' '535 Medici, great-grandaughter of Lorenzo the Magnificent. "534 Correggio died.

13J0? liuibiin became •-«"* pamiei cu Henrj vn/.

1543 Holbein died in kmdkn> 1543 Holbein died in London. 1547 Henry II became King, 1547 Henry VIII died. K-dfard VI became King. 1547? Nicholas Milliard born. 1548? El Greco born in Crete. Came to Spain c. 1577. 1553 Edward VI died. I%y '|\ull>r became Queen. 1553 Cranach died. *554 Queen Mary married Pni|jp pf Spain

1556 Netherlands passed to Philip \\ of- Sp.)jn „„ abdication of 1556 Philip II became King of Spain. Charles V. 1557? Annibale Carracci born. [558 Queen Mary died- B ftabeth became Queen. 1559 Henry II died. Francis II, husband of Mary Stuart, became

1560? Caravaggio born. 1560 Francis II died. Charles X became King. Power in hands of Catherine de' Medici. ,rn '561 Marcus Geeraerts l« - born. 1564 Michelangelo died. i564 Shakespeare DOI». 1564 Galileo born. .564 Christopher Marlowe born. '567 Duke of Alva sent to the Netherlands p ] |. 1567 Girolamo da Cremona active. by hi]ip 1568? [gaac Oliver came to Et^i^ ^ ^^ '568 Revolt 0f the Netherlands agamsr Spanish rule. 1569 Florence became Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 'S69 Pieter Bruegel the Elder ***• '572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 1573 Inigo J"nes born. 1574-1175 IWl Jerusalem Delivered completed. 1574 Kc; Spanish at »««g<; '"' Leyden marked turning point in "574 Charles X died. Henry III became King. Dutch struggle tor independence. "574 Corneille de Lyon died. '576 Titian died. 1577- Sir Francis Drake C rCl*mnavj . | globe. '577 Rubens born. g lteti t ie 1580 Union of southern Catholic PK^ncea (Belgium) which remained loyal to Spain. 1579 Union of northern Pn''^'^ P^mccs (Holland). Hereditary stadholdership settled on William of Orange. 1580? Cornells Massys died. 1580 Crowns of Spain and Portugal united. j581 Northern provinces proclaimed independence. 1584 Frans Hals born. . '586 Palladio died. 1588 Veronese died. 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada laid foundations of British supremacy on the sea. Dutch only serious rivals for trade. 1589 Henry III died. Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV, 1590 Spenser's Faerie Queene published. 1590 Sir Philip Sidney's Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia pub­ lished. Completed about 1583. [593 Nicolas Poussin born. '594 Tintoretto died. '594 Peri's muscial drama, Dafne, privately performed in Florence. J594 Palestrina died. 1595 Closing of port of Lisbon stimulated England to develop Kc.c Spain closed port ol Lisbon to direct trade with Fast. Dutch and English. 1598 Bernini born. 1598 Edict of Nantes gave Huguenots political rights. 1599 Van Dyck born in Antwerp. 1 too Velazquez born in Spain. THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART BACHE COLLECTION STUDY CHART, XVII CENTURY

THE LOW COUNTRIES FRANCE ENGLAND 1600 ITALY Northern Protestant provinces (Holland) had organ­ Under Tudor rule during the XVI century Eng­ SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ized in successful revolt against Spanish rule under Religious wars between Protestants and Catholics, land had become a first-class commercial power. Politically divided and, for the most part, under the House of Orange in XVI century. Southern 1562-1598 had been ended by Edict of Nantes(i598) The defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) had left GERMANY, THE HOLY French or Spanish domination during the XVI cen­ Catholic provinces (Belgium) remained under Span­ under Henry of Navarre (Henry IV), which gave her supreme on the sea, with Holland her only ROMAN EMPIRE tury. ish rule. Trade of northern provinces greatly ex­ Huguenots political rights. serious rival. panded and Eastern empire began.

1600 Peri's opera, Eurydice, publicly presented in Florence. 1600 Rubens went to Italy in household of the Gonzagas of Mantua. 1600 Claude Lorraine born. 1600 English East India Company chartered by Elizabeth. 1600 Calderon born in Spain. Beginning of history of opera. Remained till 1608. 1602 Annibale Caracci died. 1602 Dutch East India Company founded. 1603 Champlain's first voyage up St. Lawrence for France. 1603 Queen Elizabeth died. James I became King. 1605 Cervantes' Don Quixote published. 1606 Rembrandt born in Leyden.—• 1607 Monteverdi's opera, Orfeo, presented at Mantua, set model 1607 English made first permanent settlement in New World for future development. at Jamestown, Virginia. 1609 Caravaggio died. 1609 New Netherlands claimed for 1609 Ben Jonson's Masque of Beauty performed in honor of Holland by Henry Hudson. the Queen, Earl of Warwick taking part. 1610 Henry IV died. Louis XIII became King. Important advisers first Richelieu, then Mazann. 1611 King James (Authorized) translation of Bible published. 1611 Chapman's translation of The Iliad. 1614 Chapman's translation of The 1614 El Greco died. Odyssey.

