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Home , Chandragupta Maurya, Deva dynasty, Fourth Buddhist council, Gupta Empire, Harisena (Jain monk), Jayasena

INDIAN HISTORY Complete notesComplete of Per notes ,Middle of Per and ,Middle Modren History

CONTENTS

1. Gulf Cambut Culture 48. Akbar the Great 2. Indus Vally Civilisation 49. Shah Jahan 3. Vedic Age 50. Aurangazeb 4. Later 51. Later Mughals 5. 52. Shershah Suri 6. 53. Sikhism 7. Sangham Age 54. Ranjith Singh 8. Famous Eras 55. The Movement 9. Literary Activitites in Ancient 56. Sufism 10. Persian Invasion 57. Famous Personalities in 11. Alexander’s Invasion 58. Advent of the Europeans 12. Mauryan 59. The Dutch 13. Post Mauryan Period 60. The English and the French 14. Kanava Dynasty 61. Conquest of 15. Cheta Dynasty of 62. Maratha Wars 16. Satavahanas 63. Subsidiary Alliance system and other Policies 17. Indo Greeks 64. Executors of British Policies 18. The Parthians 65. Lord Wellesley 19. The 66. Lord Minto 20. Kushans 67. Lord Hastings 21. Empire 68. Lord William Bentinck 22. Historically Important Places 69. Sir Charles Metcalfe 23. The 70. Lord Dalhousie 24. The Vaktakas 71. Socio-Religious Reform Movements 25. Vardhana 72. Prarthana Smaj 26. Pallavas 73. Mission 27. Rashtrakutas 74. Theosophical Society 28. Pratiharas 75. Young Movement 29. Palas 76. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 30. Senas 77. Jyotiba Phule 31. Chauhans 78. Major Tribal Movements 32. Cholas 79. The formation of Muslim League 33. Eminent Peronalities of Ancient India 80. Surat Split 34. Selected Questions form Ancient Indian 81. Mome Rule Movement History 82. Jalianwala Bagh Mssacre 35. Arab Conquest of 83. Non-Co-Operation Movement 36. Turkish Invasions 84. Khilafat Movement 37. Sultanate 85. Indian Working Class 38. Slave Dynasty 86. Simon Commission 39. Important Court Scholars 87. Some Commissions 40. Khilji Dynasty 88. Peasant Movements 41. Important Dynasties in Indian History 89. Pabna Revolt 42. Sayyid Dynasty 90. Civil Disobedience Movement 43. Lodhi Dynasty 91. Famous Conspiracy Cases 44. Bahmani and Vijayanagara Kingdoms 92. Socialists 45. The 93. Revolutionay Terrorism 46. Babur 94. Quit India Movement 47. Humayun

Pre Historic Period  Indus people had trade contacts with Persian Gulf and  The earliest traces of existence in India so far Mesopotamia. discovered is between 4,00,000 and 2,00,000 BC from  The ancient name given to Indus region was Meluha. Sohan valley (now in )  Indus people used a gold - silver mixture called  Neolithic settlements in are not older Electrum. than 4000 BC.  They used and copper but iron was unknown to  Wheat and barley were the first cereals grown by Indians. them.  The name India was derived from the rivername Sindhu  Indus people were the first to use copper in India. which is also known as Indus.  Harappans used a system of weights and measures based  India was originally considered as a part of a larger area on 16 and its multiples. called Jambu-dvipa (The continent of Jambu tree)  The chief male deity of the Indus people was Pasupati  Krita, Treta, Dwapara and are the four ages of Mahadeva (Porto Siva). traditional Hindu thought.  Their Chief female deity was the Mother Goddess.  They also worshipped fire, pipal trees and Unicorn. Gulf of Cambut Culture  Harappan script was Pictographic in nature, which has  The Gulf of Cambut culture which was discovered not been desciphered so far. recently from the Bay of Cambut in dates back to  Harappan seals were made of Terra - Cotta. 7500 BC.  - like game of Harappans was called Sent.  This was found out by the National Institute of Open  Indus Valley civilisation belongs to the Technology (NIOT). period dated between 3000 BC and 1500 BC. It is a Bronze Age civilisation or a proto Historic civilisation.  The largest number of Harappan sites in post independent Indus Valley Civilisation India have been discovered from Gujarat.  The Harappan culture spread over the whole of Sind,  Harappan civilisation extended from Jammu in the North Baluchistan, almost the whole of , northern to Narmada in the South and from coast of Rajasthan, Kathiawar and Gujarat. Baluchistan in the West to Meerat in the East.  the first Indus site, was discovered by  The Northern most point of Indus valley civilisation was Dayaram Sahni in 1921. It is situated in the of Gumla in Jammu and the Southernmost was Daimbad. West Punjab, Montgeomery district in Pakistan.  Floods and Earthquakes, change in the course of river  Harappa is located on the bank of river Ravi. Indus, aridity of the area, or drying up of river Ghaggar,  Mohanjedaro was excavated in 1922 by R.D. Banarjee. the invasion of Aryans are the supposed reasons for the It is situated in the Larkhana district in Sind on the right decline of the civilization towards 1500 BC. bank of river Indus (Now in Pakistan)  The Great Granery, the Great Bath a piece of woven cotton, a beared man in steatite and a bronze dancing girl  Vedic Age are found from Mohanjedaro.  Vedic Age is the period of Aryans in India from 1500 -  An assembly hall was also discovered from Mohanjodaro. 500 BC.  The most important feature of Harappan civilisation was  Most Probable Home of the Aryans is . This town planning and urbanism. theory is of Max Muller.  The word Mohanjedaro in Sindi language means ‘the  The word Aryan literally means high born, but it mount of the dead’. generally refers to language.  Mohanjodaro was believed to have destructed by flood.  The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the word ‘vid’ which  Harappans knew the art of growing cereals, wheat and means knowledge. barley.  are the oldest literary works of mankind. Vedas are  Banawali is situated in Hariyana. four in number, they are Rig Veda, ,  Chanhudaro, discovered by N. Gopal Majundar and Atharva Veda. Rig veda is the oldest  and Mackey, is situated in Sind on the bank of river veda. Indus.  Vedas are collectively known as Sruti  Kalibangan, another famous Indus city discovered in  are collectively known as 1953 by A Ghosh, is situated in Rajasthan on the banks of  Vedangas are six in number. They are, River Ghaggar. Kalibangan stands for black bangles.  Siksha - Phonetic  Lothal, first man made port in the world and dockyard  - Ritual made of burnt bricks, was discovered in 1953 by S.R.  - Grammar Rao is situated in Gujarat on Bhogava river near Gulf of  - Etymology Cambay.  Chhanda - Metrics and  Ropar is the site situated in Punjab on the banks of river  Jyotisha - Astronomy Sutlej. It was discovered in 1953 by Y.D.Sharma.  There are 1028 hymns in . It is divided into ten  Harappan people were the earliest people in the world to Mandalas (Chapters). grow cotton and rice.  Rig Vedic Hymns sung by priests were called Hotris.  People cultivated rice at Lothal and Rangpur and barley  ‘Sruti’ literature belonged to the Sathyayuga, Smriti at Benawali. belonged to Treatayuga, belonged to  Harappan people domesticated oxen, buffaloes, goats, Dwaparayuga and Thanthra literature belonged to camel, sheeps, domestic fowls and pigs. Humped bulls Kaliyuga. were given special importance. Horses were unknown to  Rigveda starts with the line ‘Agnimele Purohitam’ the Harappan people.

