INDIAN HISTORY Complete notesComplete of Per notes ,Middle of Per and ,Middle Modren History CONTENTS 1. Gulf Cambut Culture 48. Akbar the Great 2. Indus Vally Civilisation 49. Shah Jahan 3. Vedic Age 50. Aurangazeb 4. Later Vedic Period 51. Later Mughals 5. Jainism 52. Shershah Suri 6. Buddhism 53. Sikhism 7. Sangham Age 54. Ranjith Singh 8. Famous Eras 55. The Bhakti Movement 9. Literary Activitites in Ancient India 56. Sufism 10. Persian Invasion 57. Famous Personalities in Medieval India 11. Alexander’s Invasion 58. Advent of the Europeans 12. Mauryan Empire 59. The Dutch 13. Post Mauryan Period 60. The English and the French 14. Kanava Dynasty 61. Conquest of Mysore 15. Cheta Dynasty of Kalinga 62. Maratha Wars 16. Satavahanas 63. Subsidiary Alliance system and other Policies 17. Indo Greeks 64. Executors of British Policies 18. The Parthians 65. Lord Wellesley 19. The Sakas 66. Lord Minto 20. Kushans 67. Lord Hastings 21. Gupta Empire 68. Lord William Bentinck 22. Historically Important Places 69. Sir Charles Metcalfe 23. The Huns 70. Lord Dalhousie 24. The Vaktakas 71. Socio-Religious Reform Movements 25. Harsha Vardhana 72. Prarthana Smaj 26. Pallavas 73. Ramakrishna Mission 27. Rashtrakutas 74. Theosophical Society 28. Pratiharas 75. Young Bengal Movement 29. Palas 76. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 30. Senas 77. Jyotiba Phule 31. Chauhans 78. Major Tribal Movements 32. Cholas 79. The formation of Muslim League 33. Eminent Peronalities of Ancient India 80. Surat Split 34. Selected Questions form Ancient Indian 81. Mome Rule Movement History 82. Jalianwala Bagh Mssacre 35. Arab Conquest of Sindh 83. Non-Co-Operation Movement 36. Turkish Invasions 84. Khilafat Movement 37. Delhi Sultanate 85. Indian Working Class 38. Slave Dynasty 86. Simon Commission 39. Important Court Scholars 87. Some Commissions 40. Khilji Dynasty 88. Peasant Movements 41. Important Dynasties in Indian History 89. Pabna Revolt 42. Sayyid Dynasty 90. Civil Disobedience Movement 43. Lodhi Dynasty 91. Famous Conspiracy Cases 44. Bahmani and Vijayanagara Kingdoms 92. Socialists 45. The Mughal Empire 93. Revolutionay Terrorism 46. Babur 94. Quit India Movement 47. Humayun Pre Historic Period Indus people had trade contacts with Persian Gulf and The earliest traces of human existence in India so far Mesopotamia. discovered is between 4,00,000 and 2,00,000 BC from The ancient name given to Indus region was Meluha. Sohan valley (now in Pakistan) Indus people used a gold - silver mixture called Neolithic settlements in Indian subcontinent are not older Electrum. than 4000 BC. They used bronze and copper but iron was unknown to Wheat and barley were the first cereals grown by Indians. them. The name India was derived from the rivername Sindhu Indus people were the first to use copper in India. which is also known as Indus. Harappans used a system of weights and measures based India was originally considered as a part of a larger area on 16 and its multiples. called Jambu-dvipa (The continent of Jambu tree) The chief male deity of the Indus people was Pasupati Krita, Treta, Dwapara and Kali are the four ages of Mahadeva (Porto Siva). traditional Hindu thought. Their Chief female deity was the Mother Goddess. They also worshipped fire, pipal trees and Unicorn. Gulf of Cambut Culture Harappan script was Pictographic in nature, which has The Gulf of Cambut culture which was discovered not been desciphered so far. recently from the Bay of Cambut in Gujarat dates back to Harappan seals were made of Terra - Cotta. 7500 BC. Chess - like game of Harappans was called Sent. This was found out by the National Institute of Open Indus Valley civilisation belongs to the Chalcolithic Technology (NIOT). period dated between 3000 BC and 1500 BC. It is a Bronze Age civilisation or a proto Historic civilisation. The largest number of Harappan sites in post independent Indus Valley Civilisation India have been discovered from Gujarat. The Harappan culture spread over the whole of Sind, Harappan civilisation extended from Jammu in the North Baluchistan, almost the whole of Punjab, northern to Narmada in the South and from Makran coast of Rajasthan, Kathiawar and Gujarat. Baluchistan in the West to Meerat in the East. Harappa the first Indus site, was discovered by The Northern most point of Indus valley civilisation was Dayaram Sahni in 1921. It is situated in the province of Gumla in Jammu and the Southernmost was Daimbad. West Punjab, Montgeomery district in Pakistan. Floods and Earthquakes, change in the course of river Harappa is located on the bank of river Ravi. Indus, aridity of the area, or drying up of river Ghaggar, Mohanjedaro was excavated in 1922 by R.D. Banarjee. the invasion of Aryans are the supposed reasons for the It is situated in the Larkhana district in Sind on the right decline of the civilization towards 1500 BC. bank of river Indus (Now in Pakistan) The Great Granery, the Great Bath a piece of woven cotton, a beared man in steatite and a bronze dancing girl Vedic Age are found from Mohanjedaro. Vedic Age is the period of Aryans in India from 1500 - An assembly hall was also discovered from Mohanjodaro. 