1616 Shakespeare died. 1617 Terborch born. 1617 Isaac Oliver died. 1618 Nicholas Hilliard died. 1618 Beginning of Thirty Years'War, into which most of Europe was finally drawn. 1618? Murillo born. 1619 Dutch East India company founded Batavia, Java, as head­ quarters for Eastern trade. 1621 ? Van Dyck came to Italy for five-year sojourn. 16; 1 Dutch West India company founded. 1621 ? Van Dyck went to Italy fof five-year sojourn. 1625 James I died. Charles I became King.

1629 Pieter de Hooch born. 1632 Van Dyck came to Kngb'nd 1632 Van Dyck went to Englanc as court painter. 1632 Vermeer born. as court painter. -—• 1632 Christopher Wren burn- 1635 Geeraerts died. 1637 First public opera house opened in Venice. 1639 Lully born. Became identified with French music. 1640 Portugal became independant ol Spain. 1640 Rubens died. 1640 Corneille's drama, Cinna, produced. 1641 Van Dyck died. 1641 Van Dyck died in England- 1642 Outbreak of English Civil War. 1642 Galileo died. 1643 Louis XIII died. Louis XIV became King. Important advisers, first Mazarin, then Colbert. 1644 Milton's Areopag,tiea Published in defense of freedom of the Press. 1647 William II ofOrange b**** [^holder of United Provinces. 1648 End of Thirty Years' War. 1648 Recognition of Dutch RePuD'!c at end of Thirty Years' War. 1648 Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture founded at Paris. The Scheldt closed by c°"j.^°ns ot Peace treaty and trade of Antwerp passed to A'1istc 1649 Establishment"'C"mmor>Wealth. Execution of Charles I. 165a Inigo Jones died- 1652 William II of ()range died- 1653 Cromwell estab''shed Hr°tectorate. 1658? Purcell born- 1659 Scarlatti born. 1659 First opera in French, a Pastorelle by Cambert and Abbe Perrin. '660 Restoration of f*f^***dlj under Charles 11. 1660 Velazquez died. BCe '662 R(1Val Society r>* > founded. 1664 French East India Company founded. 1664 Vanbrugh born- 1665 Poussin died. '665 Great Plague'n^" 1666 Academy of Science founded. .666 Great Fi« of I^d0n- 1666 Frans Hals died. 1666 Moliere's Comedy, The Misanthropist, produced. 1667 Milton's Paradis^1" Publish,,,. 1668 Francois Couperin born. 1669 Rembrandt died. 1670 Trianon de Porcelaine at Versailles, first example of Chinese influence on European architecture. 1671 Royal Academy of Music opened with performance ot opera, Pomone, by Cambert and Perrin. Lully soon assumed manage­ ment and developed French opera. 1671 Academy of Architecture founded. 1672 William III ofOrange became stadholder. 1675 Vermeer died. 1675? Pieter de Hooch died. 1678 Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress published. 1680 Bernini died. 1681 Calderon died. 1681 Terborch died. 1681 Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel published. 1682 Claude Lorraine died. 1682 Murillo died. 1684 Watteau born. 1685 Edict of Nantes repealed. Many Huguenot craftsmen fled to 1685 Charles II died. James II became King. 1685 Bach and Handel born. other countries. 1686- Newton's Principia published, treating of principles of 1687 gravity. 1688 William III ofOrange (husband of Mary, daughter of James I) called to England. 1689 William ofOrange and Mary became joint rulers. James II fled. 1691 Racine's Athalie produced. 1694 Queen Mary died. 1695 Pater born. 1695 Purcell died.

1696 Tiepolo born. ,697 Canaletto born. 1697 Hogarth born. 1699 Chardin born. THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART BACHE COLLECTION STUDY CHART, XVIII CENTURY

ENGLAND 1700 ITALY THE LOW COUNTRIES FRANCE Religious conflicts between Protestants and Catho­ Dutch independence had been recognized in 1648. During the XVII century Louis XIII and Louis XIV lics in the XVII century had led to the execution SPAIN, GERMANY, Politically divided and, for the most part, under Her Easten possessions and trade had led to wars and their advisers, especially Richelieu and Colbert, of Charles I (1649), the establishment of the Pro­ French and Spanish rule during the XVII century. with England, and she had lost New Amsterdam to had erected a system of state control in trade, manu­ tectorate (1649-1660), and the restoration of the THE England in 1664, but was generally prosperous. facture, and the arts, had built up a trading empire in Monarchy (1660). Colonies had been planted Southern provinces (Belgium) remained under Span­ the New World, and had begun to acquire trade sta­ rapidly in the New World in the XVU century, HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE ish rule except for portions acquired by France. tions in the East. the foundations of an Eastern empire laid, and sea power increased in spite of Dutch rivalry.