 Famous Gayatri Mantra is contained in the Rigveda (It is Later Vedic Period believed to have composed by Vishwamitra)  The period assigned to Later Vedic Phase is 1000 BC to  Yajurveda deals with sacrifices and rituals. 600 BC.  Yajurvedic hymns are meant to be sung by priests called  Later Vedic people used particular type of pottery called ‘Adhavaryu’. Painted Grey Ware (PGW)  Yajurveda is derived into two: SuklaYajurveda (White  The Later Vedic Aryans were familiar with two seas, the Yajurveda) and Yajur Veda (Black Yajurveda) and the Indian Ocean.  Sama Veda deals with Music.  Rice became the staple diet of during the  Sama Vedic hymns are meant to be sung by priests called Later Vedic Period. Udgatri.  The term ‘Rashtra’ which indicates territory first  Atharva veda is a collection of spells and incantations. appeared in the later vedic period. is a part of Atharva Veda, which deals with  Mention of the word ‘Sudras’ - Rigveda (10th Mandala) medicine.  Mention of the ‘’ is found in the .  The saying, ‘‘War begins in the minds of men’’ is from  Origin of Kingship is found in Aitareya . Atharva Veda.  ‘Soma’ was an intoxicating drink mentioned in the 9th  The 10th Mandala of Rigveda contain the Purusha Sukta Mandala of the Rig Veda. hymn which tells about the origin of caste system.  Mention of the word is found in Rigveda.  are 108 in number. Upanishads are  The fourfold division of the society is found in the 10th philosophical works Mandala of the Rigveda.  Upanishads are known as the Jnanakantas of Vedas.  Mention about the Varnashranadhrama is found in the  The words ‘Sathyameva Jayate’ have been taken from Jabla Upanishad. ‘’  The Doctrine of is found in the Maitrayani  Brahdaranya Upanishad was the first to give the Upanishad. doctrine of Transmigration of Soul and .  Mention about the origin of Universe is found in the Rig  Puranas are the part of Smriti literature. They are 18 in Veda (10th Mandala). number 6 vishnupuranas, 6 sivapuranas and 6  Purohita Senani and Vrajapati were the important Brahmapuranas. functionaries who assisted the king in dayto- day  Bhagvata purana is divided into 18 skandas The 10th administration. skanda mentions about the childhood of Sri Krishna.  The officer who enjoyed authority over the pasture land  Skanda purana is considered as the largest purana. was called Vrajapati.  Brahmapurana is also known as Adipurana.  The king’s power increased during the Later Vedic  Adhyatma is included in the Period. Brahmantapurana.  First law giver of ancient India was Manu. He wrote  Cattle was the chief measure of wealth of the vedic ‘Manusmrithi’. period.  Manusmrithi was translated into English by William  Rigvedic tribe was referred to as Jana . Jones.  Many clans (vis) formed a tribe.  Shyma Shastri translated Arthasastra into English  The basic unit of society was kula or the family and  Bali was a tax, which the king used to collect from the Kulapa was the head of the family. people of the Vedic period.  ‘Visah’ was a cluster of gramas.  Aryans used iron for the first time India.  Important tribal assemblies of the Rig Vedic period were  Horse, Iron, Sugarcane, Pulses etc reached India by the Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata and Gana. coming of Aryans.  The Aghanya mentioned in many passages of Rigveda  The God who occupied supreme position in the Later applies to cows. Vedic Period was .  The Rigvedic religion was primitive animism.  was regarded as preserver and protector of the  was the greatest God of Aryans and occupied people. second position.  The most important functionary who assisted the Vedic  was God of water and Yama was the Lord of king was Purohita. dead.  Manarchy was the normal form of in the  Savitri was a solar diety to whom the famous Gayatri vedic period. Mantra is attributed to.  Each Tribal republic was headed by Ganapati or  Prithvi was Earth Godess. Jyeshtha.  The battle of ten kings mentioned in the Rig Veda was  The Vedic Education system revealed through ‘Frog fought on the division of water of river Ravi. It was Hymn’ in the Rigveda and ‘Wedding Hymn’ describe fought on the banks of River Ravi (Purushni). the oldest marriage rituals.  Indra was known as Purandara.  Max Mullar was the first person to speak of ‘Aryans’ as  The people called Panis, during the Vedic period were a race. cattle breeders.  The Vedic God in charge of truth and moral order was Epics Varuna.  has two epics Ramayana and .  Indra Played the role of the Warlord. He is also  Mahabharata was written by ‘’.Mahabharata is also considered as the rain god. known as Jayasamhita, Satasahasri and the  The two priests who played a major part during the Rig fifth veda. Vedic period were Vasishta and Visvamitra.  Mahabharata has 1,17,000 hymns in it.

