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Islamist Party Mobilization Tunisia’S Ennahda and Algeria’S HMS Compared, 1989–2014

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Islamist Party Mobilization Tunisia’S Ennahda and Algeria’S HMS Compared, 1989–2014 Islamist Party Mobilization Tunisia’s Ennahda and Algeria’s HMS Compared, 1989–2014 Chuchu Zhang Islamist Party Mobilization Chuchu Zhang Islamist Party Mobilization Tunisia’s Ennahda and Algeria’s HMS Compared, 1989–2014 Chuchu Zhang School of International Relations and Public Affairs Fudan University Shanghai, China ISBN 978-981-13-9486-7 ISBN 978-981-13-9487-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9487-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book has been made possible thanks to my Ph.D. supervisor, Dr. Roxane Farmanfarmaian, and my second supervisor Prof. George Joffé. I have been lucky to have both with me and would like to express my sincerest gratitude to both for their insight, patience, and depth of knowledge. My special thanks go to Dr. Michael Willis and Dr. Hazem Kandil whose feedback and comments proved invaluable. I am like- wise indebted to Mr. Ashraf Ayadi, Ms. Kahina Bouagache, Dr. Robert Parks, Dr. Laryssa Chomiak, Prof. Mohamed Bensalah, and Dr. Laurence O. Michalak, without whom my feldwork would never have been done. I would also like to thank Prof. Lilia Labidi and Prof. Quanan Ha for inspiring input at critical times. Finally, I would like to thank my mother, Ms. Yunxia Sun, and my father, Mr. Xiaodong Zhang, for their kind sup- port and fortitude throughout this long process. v CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Theorizing Islamist Parties’ Mobilization at the Polls 23 3 Historical Background 51 4 First Trial at the Polls 93 5 Drastic Changes 137 6 Co-optation or Resistance? 173 7 Entering the 2010s 213 8 Conclusion 261 Appendix: Electoral Outcomes of Algerian APN Elections, 1991–2012 275 Glossary 277 Index 281 vii ABBREVIATIONS AAV Green Algeria Alliance (Alliance de l’Algérie Verte) ACT Assembly of the Representatives of the People (Assemblée des Représentants du Peuple) AISPP International Association to Support Political Prisoners (l’Association Internationale de Soutien aux Prisonniers Politiques) AKP Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) ALN National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale) ANP People’s National Army (Armeé Nationale Populaire) APN People’s National Assembly (Assemblée Populaire Nationale) AST Tunisian Supporters of Islamic Law (Ansar al-Sharia Tunisie) AUMA Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama (L’Association des Oulémas Musulmans Algériens) CCN National Consultative Council (Conseil Consultatif National) CNLT National Council for Freedom (Conseil National des Libertés en Tunisie) CNT National Transition Council (Conseil National de Transition) CPR Congress for the Republic (Congrès pour la République) CSO Civil Society Organizations DRS Department of Intelligence and Security (Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité) EMF French Muslims (Étudiants Musulmans de France) FAN Algerian New Front (Front de l’Algérie Nouvelle) FC Front of Change (Front du Changement) FFS Socialist Forces Front (Front des Forces Socialistes) FIOE Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe FIS Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut) ix x Abbreviations FIT Tunisian Islamic Front (Front Islamique Tunisien) FJD Justice and Development Front (Front de la Justice et du Développement) FJP Freedom and Justice Party FLN National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale) GIA Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé) GMI Young Muslims in Italy (Giovani Musulmani d’Italia) HCE High Security Council (Haut Comité d’État) HMS Hamas (Movement for the Society of Peace/Mouvement de la Société pour la Paix/Harakat Mujtami’a al-Silm) IAF Islamic Action Front II The Association for Guidance and Reform (Al-Irchad wa al-Islah) IMF International Monetary Fund JI The Islamic Group (Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya) JM The Unity Group (Al-Jama’a al-Muwahadin) JN The Renaissance Group (Al-Jama’a al Nahda) LTDH Tunisian Human Rights League (Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme) MAB Muslim