DOCSLIB.ORG

Tunisia Document Date: 1993

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tunisia Document Date: 1993 Date Printed: 11/06/2008 JTS Box Number: IFES 12 Tab Number: 32 Document Title: Pre-Election Technical Assessment: Tunisia Document Date: 1993 Document Country: Tunisia IFES ID: R01908 ~~I~ I~~I~ ~II ~I~ F - A B A F B C A * PRE-ELECTION TECHNICAL AssESSMENT TuNISIA December 15 - December 22, 1993 Jeff FISCher Dr. Clement Henry DO NOT REMOVE FROM IFES RESOURCE CENTER! INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR ELECTORAL SYSTEMS Pre-Election Technical Assessment: TUNISIA December 15 - December 22, 1993 Jeff Fischer Dr. Clement Henry January 31, 1994 Adila R. La"idi - Program Officer, North Africa and the Near East Keith Klein - Director of Programs, Africa and the Near East This report was made possible through funding by the United States Agency for International Development ! TABLE OF CONTENTS [. I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. .. 1 r. II. INTRODUCTION' . .. 3 r: m. CONTEXT OF DEMOCRATIZATION .......................... 5 A. Geographical Context . .. 6 B. The Pace of Democratization ............................ 9 r: C. Recent Events ..................................... 11 [] IV. LAWS AND REGULATIONS ................................ 14 A. Constitution ....................................... 14 B. Electoral Law ..................................... 14 L C. Other Relevant Laws ................................. 16 L V. ELECTORAL~lNSTITUTIONS_AND.OFFICIALS ................... 19 VI. POLmCAL-PARTIES'ANDCAMPAIGNING: ..................... 21 L A. Democratic~Constitutiona1Rally :(RCD).' ....................... '. 21 B. Movement· of Socialist Democrats:(MDS),>., ........... _.......... 22 r C. At-Tajdid '(Movementfor ReneWal). ... ... 23 D. PopularUnity Party· (PUP) ............................. 24 [ E. Progressive Socialist Rally (RSP) .......................... 24 F. Social Party for Progress (PSP) . 25 G. Unionist Democratic Union (UDU) ..........' ................ 25 t H. The Nahda ....................................... 25 I. Other Opposition Parties ............................... 27 (1 J. Political Campaigning . .. 28 u VII. CONSTITUENCY DELIMITATION ............................ 30 VIII. VOTER REGISTRATION .................................. 31 IX. ELECTION MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS ........... 33 X. ELECTION OBSERVATION ................................ 35 XI. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 37 A. Electoral Laws ..................................... 37 B. Election.Administration ' ................................. 38 C. Political. Campaigning . .. 39 D. Voter Registration .................................... 39 E. Ballot System . .. 40 F. Ballot Boxes ........................................ 41 G. Polling Stations .................................... 42 H.. Civic·and.voter education' ............................... 42 XII. CONCLUSION ......................................... 43 APPENDICES APPENDIX I Polling station notice APPENDIX II Polling station proces verbal APPENDIX III Example press notice on voter registration APPENDIX IV Electoral list/Poll book r i f: [] A PRE-ELECTION TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT: TUNISIA [' December 15 through December 22, 1993 ~·.1, r ; n I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ti The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (lFES) is a nonprofit organization which [1• provides technical services and research support for election authorities and other institutions in emerging, evolving and established democracies. I.,i IFES conducted a pre-election technical assessment in Tunisia from December 15 to 22 1993 in anticipation of presidential and parliamentary elections on March 20, 1994. The delegation [J consisted of Jeffrey Fischer, IFES Chief of Staff and Dr. Clement Henry, professor of government and Middle East Studies· at the University of Texas at Austin. This assessment mission was made possible through a grant provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), through the Near East and South Asia Bureau and the Global Affairs Bureau. In their assessment of the electoral process, Mr. Fischer and Dr. Henry met with representatives of the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Justice. The delegation met with representatives of the ruling party as well as the major opposition parties. Academics and retired government officials were also consulted. On December 22, the Tunisian Parliament passed a new electoral code which introduced a limited proportional representation into the election of Members of Parliament. Under this new legislation, it is widely believed that opposition parties could win up to 19 seats. All 141 seats in the Parliament are now occupied by members of the ruling Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD). This mission offered the unique opportunity to discuss the new law in its final days IFES TUNISIA PROJECT Pre-election Assessment Mission before passage and assess