 Mahabharata is divided into 18 Purvas, an appendix  Brahmacharya is the principle added by . Harivamsa is considered as 19th Purva.  Mahavira taught the three Jewels of Jainism (Triratna) -  12th Purva is the largest and 7th is the smallest. Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct.  It describes the 18 days battle of .  The Jains repudiated the authority or infallibility of the  Stories of Sakuntalam, Pralayam, Ramcharitam, vedas. The Jains rejected the concept of Universal soul or Rishysringan, Satyavan Savitri,Nala and Damayanthi etc a supreme power as the creator and sustainer of the are included in the Mahabharata. Universe.  is the author of Ramayana.  Jainism does not condemn the Varna system. Mahavira  Ramayana has 24000 hymns and is divided into Seven believed that all individuals irrespective of caste can Skandas (Kandas) strive for liberation through good deeds and living.  Bhagavatgita is included in the Bhishma Purva of  First Jain council was held at in the fourth Mahabharata. It is divided into 18 chapters and has about century BC under the leadership of Stulabahu. 700 hymns.  Second Jain council was held at Vallabhipur in third Century BC under the leadership of Aryaskandil Jainism Nagarjuna Suri.  Vardhamana Mahavira was believed to have born in  Third Jain council was held at Vallabhipur in Gujarat in 540 BC in Kundala Grama in the capital AD under the leadership of Devardhi  Six systems of Kshamasramana.  Samkya ...... Sage  Jainism was divided into two sects Swetambaras and  ...... after the first Jain Council.  ...... Kannada  Digambaras are sky-clad or naked and swetambaras are  ...... Akshapada (Gautama) clad in white.  and Shankaracharya.  Gomateshwara statue is situated in Sravana belgola.  Mimamsa......  ‘Syad Vada’ is a of Knowledge.  of . Now it is in Mussafar district in .  Kharavela of Kalinga gave patronage to Jainism.  He belonged to Jnatrika clan.  Mahavir Jayanti and Rakshabandan are the festive  Mahavira’s family was connected with the of occassions of Jainism. .  Temple on the Mount Abu in  The word ‘Jaina’ was originated from the word ‘Jina’ Rajasthan is a famous centre of which means conqueror. Jain worship. Gomateshwara  Jainism speaks about 24 thinthankaras. Mahavira was the  at Sravanabelgola 24th Thirthankara, who is considered as the founder of in Hassan district in Mysore is Jainism. known as ‘Kasi of the Jains’.  Rishabha was the first Thirthankara. Neminath and  Names of Rishabhadeva and rd Parswanatha were the 22nd and 23 Thirthankaras Arishtanemi are also mentioned respectively. in the Rigveda.  Bhagavatapurana, Vishnupurana, Vayupurana, etc  Maurya the mentions about Rishabhadeva. founder of the Mauryan  Sidhartha, ruler of Nandadynasty which ruled Empire, abdicated the throne Kundalapuri, was the father of Vardhmana Mahavira. towards the end of his life, accepted Jainism reached  Mahavira’s mother was Trissala and Yasodha was his Sravanabelgola and died there. wife.  Jameli was the daughter of Mahavira.  Mahavira is also known as ‘Vaishalia’ as he was born in Buddhism Vaishali.  Buddhism originated in the 6th  He got Kaivalya at the age of 42 under a Sal tree on the century BC. bank of river Rajpalika near Village Jimbhrikagrama.  the founder of  At first Mahavira followed the practice of an ascetic Buddhism was born in Lumbini group called Nirgrandhas , which earlier led by in Kapilavasthu on the border of Parswanath. in 563 BC.  Makhali Gosala was a companion of Mahavira. Who  Buddha’s mother Mahamaya later founded the Ajivika sect. died seven days after his birth.  Mahavira attained Nirvana at the age of 72 at He was brought up by his aunt  Pavapuri near Rajagriha in 468 BC. Mahaprajpati Gautami, hence  Jains observe the day of his nirvana as Dipavali. he got the name ‘Gautama’.  Gautama Indrabhuti is considered as his first desciple.  First Buddhist nun was Gautami  Jain sacred texts are called .  Budha’s birth place is now known as Binla.  Jain texts were written under in BC 296.  Budhas orginal name was Sidhartha.  Jain texts were written in the language of  Buddha belonged to the Sakhya clan of . Ardhamagadhi.  His father was Subhodhana.  Paramo ’ is the sacred hymn of  Buddha’s wife was Yasodhara and his son was Jainism. Rahulan.  Ahimsa, , Asateya, Aparigriha and Brahmacharya are the five major principles of Jainism.