[701 Beginning of War of Spanish Succession which involved most of Europe. 1702 Pietro Longhi born. 1702 William III of Orange died. Estates General took control of 1702 William III died. Anne became Queen. Netherlands for some time. 1703 Boucher born. 1707 Carlo Goldoni born. 707 Union of England and Scotland as Great Britain. 1712 Francesco Guardi born. I7H Queen Ann died. Geo-.-ge I became 1714 End of War of Spanish Succession. King. 1714 Gluck born. 1715 Louis XIV died. Louis XV became King, Ph'l'P of Orleans Regent. 1719 Defoe's Robinson Crusoe published. 1721 Watteau died. • **• 1723 Louis XV began independant rule. 1723 Sir Christopher Wren died I723 Reynolds born. 1726 Vanbrughdied.Gainsborough born.-*. 1726 Swift's Gulliver's Travels published. 1727 Drouais born. 1727 George I died. George II became King 1732 Fragonard born. - I732 Pope's Essay on Man published. 1733 Hubert Robert born. 1734 Romney born. — 1736 Pater died. 1738 Excavations begun at Herculaneum. 1740 Richardson's Pamela oublished 1740 Frederick the Great became King of Prussia. 1740 Maria Theresa became ruler of Austria. Beginning ot War of the Austrian Succession which involved most of Europe. 1741 Houdon born. 1744 Fielding's Tom Jones published. 1746 Goya born. 1747 William IV ot Orange-Nassiu became stadholder. 1748 Ruins of Pompeii discovered. 1748 Jacques Louis David born. 1748 End of War of Austrian Succession. 1750 Bach died. 1751 Gray's Elegy publish'd. Viir*'-'- I chr-fi lw,t-n i-cc Johnso"'" D'^ionai"-' Mi'-hed. 1756 Beginning of Seven Years' War. 1756 Beginning of Seven "rears' War. 1756 Ik-ginning of Seven Years' War. '7S° Raeburn born. 1756 Mozart born. 1757 Antonio Canova born. 1758 Prud'hon born. '759 Voltaire's Candide published. *759 Handel died. 1759 Handel died in London. 1760 George II died. George IJT became King. 1761 Carlo Goldoni became manager at Italian theater m Paris. 1762 Rousseau's Social Contract and Emile published. 176.I Excavations begun at Pompeii. 1761 End of Seven Years' War. France lost most ot New World 1763 End of Seven Years' War, England gained most of French 1763 End of Seven Years' War. colonies to England. possessions in New Wjorl* 1764 1 logarth died. 1765 Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry published. 1766 William IV died. William V became stadholder lames Watt invented "earn engine. 1766 Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield published. 1766 Lessing's Laokobn published. (,t A,rs «768 Canaletto died. 1768 Royal Academy '"muled. 1769 Lawrence born. 1770 Tiepolo died. 1770 Boucher died. 1770 Wordsworth born. 70 Beethoven born. 1771 Walter Scott born. 1772 Coleridge born. 1774 Louis XV di«l- '-"l"s xvl bccame King- 1774 Goethe's Sorrows of Werther published. 1775 Drouais died. 177S Beginning of War for American Independance. 1775 Turner born. . 1776 Benjamin Franklin came to France to negotiate treaty w ith 1776 Adam Smith's WealW ot \;lt,ons published. American Colonies. . 1776 John Constable born. 1778 France intervened in \\ ar tor American Independance. 1779 Chardin died. 1780 Ingres born. [781 Schiller's The Robbers published. 1783 The Montgolfier brothers made ascent in balloon. 1783 End of War for American Independance. 1785 Pietro Longhi died. 1786 Burns's first poems published. 1786 Frederick the Great of Prussia died. 1787 Gluck died. 1788 Gainsborough died. 1789 Beginning of the French Revolution. 1789 Blake's Songs of Innocence published. 1789 Destruction of the Bastille. 1791 Boswell's Life of Johnson published. ' ,791 Mozart died. 1792 French monarchy abolished. Republic declared. 1792 Reynolds died. 1792 Raeburn died. '793 Francesco Guardi died. 1793 France declared war on Dutch. 1793 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed. 1793-1794 Reign of Terror. 1795 Batavian Republic declared, under French influence. 1795 Directory established. 1796-1797 Napoleon invaded Italy. 1796-1797 Napoleon's Italian campaign. 1798-1799 Napoleon's Egyptian campaign. 1798 Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice. Not published till 1813. 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads. 1799 Napoleon overthrew Directory and established Consulate with himself First Consul.