Association of Britain MAJD Algerian Movement for Justice and Development (Mouvement Algérien pour la Justice et le Développement) MB Muslim Brotherhood MC Movement of Change (Mouvement de Changement) MDA Movement for Democracy in Algeria (Mouvement pour la Démocratie en Algérie) MDS Movement of Socialist Democrats (Mouvement des Démocrates Socialistes) MIA Armed Islamic Group (Mouvement Islamique Armé) MINAB Mosques and Imams National Advisory Board MPC Movement for Preaching and Change (Mouvementpour la Prédicationet et le Changement) MRI Islamic Renaissance Movement (Movement de la Renaissance Islamique) MRN Movement for National Reform (Movement du Renouveau National) MTI Islamic Tendency Movement (Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique) MTIPI Islamic Progressive Tendency Movement (Mouvement de la Tendance Progressive Islamique) MUP Popular Unity Movement (Le Mouvement de l’Unité Populaire) NCA National Constituent Assembly NGO Non-Governmental Organizations PCT Tunisian Communist Party (Parti Communiste Tunisien) Abbreviations xi PD Democratic Party (Partito Democratico) PDM Democratic Modernist Pole (Pôle Démocratique Moderniste) PDP Progressive Democratic Party (Parti Démocrate Progressiste) PJD Justice and Development Party (Parti de la Justice et du Développement) PLI Islamic Liberation Party (Parti de la Libération Islamique) PLJ Justice and Liberty Party (Parti de la Liberté et de la Justice) PSD Socialist Destourian Party (Parti Socialiste Destourien) PSP Social Liberal Party (Parti Social pour le Progrès) PST Socialist Workers Party (Parti Socialiste des Travailleurs) PT Workers Party (Parti des Travailleurs) RAID Assembly for An International Alternative for Development (Rassemblement pour une Alternative Internationale de Développement) RCD Constitutional Democratic Rally (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique) RSP Socialist Progressive Rally (Rassemblement Socialiste Progressiste) TD Transmission and Preaching (Tabligh wa Da’wa) UCOII Union of Islamic Communities and Organizations in Italy (Unione delle Communita e delle Organizzazioni Islamiche in Italia) UDU Unionist Democratic Union (Union Démocratique Unioniste) UGEL General Union of Free Students (Union Générale des Étudiants Libres) UGET General Students’ Union of Tunisia (Union Générale des Étudiants de Tunisie) UGTA General Union of Algerian Workers (Union Générale des Travailleurs Algériens) UGTE Tunisian General Union of Students (Union Générale Tunisienne des Étudiants) UGTT Tunisian General Labour Union (Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail) UNEA National Union of Algerian Students (Union Nationale des Étudiants Algériens) UOIF Union of French Islamic Organizations (Union des Organisations Islamiques de France) LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 Protest voters’ voting behavior in the context of electoral authoritarianism 27 Fig. 2.2 Interactions and effects of political opportunities, organizational strength, and framing processes in mobilization 29 Fig. 2.3 Mobilization outcomes of interactions between demand and supply 36 Fig. 4.1 MTI’s framing strategies in the 1980s 107 xiii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 A comparison of Tunisia’s Ennahda and Algeria’s HMS 38 Table 6.1 The spectrum of Islamic groups in Algeria in 1999–2008 200 Table 7.1 The feld of Islamic groups in Algeria, 2009–2012 246 xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction Almost three decades after the start of the Third Wave of Democratiza- tion (Huntington 1993), North Africa experienced tremendous difficul- ties in getting rid of authoritarian systems. Interestingly, each time when the region experienced a real weakening in authoritarianism, whether in the form of top-down liberalization reform or bottom-up protest waves, Islamist parties rose concomitantly and seized strong positions to capitalize on political change. Such scenes took place in the 1980s and early 1990s as Tunisia’s Ennahda, Algeria’s Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut, FIS), and Yemen’s Islamic Action Front (IAF) each cut a strik- ing figure in elections. After a short collapse in the late 1990s when most Islamist groups in the Muslim world witnessed what Schwedler (1998,
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