 Four sights changed his mind and initiated him to patronage of king Kalashoka. spiritual life they were death, old age, sadness and  At the Buddhism was divided sufferings. into two Staviravadins and Mahasankikas which later  He left home at the age of 29 along with his charioteer came to be known a Hinayana and Channa and favourite horse Kandaka. This incident is respectively. known as Mahanishkramana.  Third council of Buddhism was held in 250 BC at  Buddha got enlightenment at Bodha Gaya, on the banks Pataliputhra under the presidentship of Mogaliputta of Niranjana river in Bihar at the Age of 35. Tissa and under the patronage of the Great.  After enlightenment Buddha came to be known as  Abhidhamma Pitika was codified at the third council. ‘thadhagatha’. He is also known as ‘Sakhyamuni’.  At the third council decision was also taken to send missionaries to spread Buddhism.  JAIN THIRTHANKARAS  The fourth Buddhist council was held in the first  Buddha made his first sermon after enlightenment at a century AD at Kundalavana in under the deer park at Saranath in . This incident is President-ship of Vasumithra and Ashvagosha and known as ‘Dharmachakra pravarthana’. under the patronage of .  Buddha’s first teacher was Alara Kalama and second  Clear division of Buddhism into Hinayana and Mahayana teacher Udraka Ramaputra. tookplace at the fourth council.  During his first sermon at , Buddha described the  Upagupta converted Ashoka to Buddhism. ‘four noble truths’ and the eight fold path.  Ashvagosha was the first biographer of Buddha who  Buddha made his sermons in language and the early wrote Budhacharitam in . were also written in Pali language.  Vasubandu is known as Second Buddha.  Buddha died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at Kushinagara  Ashoka is known as the Constantine of Buddhism. in UP. This was known as Parinirvana. Buddha died by  Ashoka accepted Buddhism after the battle of Kalinga in consuming poisoned meat or poisoned mushroom. BC 261.  Last meals of Buddha was served by a blacksmith ‘Chunda’.  5 SYMBOLS OF BUDDHA  His last words were All composite things decay, strive  Birth ...... Lotus and Bull diligently.  Renunciation ...... Horse  Four noble truths of Buddhism are: life is full of misery,  Enlightenment ...... Bodhitree desire is the cause of misery, killing desires would kill  First Sermon ...... Dharma Chakra sorrows, Desire can be killed by following the eight-  Nirvana (Death) ...... Foot prints told path.  Buddhist worshipping centre is known as Pagoda.  The eight fold path of Buddhism are:  are the Buddhist monastries.  Right Belief, Right Thought, Right Speech,  was a sect of Buddhism which believed in Gautama Buddha Right Action, Right Living, achieving salvation through Mantras and spells. Right Effort, Righ Recollection, Right Meditation  ‘Jataka stories’ describe the stories related to the birth of  Buddhism does not recognise the existence of God and Buddha. They are 500 in number. Soul (Atman)  Holy book of Buddhism is Tripitika- Vinayapitika,  Buddha accepted the traditional belief in transmigration Suddhapitika and Abhidhamapitika are collectively of the soul and law of Karma. known as Tripitika.  The ‘three jewels’of Buddhism are – Buddha, Dhamma  of Magadha was a contemporary of Buddha. and Sangha.  Kanishka who worked to spread Buddhism like Ashoka  The was held in 483 BC at is known a Second Ashoka. Sattaparni (Rajagriha) under the presidentship of  Ashoka sent his son and daughter, Mahendra and Mahakashyapa and under the patronage of king Sanghamitra to SriLanka to spread Buddhism. Ajatasatru of Magadha..  Sri Buddha is known as the ‘Light of Asia’ He was  Vinayapitaka and Suddhapitaka were codified at the named as such by Edvin Arnold. first council.  Edvin Arnold’s ‘Light of Asia’ was translated into  Second Buddhist council was held in 383 BC at Vaishali Malayalam by Nalappad Narayanamenon. under the presidentship of Sabhakami and under the  Hinayanism is wide spread in .  The at Gaya was cut down by Sasanka, a JAIN THIRTHANKARAS Bengal ruler.

 The chief Buddhist monastery was at , which 1. Rishabhdev 2. Ajitnath was under the patronage of Pala kings. 3. Sambhavnath 4. Abhinandan  Bodhisatvas 5. Sumitnath 6. Padmaprabhu Previous Buddhas are known as ‘ ’.  Milandapanho a book of Nagasena describes how 7. Suparsavanath 8. Suridhi Greek king Menandar accepted Buddhism. 9. Chandraprabh 10. Sheetal Nath 11. Shreyanshanath 12. Vasupujya 13. Vimalnath 14. Anandanath Sangham Age 15. Dharmanath 16. Shantinath  First five centuries of the Christian Era are commonly 17. Kunthunath 18. Arnath known as Sangham Age. 19. Mallinath 20. Munisuvrata nath  Sangham was an Assembly of literature held at Madhurai. 21. Neminath 22. Arishtanemi 23. Parshvanath 24. Mahavira