the impact of these statutory changes on political life, campaigns and the electoral process. These changes must be evaluated in a context which includes politics, geography and recent events in Tunisia. For example, the volatile political situations in Algeria and Egypt were cited by many of those interviewed as examples of breakdowns in the political and security elements in a society which Tunisians want to avoid at home. This justification appears at the forefront of President Zine-El-Abidine Ben Ali's actions against political activity by Islamists. The administration of elections is divided among ministries, levels of government and special commissions. The campaign for national office is two weeks long with a moratorium on political activity the day before voting. The RCD has developed a dominant political position in terms of elected officials, resources and membership. Opposition parties include the Movement of Social Democrats (MDS), Ettajdid (former Communist Party of Tunisia), Popular Unity Party (PUP), Progressive Socialist Rally (RSP), Social Party for Progress (PSP), Unionist Democratic Union (UDU), and the illegal Nahda Party. Most opposition parties have taken the step of announcing their endorsements of Ben Ali for re-election. This report makes several recommendations including further changes to the association and electoral laws; consolidating the administration of elections into a single, independent authority; greater political openness; lengthening the period of political campaigning; centralizing the system of voter registration; changing the multiple ballot system; using security seals on ballot boxes; and, reducing the number of polling stations. It also recommends the invitation of an international observers delegation to observe the conduct of the campaign and polling day activities. 2 IFES TUNISIA PROJECf Pre-election Assessment Mission L II. INTRODUCTION [] The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES)' is a non-profit, nonpolitical and trFl nonpartisan foundation established in 1987 through a grant from·the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The IFES mandate is to provide technical services and C research support for the electoral authorities and other institutions in emerging, evolving and established democracies. Since its inception, IFES has worked in over 65 countries. IFES B project activities include pre-election technical assessments, on-site technical assistance, election worker training, election commodities, voter and civic education and election observation. IFES [1 research support includes the establishment of an election resource center, organizing l conferences and publications. [J IFES sent a delegation to Tunisia to conduct a pre-election assessme~t in anticipation of the U presidential. and legislative elections scheduled for.March·20, 1994. The delegation, consisting of Jeffrey Fischer, IFES Chief of Staff, and Dr. Clement Henry, professor of government and D Middle East Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, proceeded to visit Tunisia from December 15, to 22, and consulted with government officials, political party leaders, and U independent observers. This delegation was to have been accompanied by Adila Laidi, Program Officer for North Africa and the Near East and project manager for this mission. Shortly before U the initiation of the mission, however, Tunisian government representatives rescinded her r1.1 invitation, stating their expectation that the assessment team would include only American U citizens. As a result of this change, the IFES team lost its Arabic speaker and three days of on­ site work time while the issue was under discussion. The team's objectives were to review the following subjects : • The role of the government, the ministry of interior, and the national electoral authority 3 IFES TUNISIA PROJECf Pre-election Assessment Mission in election administration; . • Review of the constitution, the electoral map, law and ancillary legislation; • Establishment and· maintenance of voter registries; . • Civic education and voter information and motivation; • Political-parties' participation· and attitude.to the electoral. process; • Distribution, collection and security of ballots; • Voting process; • Identification of election equipment self-sufficiency; • Vote tabulation and certification of results; • Framework for adjudicating grievances before and after the election; On December 22, the Tunisian Parliament passed a revised electoral law which defined new proportional representation rules -for- the election of some of its members. Under this ,new legislation, up to at least 19 seats may be won by members of opposition.parties. The ruling Democratic Constitutional'Rally (RCD) holds at
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kamal Ben Younis Auther N