500 BC. The most important feature of Harappan civilisation was Most Probable Home of the Aryans is Central Asia. This town planning and urbanism. theory is of Max Muller. The word Mohanjedaro in Sindi language means ‘the The word Aryan literally means high born, but it mount of the dead’. generally refers to language. Mohanjodaro was believed to have destructed by flood. The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the word ‘vid’ which Harappans knew the art of growing cereals, wheat and means knowledge. barley. Vedas are the oldest literary works of mankind. Vedas are Banawali is situated in Hariyana. four in number, they are Rig Veda, Yajurveda, Chanhudaro, discovered by N. Gopal Majundar Samaveda and Atharva Veda. Rig veda is the oldest and Mackey, is situated in Sind on the bank of river veda. Indus. Vedas are collectively known as Sruti Kalibangan, another famous Indus city discovered in Vedangas are collectively known as Smriti 1953 by A Ghosh, is situated in Rajasthan on the banks of Vedangas are six in number. They are, River Ghaggar. Kalibangan stands for black bangles. Siksha - Phonetic Lothal, first man made port in the world and dockyard Kalpa - Ritual made of burnt bricks, was discovered in 1953 by S.R. Vyakarana - Grammar Rao is situated in Gujarat on Bhogava river near Gulf of Nirukta - Etymology Cambay. Chhanda - Metrics and Ropar is the site situated in Punjab on the banks of river Jyotisha - Astronomy Sutlej. It was discovered in 1953 by Y.D.Sharma. There are 1028 hymns in Rigveda. It is divided into ten Harappan people were the earliest people in the world to Mandalas (Chapters). grow cotton and rice. Rig Vedic Hymns sung by priests were called Hotris. People cultivated rice at Lothal and Rangpur and barley ‘Sruti’ literature belonged to the Sathyayuga, Smriti at Benawali. belonged to Treatayuga, Puranas belonged to Harappan people domesticated oxen, buffaloes, goats, Dwaparayuga and Thanthra literature belonged to camel, sheeps, domestic fowls and pigs. Humped bulls Kaliyuga. were given special importance. Horses were unknown to Rigveda starts with the line ‘Agnimele Purohitam’ the Harappan people. Famous Gayatri Mantra is contained in the Rigveda (It is Later Vedic Period believed to have composed by Vishwamitra) The period assigned to Later Vedic Phase is 1000 BC to Yajurveda deals with sacrifices and rituals. 600 BC. Yajurvedic hymns are meant to be sung by priests called Later Vedic people used particular type of pottery called ‘Adhavaryu’. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Yajurveda is derived into two: SuklaYajurveda (White The Later Vedic Aryans were familiar with two seas, the Yajurveda) and Krishna Yajur Veda (Black Yajurveda) Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Sama Veda deals with Music. Rice became the staple diet of Indian people during the Sama Vedic hymns are meant to be sung by priests called Later Vedic Period. Udgatri. The term ‘Rashtra’ which indicates territory first Atharva veda is a collection of spells and incantations. appeared in the later vedic period. Ayurveda is a part of Atharva Veda, which deals with Mention of the word ‘Sudras’ - Rigveda (10th Mandala) medicine. Mention of the ‘Gotra’ is found in the Atharvaveda. The saying, ‘‘War begins in the minds of men’’ is from Origin of Kingship is found in Aitareya Brahmana. Atharva Veda. ‘Soma’ was an intoxicating drink mentioned in the 9th The 10th Mandala of Rigveda contain the Purusha Sukta Mandala of the Rig Veda. hymn which tells about the origin of caste system. Mention of the word Varna is found in Rigveda. Upanishads are 108 in number. Upanishads are The fourfold division of the society is found in the 10th philosophical works Mandala of the Rigveda. Upanishads are known as the Jnanakantas of Vedas. Mention about the Varnashranadhrama is found in the The words ‘Sathyameva Jayate’ have been taken from Jabla Upanishad. ‘Mundaka Upanishad’ The Doctrine of Trimurti is found in the Maitrayani Brahdaranya Upanishad was the first to give the Upanishad. doctrine of Transmigration of Soul and Karma. Mention about the origin of Universe is found in the Rig Puranas are the part of Smriti literature. They are 18 in Veda (10th Mandala). number 6 vishnupuranas, 6 sivapuranas and 6 Purohita Senani and Vrajapati were the important Brahmapuranas. functionaries who assisted the king in dayto- day Bhagvata purana is divided into 18 skandas The 10th administration. skanda mentions about the childhood of Sri Krishna. The officer who enjoyed authority over the pasture land Skanda purana is considered as the largest purana. was called Vrajapati. Brahmapurana is also known as Adipurana.