 References to the Sangham Age can be found in the  Rajendra Chola is also known as ‘Gagaikonda Chola’ inscriptions of Ashoka, and Kharavela of Kalinga and in He later named his capital as ‘Gangaikonda the Indica of Megastenese. Cholapuram’.  The literature of the Sangham Age was written mostly in  RajaRaja I built ‘Brihadeswara temple’ at Tanjore. the form of Poetry.  Cholas were well known for their naval supremacy and  In the Sangham Age, the most common form of efficient village administration. government was hereditary monarchy. The village was  The Utharameroor inscription tells about the local self the fundamental unit of administration. government under the cholas.  Small village Assemblies during the Sangham Age were  Thirukkural of Thiruvalluvar is the Tamil work which is known as Arai. known also as the fifth Veda.  Tradition refers to three sangham lasting for 9,900 years.  Jivaka Chintamani the third epic of the Tamil was  Language of the Sangham literature was Tamil written by Tirukkadevar.  People of the Sangham Age mainly worshiped  Roman king built a temple of at Muziris. ‘Murugan’.  The greatest work of the of the Sangham Age is Tholkappium written by Tholkappiyar. Literary Activities in Ancient India  Tholkappium is considered as the earliest surviving Tamil  Ashtadhyayi by Panini (5th C.BC) the earliest grammar literary work. It is a book on Tamil grammar. book also called Bhagavati .  The Capital of the Pandyas was at Madhurai.  Mahabhashya was written by Patanjali.  Uraiyur was the capital of Cholas, known for cotton  Manusmriti was a law book composed between 200 BC trade. and 200AD.  Vanchi was the capital of Cheras.  by Kautilya deals with statecrafts is a  Silappadigaram, Manimegalai and Jeevakachintamani major source of Mauryan administration. are the three epics of Sangham literature.  Indica by ‘Megastenes’ is a source of Mauryan society  Korkai was the main seaport of the Pandyas. and administration.  Megastanese described Pandya Kingdom as ‘’ as it  Chandsutra was written by Pingala. was ruled by women.  Buddhacharita by Aswaghosha is the earliest biography  Kaveripumpatnam was the main sea port of the Cholas. of Buddha. It was written in Pali language.  Silappatigaram as written by Ilango Adikal. It describes  Raghuvamsa by is an epic based on the love story of Kovalan and Kannaki Mahabharata.  Nedujezhian is the Pandyan king mentioned in  Naishad Charita by Sri Harsha contains story of Nala Silapadigaram. and Damayanti.  Satanar wrote ‘Manimekhalai’ which is also an epic and tells about the story of the daughter of Kannaki and Kovalan.  Drama  Manimekhalai gives reference about Buddhism.  Natyashastra by Bharatamuni is the earliest known work in Sanskrit.  Malavikagnimithram, Vikramorvashiyan and FAMOUS ERAS Abhinjana Syakuntalam are dramas written by Vikram Era ...... 58 BC Kalidasa. Era ...... 78 AD  Ratnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarshika are dramas ...... 320 AD written by Harshavardhana. Hijra Era ...... 622 AD Kollam Era ...... 825 AD Illahi Era ...... 1583 AD  Lyric Poetry  II and XIII rock mention about the  Meghadutam by Kalidasa South Indian kingdoms.  Srinagarashataka, Nitishataka and Vairagyasataka  Karikala most prominent among is known as were written by Bhartrihari. the master of seven notes of music.  Gita Govinda was written by Jayadeva.  ‘Bharatam’ was a Tamil version of Mahabharata sung by Perundevanar.  ‘Manimekhalai’ is looked upon as the Tamil Odyssey.  Historical writing  Thirukkural is known as Tamil Bible compiled by  Harshacharita - Written by Banabhatta Thiruvalluvar. His statue is seen near Vivekanandappara  Vikramamangadeva charita - written by Bilhana. in Kanyakumari.  The greatest of the Chera rulers was Senguttuvanchera also known as ‘Red Chera’.He built a temple for  Prose Literature Kannaki.  Dasakumaracharitam...... Dandin  The famous Chera port Muziris was a great centre of  Vasavadatta ...... Subandu Indo-Roman Trade.  Brihat Kathamanjari ......  The largest single tax collected during the Sangha period  ...... Somadeva was the land tax called Karai.  Panchathantra ...... Vishnusharma  The founder of later Cholas was Rajaraja I The most  ...... Narayan Pandit important ruler of this dynasty was Rajendra Chola.  Kamasutra and Arya Manjushree ..... Vatsyayana  Pavandhoot ...... Dhoyi

 Swapna Vasavadatta ...... Bhasa  He defeated the Persian ruler Darius III.  Matavilasa Prahasana ...... Mahendravarman I  Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt  Si-yu-ki ...... Hiuen Tsang  In 326 BC Alexander defeated (Purushothama) the  Fo-kuoki ...... Fa-hien ruler of Punjab and Captured through the battle of  Panchasidhantika ...... Varahamihir Hydaspes on the banks of river .  Suryasidhantika and Aryabhatiyam....Aryabhatta  Ambhi the ruler of Taxila invited Alexander to India.  Nitisara ...... Kamandaka  Alexander died of Malaria at the age of 33 in 323 BC  Charak Samhita ...... Charaka while he was in Babylon.  Hastayurveda ...... Palkapya  Alexander was cremated at Alexandria.  Mitakshara ...... Vigneswara  Alexander was known as Shehansha in Persia and  Dayabhaga ...... Jimutavahana Sikhandar-I-Asam in Indo-Pak region.  Sidhanta Siromani ...... Bhaskaracharya  The Last general of Alexander in India was Eudamas.  Nighantu ...... Dhanvantari  Alexander’s first General in India was Selucus Nikator.  ...... Vishakadatta  Alexander IV succeeded Alexander as the Masedonian  Prabhanda Chintamani ...... Meruthunga King.  Geography of India ...... Ptolemy  Alexander’s teacher Aristotle is considered as the father  Brihat Kathakosh ...... of Politics, Biology, Taxonomy and the Science of Logic.  Mrichakatika ...... Sudraka  Prithviraj Vijaya ...... Jayanak  Nala Vemba ...... Pugalendi Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)  Major sources for the study of Mauryan Empire are the Arthasastra of Kautilya and Indika of .  Magadhan Empire  was the founder of Mauryan  In the BC there originated 16 Empire. Details about his early life are not available in  He is believed to have belonged to Moriya Clan, hence  Four prominent royal dynasties stand out prominently out got the name Maurya. of these . They were Haryankas of Magadha,  It is also said that his mother was Mura a women of lower the Ikshvakus of , the of and the birth hence got the name Maurya. Pradyotas of .  In some texts he is referred to as Vrishala and Kulahina.  Haryanka is the name of a new dynasty founded in  He conspired with (Kautilya or Magadha by Bimbisara. Vishnugupta) the minister of Nanda to overthrew the last  Bimbisara founded the dynasty by defeating the Nanda ruler DhanaNanda. Brihadrathas.80  Chandragupta Maurya ascended the throne in BC 321.  Bimbisara was a contemporary of Buddha.  He fought against Selucus in 305 BC. Selucus  Magadha became a supreme power in North India under surrendered before him and sent an ambassador, Ajatasatru. So Ajatasatru is considered as the founder of Megasthenese to the court of Chandragupta Maurya. Magadhan Supremacy.  Chandragupta’s Governor Pushygupta constructed the  Pataliputra and Rajagriha were the capitals of Magadhan famous Sudarshana lake. kingdom.  ChandraGupta Maurya was converted to Jainism,  Magadha falls in the region of Bihar. abdicated the throne in favour of his son ,  Haryankas were overthrown by Sisunaga and he founded passed his last days at81 Sravanabelagola (Near Mysore) the Sisunaga dynasty there. where he died in 298 BC.  Kalasoka the son and successor of Sisunaga was  Chandragupa Maurya was responsible for the political succeeded by Mahapadma Nanda and he founded the unification of North India for the first time. Nanda dynasty.  Bindusara was a follower of Ajivika sect.  Ajatasatru’s successor Udayin was the founder of the city  Bindusara was known as Amitragatha. of Pataliputra.  Ashoka ascended the throne in 273BC and ruled upto 232 BC.  He was known as ‘Devanampriya priyadarsi the  Persian Invasion beautiful one who was the beloved of Gods.  The Achaemenian king of Persia, Darius (522 - 486 BC)  Maski and Gujara Edicts of Ashoka gave the name captured some territories the east of Sindhu in 518 BC. Devanampriya Priyadarsi.  The Persian domination over Indian territory lasted upto  Buddhist tradition says Ashoka killed 99 of his brothers 330 BC. to capture the throne.  Xerxes was the persian ruler who enlisted Indians in his  Ashoka was the first king in Indian history who had left . his records engraved on stones.  The Kharoshti script was brought to India by .  Ashokan inscriptions were written in Kharoshti and Brahmi scripts.  Ashoka fought the in 261 BC Kalinga is in  Alexander’s Invasion modern Orissa.  Alexander was born in 356 BC as the son of King  Ashokan inscriptions were deciphered by James II of Mascedonia. Princep.  Epirus or Olympias was Alexanders mother.  After the battle of Kalinga Ashoka became a Buddhist,  Aristotle was Alexander’s teacher. being shocked by the horrors of the war.  He became the king in 336 BC