    Artical Name : Vision from Within Artical Subject : Where is Tunisia Heading? Publish Date: 21/01/2018 Auther Name: Kamal Ben Younis Subject : Tunisian authorities managed to deal with the protests, which erupted in a number of cities and poor neighborhoods in the capital, after ³government announced an increase in value-added tax and social contributions in the budget.´However, the calm situation may be temporary if the authorities do not succeed in finding radical solutions to the problems, which angered youths. Those youth for seven years now have been threatening of a ³new revolution´that topples the new political elite whom they accuse of failing to achieve the main goals of their revolution which developed in January 2011.So where is Tunisia heading seven years after President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was toppled? Will the parties which triggered these new confrontations with the security forces succeed in launching what they call ³a second revolution´"Or will the opposite happen? Will the current political regime witness any substantial changes especially that it has been internationally supported for several reasons including that many western countries bet on the success of the ³Tunisian exception in transitioning towards democracy?´Separation from YouthsSome of those who oppose the government, mainly the opposition leaders of leftist, nationalist and Baathist groups that are involved in the Popular Front, which is led by Hamma Hammami and Ziad Lakhdhar, think that the increased protests against the governments, which have governed since January 2011, is proof that they cannot achieve the revolution¶s aims regarding jobs, dignity. That is because the government cannot liberate its measures from the International Monetary Fund¶s directions and from the agendas of financial lobbies that are involved in corruption, trafficking and imposing a capitalist policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Condorcet and Minimax Voting Systems the Best?1
    1 Are Condorcet and Minimax Voting Systems the Best?1 Richard B. Darlington Cornell University Abstract For decades, the minimax voting system was well known to experts on voting systems, but was not widely considered to be one of the best systems. But in recent years, two important experts, Nicolaus Tideman and Andrew Myers, have both recognized minimax as one of the best systems. I agree with that. This paper presents my own reasons for preferring minimax. The paper explicitly discusses about 20 systems. Comments invited. [email protected] Copyright Richard B. Darlington May be distributed free for non-commercial purposes Keywords Voting system Condorcet Minimax 1. Many thanks to Nicolaus Tideman, Andrew Myers, Sharon Weinberg, Eduardo Marchena, my wife Betsy Darlington, and my daughter Lois Darlington, all of whom contributed many valuable suggestions. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and summary 3 2. The variety of voting systems 4 3. Some electoral criteria violated by minimax’s competitors 6 Monotonicity 7 Strategic voting 7 Completeness 7 Simplicity 8 Ease of voting 8 Resistance to vote-splitting and spoiling 8 Straddling 8 Condorcet consistency (CC) 8 4. Dismissing eight criteria violated by minimax 9 4.1 The absolute loser, Condorcet loser, and preference inversion criteria 9 4.2 Three anti-manipulation criteria 10 4.3 SCC/IIA 11 4.4 Multiple districts 12 5. Simulation studies on voting systems 13 5.1. Why our computer simulations use spatial models of voter behavior 13 5.2 Four computer simulations 15 5.2.1 Features and purposes of the studies 15 5.2.2 Further description of the studies 16 5.2.3 Results and discussion 18 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fair Value of Bread: Tunisia, December – January
    IRSH (), pp. – doi:./S © The Author(s), . Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/./), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Fair Value of Bread: Tunisia, December – January L EYLA D AKHLI Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre Marc Bloch Friedrichstraße ∗ Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The “Bread Riots” that broke out in Tunisia on December lasted barely ten days. Yet, they cost the lives of over one hundred people. The revolt studied here centred on two popular neighbourhoods of Tunis in the wake of massive, World Bank-sponsored development plans. This article seeks to understand how the inhabitants in these quarters reacted to the establishment of a new welfare state that was more concerned with fighting poverty – or fighting the poor – than with equalizing conditions or offering the same opportunities for everyone. Based on this case study, I argue that the great Bread Revolt of – marked a break with past practices of state reform and popular protest and suggest that International Monetary Fund and World Bank prescriptions and state implementations reconfigured the political and social landscape of independent Tunisia. The “Bread Riots” that broke out in Tunisia on December lasted barely ten days. Yet, they cost the lives of over one hundred people, according to official figures given by human rights organizations. The riots spread rapid- ly across the country after initially erupting in the south, in the market of the city of Douz.