 Ashoka was initiated to Buddhism by Upagupta or  Kharavela was a follower of Jainism. Nigrodha a disciple of Buddha.  For the propagation of Buddhism Ashoka started the institution of Dharmamahamatras.  Satavahanas (235 BC - 100BC)  The IV Major Rock Edict of Ashoka tells about the  Satavahanas were the most powerful ruling dynasty after practice of Dharma the Mauryas.  The Major Rock Edict XII of Ahoka deals with the  Satavahanas were also known as Andhras. conquest of Kalinga.  Satavahanas were the Indian rulers who prefixed their  Ashoka held the at his capital mother’s name along with their names. Pataliputra in 250BC under the presidentship of  Most important Satavahana ruler was Gautamiputra Moggaliputa Tissa. Satakarni.  He sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka for the spread  Satavahanas were . of Buddhism (Mahendra and Sanghamitra)  Nagarjuna Konda and Amaravati in Andhrapradesh  Ashoka spread Buddhism to SriLanka and Nepal. became important seats of Buddhist culture under the  He is known as the Constantine of Buddhism. Satavahanas.  In his Kalinga Edict he mentions ‘‘All man are as my  The two common structures of Satavahanas were the children’’. temple called and the monastery called .  Ceylones ruler Devanmpriya Tissa was Ashoka’s first  Satavahanas mostly issued lead coins. convert to Buddhism.  The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit  Ashoka ruled for 40 years and died in 232 BC.  The emblem of the Indian Republic has been adopted from the four lion capital of one of Ashokas pillars which  Indo Greeks is located in Saranath.  First to invade India were the Greeks who were called  Rock-cut architecture in India made a beginning during Indo-Greeks.  The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander with Ashoka’s reign.  Brihadratha the last Mauryan ruler was killed by his Capital at Sakala in Punjab (Modern Sialkot) Pushyamitra Sunga who founded the Sunga Dynasty in  The Indo-Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in 185 BC. India.  Megasthenese the first foreign traveller to India mentions  The introduction of Hellenistic art features into India about the existence of seven castes in India during the were also the contribution of Indo-Greek rule. Mauryan period.  Menander was converted into a Buddhist by Buddhist  Stanika in Mauryan administration refers to tax collector. monk Nagasena (Nagarjuna)  Indo-Greeks were the first to issue coins bearing the figure of kings.  Post Mauryan Period  Demitrius, the king of Bacteria invaded India about  Sunga Dynasty (185-71 BC) 190BC. He is considered as Second Alexander (But the  Sunga Dynasty was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga the Indian ruler who accepted the name second Alexander commander-in-chief of last Mauryan king, Brihadratha. (Sikandar-i-sani) was Alauddin Khilji)  Kalidasa’s drama Malavikagnimitram is about the love  Indo-Greeks were the first to introduce military story of Pushyamitra’s son Agnimitra and Malavika. governorship in India.  Last ling of sunga dynasty was Devabhuti.  The Parthians (19 - 45 AD)  (72 BC - 27 BC)  Parthians also known as Pahalavas were Iranian People.  Kanva dynasty was founded by Vasudeva Kanva in 72  Gondophernes was the greatest of the Parthian rulers. BC after defeating the last Sunga ruler Devabhuti.  St. Thomas is said to have came to India for the  This dynasty ruled for a period of 45 years. propagation of Christianity during the period of  Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susuman were Gondophernes. the rulers of Kanva dynasty.  The Sakas (90 BC - Ist AD)  Cheta (Cheti) Dynasty of Kalinga  Sakas were also known as .  The Cheti Dynasty was believed to have founded by  The first Saka king in India was or Moga who Maha Meghavahana established Saka power in .  The Hatigumbha inscription of Kharavela, of the  The most famous of the Saka rulers in was Rudra Daman I. His achievements are highlighted in his Junagarh inscription written in 150 AD.  Important Mauryan Officers  Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman was the first  Samaharta ...... Collector of Revenue inscription in Sanskrit.  Sannidata ...... Head of Treasury  Ujjayini was the capital of Rudradaman.  Dandapala ...... Head of Police  Pala ...... Head of Royal Fort  Pradeshikas .... Head of District Administration  ...... Head of Prisons82 Kalinga ruler gives details about the Chedis of Kalinga.

 Golgumbus Bijapur () Tomb of Muhammed Adil Shah  Kushans  Tanjore Capital of Cholas - Brihadveswara Temple  Kushans are also known as  Charminar Hyderabad (Monument of Plague Yuch-chis or Tocharians. eradication)  Kushans came to India from  Konark Temple Orissa (Sun Temple) North Central Asia.  Qutab Minar Delhi  First great Kushana king was  Near Bhopal (M.P.) 80 temples Kujala Kadphises or Kadphises I.  Mahabalipuram Centre of Pallava architecture (Tamil  The most famous Kushana ruler was Kanishka. Nadu)  He became the ruler in 78 AD and started Saka Era in 78  Kurukshetra Battle of Mahabarata (in ) AD.  TajMahal Agra (UP) Built by Shah Jahan  The Capital of Kanishka was Peshawar or Purushapura.  Buddhist ()  Kanishka convened the fourth Buddhist council in  Holy Place of (Uttaranchal) Kashmir.  Sanskrit was the court language of the Guptas.  India became ‘‘Greater India’’ under Samudra Gupta.  Kanishka83  Samudra Gupta was an accomplished player.  Scholars like, Parsva, Vasumitra, Ashvaghosha, Charaka  Chandragupta II the greatest of Gupta rulers was and Nagarjuna were the courtiers of Kanishka. popularly known as .  The Gandhara School of Art received royal patronage  He adopted the title ‘Sakari’ after his victory over under the Kushans. Rudradaman II of Gujarat.  Kanishka patronised Mahayana form of Buddhism.  Fa hein, the Chinese traveller, visited India during his  Kanishka is righty called the ‘Second Ashoka’ period.  Kanishka was the first king who inscribed the image of  The exploits of Chandragupta II are glorified in an iron Lord Buddha on his coins. pillar inscription fixed near Qutub Minar.  Kanishka started the Saka era in 78 AD. The first month  Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya as a mark of Saka era is Chaithra and the last month is Phalguna. of his victory over the Sakakshatraps.  Vasudeva was the last of Kushana Dynasty.  ‘Nine gems’ or ‘Navratnas’ was a famous Scholastic  Kushana school of art is also referred to as the Assembly in the court of Chandragupta II. The members school. in the Ninegems were - Kalidasa, Kadakarbhara,  (320 - 540 AD) Kshapanaka, Varahmihira,  Vararuchi, Vethalabhatta, Dhanvantari,  Gupta Empire was founded by Sri Gupta. Ammarasimha, Sanku.  was the second ruler.  Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta  Chandra Gupta I was the real founder of the Gupta I. Empire. He came to the throne in 320 AD.  Vikramaditya was the last great ruler of  He was the first ruler to adopt the title Maharajadhiraja. Gupta Empire.  He laid the foundation of Gupta Era on 26 February 320  Skandagupta Vikramaditya was the only hero in Asia and AD. who defeated the Hunas in their glorious period.  Samudra Gupta succeeded in 335 AD.  Gupta was the last ruler who died in 570 AD.  The Pillar inscription composed by Harisena  Mantriparishad assisted the king in administration. contains information about conquests. ’s  Most important Industry of the Gupta period was textile.  Allahabad Pillar inscription is also known as  Periclean Age of Prayagaprasasti Period of the Gupta is compared to ‘ ‘ ’. Greece  Linchchavi ’, ‘Augustan Age of Rome’ and ‘Elzabethan Age Samudra Gupta is also known as ‘ Dauhitra of England’. ’’. (son of the daughter Kumaradevi of  Period of the Guptas is considered as the in Lichchavis) the .  Indian Napoleon by Samudra Gupta is described as ‘ ’  Earlier Guptas had their capital at Prayag in Allahabad, V.A. Smith. later it was shifted to by Chandragupta II.  Samudra Gupta Vahukabita the composed ‘‘ ’’ and had  The most important officers in the Gupta empire were Kaviraja title ‘‘ ’’. Kumaramatyas.  The royal seal of the Guptas bore the emblem of .  Historically Important Places  Aryabhatta was the first to treat Mathematics as a  Birth place of Sri (UP) separate subject. He wrote Aryabhattiyam. He belonged  Amber Palace Rajasthan to the Gupta period. Aryabhatta was the first to use  Aghakhan Palace Pune () (Gandhi and System. Kasturba were kept in prison here)  Panchsidhanta, Brihat Jataka, Laghu Jataka and  Holy place of Hindus (Utharanchal) Brihat Samhita are the works of .  Amarnath Pilgrim centre (Kashmir)  The best specimen of the Gupta paintings are seen at  Near Mumbai and the Bhaga caves.  Maharashtra - 34 cavetemples (Hindu,  The Gupta period marked the beginning of Indian temple Buddha - Jaina) architecture.  Jain Temple in Bihar  Guptas issued large number of gold coins in India.  Golden Temple Amritsar - Harmandir Sahib of Sikhs  Guptas largely patronised art and architecture.