    [Show full text]
  • Free PDF Version
    TONY CZARNECKI POSTHUMANS - II Democracy For a Human Federation REFORMING DEMOCRACY FOR HUMANITY’S COEXISTENCE WITH SUPERINTELLIGENCE London, July 2020 Democracy for a Human Federation Reforming Democracy for Humanity’s Coexistence with Superintelligence © Tony Czarnecki 2020 The right of Tony Czarnecki to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This edition, July 2020 First published in 2019 by Sustensis ISBN: 9781689622332 London, July 2020 For any questions or comments please visit: http://www.sustensis.co.uk 2 For my grandson Leon 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS POSTHUMANS - II ................................................................................................................................ 1 FOREWORD TO POSTHUMANS SERIES ........................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 8 PART 1 A PERILOUS ROAD TOWARDS A HUMAN FEDERATION ........................................ 11 CHAPTER 1 HUMANITY AT A TURNING POINT ........................................................................ 12 WHAT MAKES US HUMAN? ................................................................................................................. 12 LIVING IN THE WORLD OF EXPONENTIAL CHANGE ............................................................................. 13 IS THIS THE END OF HISTORY? ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Winner Voting Method Comparison Chart
    Single-winner Voting Method Comparison Chart This chart compares the most widely discussed voting methods for electing a single winner (and thus does not deal with multi-seat or proportional representation methods). There are countless possible evaluation criteria. The Criteria at the top of the list are those we believe are most important to U.S. voters. Plurality Two- Instant Approval4 Range5 Condorcet Borda (FPTP)1 Round Runoff methods6 Count7 Runoff2 (IRV)3 resistance to low9 medium high11 medium12 medium high14 low15 spoilers8 10 13 later-no-harm yes17 yes18 yes19 no20 no21 no22 no23 criterion16 resistance to low25 high26 high27 low28 low29 high30 low31 strategic voting24 majority-favorite yes33 yes34 yes35 no36 no37 yes38 no39 criterion32 mutual-majority no41 no42 yes43 no44 no45 yes/no 46 no47 criterion40 prospects for high49 high50 high51 medium52 low53 low54 low55 U.S. adoption48 Condorcet-loser no57 yes58 yes59 no60 no61 yes/no 62 yes63 criterion56 Condorcet- no65 no66 no67 no68 no69 yes70 no71 winner criterion64 independence of no73 no74 yes75 yes/no 76 yes/no 77 yes/no 78 no79 clones criterion72 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 monotonicity yes no no yes yes yes/no yes criterion80 prepared by FairVote: The Center for voting and Democracy (April 2009). References Austen-Smith, David, and Jeffrey Banks (1991). “Monotonicity in Electoral Systems”. American Political Science Review, Vol. 85, No. 2 (June): 531-537. Brewer, Albert P. (1993). “First- and Secon-Choice Votes in Alabama”. The Alabama Review, A Quarterly Review of Alabama History, Vol. ?? (April): ?? - ?? Burgin, Maggie (1931). The Direct Primary System in Alabama.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia–The Imprisonment of Fahem Boukadous (Part One of a Series)
    human rights & human welfare a forum for works in progress working paper no. 60 Tunisia–The Imprisonment of Fahem Boukadous (Part One of a series) by Rob Prince University of Denver Posted on 16 October 2010 http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/working/2010/60-prince-2010.pdf © Rob Prince. All rights reserved. This paper may be freely circulated in electronic or hard copy provided it is not modified in any way, the rights of the author not infringed, and the paper is not quoted or cited without express permission of the author. The editors cannot guarantee a stable URL for any paper posted here, nor will they be responsible for notifying others if the URL is changed or the paper is taken off the site. Electronic copies of this paper may not be posted on any other website without express permission of the author. The posting of this paper on the hrhw working papers website does not constitute any position of opinion or judgment about the contents, arguments or claims made in the paper by the editors. For more information about the hrhw working papers series or website, please visit the site online at http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/working Tunisia–The Imprisonment of Fahem Boukadous (Part One of a series) August 2, 2010 “The only way that the [Tunisian] state deals with social problems is with police repression” -Moktar Trifi, President of the Tunisian League of Human Rights By Rob Prince (Note: it has come to my attention that this little harmless blog is currently censored by the Tunisian government, meaning that the content is blocked by the authorities there.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Chambers: Unicameral Or Bicameral?
    Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral? Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral? How many chambers a parliament should have is a controversial question in constitutional law. Having two legislative chambers grew out of the monarchy system in the UK and other European countries, where there was a need to represent both the aristocracy and the common man, and out of the federal system in the US. where individual states required representation. In recent years, unicameral systems, or those with one legislative chamber, were associated with authoritarian states. Although that perception does not currently hold true, there appears to be a general trend toward two chambers in emerging democracies, particularly in larger countries. Given historical, cultural and political factors, governments must decide whether one-chamber or two chambers better serve the needs of the country. Bicameral Chambers A bicameral legislature is composed of two-chambers, usually termed the lower house and upper house. The lower house is usually based proportionally on population with each member representing the same number of citizens in each district or region. The upper house varies more broadly in the way in which members are selected, including inheritance, appointment by various bodies and direct and indirect elections. Representation in the upper house can reflect political subdivisions, as is the case for the US Senate, German Bundesrat and Indian Rajya Sabha. Bicameral systems tend to occur in federal states, because of that system’s two-tiered power structure. Where subdivisions are drawn to coincide with other important societal units, the upper house can serve to represent ethnic, religious or tribal groupings, as in India or Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • Carter Center Preliminary Statement on Tunisia's Presidential Election
    Carter Center Preliminary Statement on Tunisia’s Presidential Election Nov. 25, 2014 This statement is preliminary; a final report will be published four months after the end of the electoral process. Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions Political Background Tunisians expressed their will in a competitive and peaceful presidential election. For the first time since independence, Tunisians were offered the opportunity to choose among a diverse group of presidential candidates in a genuine election. The Nov. 23 presidential polls, the second of two elections intended to consolidate Tunisia’s democratic transition, were administered in a professional and neutral manner. Tunisia is the only country in the Arab world to have successfully pursued a consistent path of democratic reform after the 2011 revolutions. As such, Tunisia could serve as a model for other countries in the region struggling to establish democratic institutions. The results of the October legislative elections helped to shape the dynamics of the presidential campaign. A broad-based party, Nidaa Tounes, emerged as the largest winner with 86 seats, while the Islamist movement Ennahdha was second with 69 seats. In a positive step, all political parties announced before the ISIE officially released the preliminary results that they would accept the outcome of the polls. Legal Framework International best practices indicate that the legal framework for the organization of an election should be readily accessible to the public, be transparent, and address all the components of an electoral system necessary to ensure democratic elections.1 Tunisia’s legal framework for presidential elections is generally in alignment with international standards.2 The electoral process is governed by the January 2014 constitution, the 2014 electoral law and the implementing regulations issued by the Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE), the 1 OSCE/ODIHR, Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, page 4.
    [Show full text]
  • 1955 Charrad Ben Youssef 2001
    States and Women's Rights The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco Mounira M. Charrad University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London © 2001 The Regents of the University of California Party, Islam, and Tribe: Internal Conflicts The nationalist party maintained consensus during most of the nationalist period. Internal conflicts broke out between rival factions, however, at the eve of independence from colonial rule when power in a sovereign state appeared to be a concrete possibility. The outcome of the conflicts looked quite uncertain at the time, as it was unclear which faction would take power and what kind of state would develop in independent Tunisia. Two nationalist leaders symbolized the contending tendencies: the reformist Bourguiba and the pan-Islamist Ben Youssef, his opponent who rallied enough support to pose a serious challenge. Bourguiba and Ben Youssef disagreed on the strategy to gain sovereignty, appealed to different constituencies, offered different visions of a future Tunisia, and had different outside allies. Regardless of the ideological distance separating the two men at the start of the conflict, Bourguiba's and Ben Youssef's positions hardened as each found a different source of support in the course of the nationalist struggle. Bourguiba and Ben Youssef gradually became spokesmen for different sectors of Tunisian society. In general terms, Ben Youssef appealed to those nationalist forces—tribal groups, uprooted rural migrants to cities, and the religious establishment—that perceived national sovereignty as an opportunity to restore a (partly real and partly imagined) Tunisian past, which they felt had been scoffed at by the colonial regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
    Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Electoral Participation in Egypt: the Implica- Tions of Gender
    © Middle East Institute. This article is for personal research only and may not be copied or distributed in any form without the permission of The Middle East Journal. Women’s Electoral Participation in Egypt: The Implica- tions of Gender for Voter Recruitment and Mobilization Lisa Blaydes and Safinaz El Tarouty To what extent do gender considerations impact voter recruitment strategies in Middle Eastern elections? Based on an examination of voting behavior in Egypt, we find that clientelist voter recruitment tends to empower women economically rather than politically as elections provide an opportunity for disadvantaged women to sell their vote to local vote brokers or offer their vote to a local patron in exchange for a future payoff. In contrast, women who vote for Islamist candi- dates may be able to increase the influence of their political support by creating common knowledge about the popularity of their candidate and by reducing the effectiveness of government repression. Most studies of women’s political participation in the Middle East focus on the problem of low levels of female representation in government, and more particularly, in elected par- liaments. This line of research considers the structural and cultural conditions that make it difficult for women to be nominated as candidates and to win political office as well as the behavior of female parliamentarians once in government.1 The question of how everyday women respond to the opportunities and incentives presented by parliamentary elections has been largely ignored, however, in favor of studies of the political prospects for female elites. In particular, current studies fail to investigate the extent to which gender consider- ations impact voter recruitment strategies in competitive parliamentary elections.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Tunisia Final Report
    ELECTION REPORT ✩ 2019 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Tunisia Final Report ELECTION REPORT ✩ 2019 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Tunisia Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5100 www.cartercenter.org Contents Map of Tunisia................................. 4 The Independent High Authority Executive Summary ............................ 5 for Audiovisual Communications .............. 40 Background ................................. 6 Conclusion ................................ 41 Legal Framework ............................ 7 Candidates, Parties, and Campaigns ........... 42 Election Management ........................ 7 Campaigning in the First Round Voter Registration ........................... 8 of the Presidential Election .................. 42 Voter Education ............................. 8 Conclusion ................................ 44 Citizen Observation .......................... 8 Campaigning in the Parliamentary Election .... 44 Candidate Registration ....................... 8 Campaigning in the Second Round of the Campaign .................................. 9 Presidential Election ........................ 46 Voting and Counting ........................ 11 Campaign Finance ............................ 47 Tabulation ................................. 12 Social Media Monitoring ...................... 49 Electoral Dispute Resolution ................. 12 Legal Framework ........................... 49 Results .................................... 13 Methodology .............................
    [Show full text]