 Guptas patronised the Gandhara school of art,  Harsha Vardhana (606 - 647AD) Madhura School of Art and the Andhra School of Art.  The last Hindu of North  The paintings in the Ajanta caves are examples of India was Harshavardhana (Last the art of the Guptas. Hindu king of Delhi was Prithviraj  The chief source of income was land revenue. Chauhan)  The position of women declined during the Gupta period.  Harshavardhana belonged to the  A renowned physician of the , also known Gupta period was Vaghbhatta as Vardhana Dynasty.  Nalanda and Taxila were the  The Pushyabhuti dynasty was two universities of this period. founded by Pushyabhuti.  Kalidasa is generally called  Harsha came to power in 606 AD (Harsha Era) ‘‘Indian Shakespeare’ and the  He made Kanauj his new capital from Taneswar. ‘Prince of Indian Poets’.  Original name of Harsha was Siladitya.  Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited India during his reign.  Books on Sciences  Harsha summoned a religious assembly at Prayag.  Chandra Vyakaran ...... Chandragomin  Hieun Tsang said Indians were ‘‘Truthful people  Amar Kosh ...... Amar Singh although quick tempered’’  Niti ...... Kamandak  Harsha’s biography ‘Harsha Charita’ was written by his  Kamasutra ...... Vatsya yana court poet Banabhatta. He also wrote ‘Kadambari’.  Panchasiddhantika...... Varahamihira  Harsha Vardhana was a poet and dramatist. Ratnavali,  Ashtanga Hridaya ...... Vaghbhatta Priyadarshika and Nagananda are the  Hastyaurveda ...... Pulkapya  works of Harshavardhana.  Sankhyakarika ...... Iswarkrishna  Harsha Vardhana was defeated by the Chalukyan king  385 Pulikeshin II in AD 634.  Patanjali founded ‘Yoga Shastra’, a school of Hindu  Harshavardhanas empire was the last Buddhist empire in philosophy during this period. India.  The Hunas  After Harsha, the Karkotas of Kashmir established their  The Huns were a nomadic and barberic race of Central power. Asia.  Mahendravarman I and Pulikeshin II were the  They were defeated by Skanda Gupta. contemporaries of Harshavardhana.  In the last quarter of the 5th century AD, the Hunas  Matanga, Divakar, and Bhartrihari were the established an independent kingdom in the Punjab. famous scholars in the court of Harshavadhana.  and were important Huna  Harsha founded the Harsha Era in 606 AD. leaders.  Chalukyas of Badami  In 510 AD Bhanu Gupta defeated Toramana.  In 535 Pulikeshin I founded a small kingdom with the  Narasimha Gupta defeated Mihirakula. Capital at Vatapipura (Modern Badami)  The Hunas gave rise to the Kshatriya Rajaputs.  He was succeeded by Kirtivarman and Mangaleshna.  Sialkot was Mihirakula’s capital.  Pulikeshin II was the most famous ruler of the .  The Maitrakas of Valabhi  The greatest achievement of Pulikeshin II was the  They were of Iranian origin, they ruled Gujarat. defeat he inflicted on Harshavardhana.  Valabhi was their Capital.  The Pallava king Narasimhavarman captured Vatapi  Siladitya I (606 - 612 AD) was the first independent king and adopted the title ‘Vatapikonda’. of Maithrakas.  Pulikeshin II defated the Pallavas and captured Kanchi. He also defeated Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.  The Vakatakas (250-500 AD)  Kirtivarman, the last ruler of this dynasty was  The Vakatakas established their power in Deccan. defeated by the Rashtrakutas and the Chalukyan rule  Their capital was . came to an end in 757 AD.  The founder of the dynasty was Vindhyasakthi.  The magnificient temples of Belur and Halebid and  Vakatakas were . the Elephanta caves were constructed during the  Vakatakas were later defeated by the Chalukyas of Chalukyan period. Badani.  From the Chronological point of view Chalukyas can be divided into four  The Chalukyas of Vatapi (535 - 642 AD)  The later Chalukyas of Vatapi (655 - 753 AD)  The of Vengi (615 - 1076)  The Later Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (973- 1190 AD)

 Pallavas  About the middle of 13th century the senas were  was the founder of the . overthrown by the dynasty.

 Narasimhavarman , a Pallava ruler, defeated Pulikeshin II and adopted the title Vatapikonda.  Elephanta caves87  was called Mahamalla which  Jayadeva, the author of Gitagovinda was patronized meants a wrestler. by Sena ruler Lakshmana Sena.  The book Mattavilasa Prahasana was written by Narashimvarman I.  Chauhans  The Ratha temples at Mahabalipuram (Seven  The four Agnikula were Pagodas) were created by Narasimhavarman I. the Pratiharas, Chau-hans the  Dandin the author of Dasakumaracharitam, lived in Solankis and Paramaras. the court of Narasimhavarman II.  Chauhans had their capital at  Narasimhavarman II was the most important ruler of Ajmer and Delhi. the Pallava dynasty.  Ajayaraya established the city of  He founded Kailasanatha Temple and the Shore Ajayameru or Ajmer. Temple at Mahabalipuram.  The most prominent ruler was Prithviraj III (1177- 1192). He defeated Muhammed of  Rashtrakutas Ghore in the First Battle of Tarain (1191). But Ghore defeated and killed him in the Second Battle of Tarain  was founded by Dandidurga in (1192). 753 AD. With the capital at Manyakhed or Malkhed.  Prithviraj Chauhan III was the last Hindu ruler of  Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha I wrote Delhi. which is the earliest Kannada work on ‘Kavirajamarga’  Prithvi Raj Rao is the historical Kavya written by poetics. He also wrote Prasnottarmalika. Chand Bardai.  The Kailasanath Temple at Ellora was founded by the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I.  Krishna III (940 -968) was the last great ruler of  The Chandelas of Bundelkhand Rashtrakuta dynasty.  The Chandela dynasty was founded by Yasovarman  The Rashtrakuta power was overthrown by Thiala II. with Mahobas as the Capital  The Khajuraho temples are the best examples of the  Pratiharas Chandela art.

 The Pratiharas are also called Gurjara – Pratiharas - belonging to the 36 clans of Rajputs.  Cholas  The dynasty was founded by Nagabhatta I (725- 740)  Vijayalaya was the founder of the Chola empire. He  Nagabhatta II made Kanauj his capital. was a feudatory of the Pallavas of Kanchi.  Raja Raja I (985 - 1014) adopted the titles of  Pratihara ruler Mihir Bhoja adopted the title ‘Adivaraha’. Arumudivarman, Mammudichodadeva, Jaykonda, Marthanda Chola, Mamudichola etc.  Yashpal was the last ruler of this dynasty.  He built the Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjavur.  Sulthan Muhammed of Ghazni entred Kanauj during which is called the RajaRajeswara temple. the period of the Pratiharas.  Rajendra I led an expedition to North India, defeated the Pala ruler Mahipala I and adtoped the title,  Palas  The was founded by Gopala in 750 AD.  Famous Odandapuri University was founded by Gopala.  The Vikramsila and Sompur Universities were founded by the Pala king .  The Pala power was destroyed by Vijayasena who founded the .

 Senas  The Sena dynasty was founded by Vijayasena towards to end of 11th century. (1093)  Senas had a capital in Vikrampura and another in Vijayapura.