Dog Days in Southern Alberta

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dog Days in Southern Alberta DOG DAYS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA By Jack Brink Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper No. 28 Prepared by: Published by: Archaeological Survey Alberta Culture of Alberta Historical Resources Division ABSTRACT This volume addresses the question of the positions of various Plains Indian tribes across the southern Alberta landscape at about the time of first European influence and, later, actual European contact. The primary data sources consulted are the published historic and ethnographic accounts of the four tribes given serious consideration: the Blackfoot, the Kutenai, the Gros Ventre and the Snake or Shoshoni. It is argued that, although there is much contradictory evidence, the most likely scenario for Late Prehistoric to Protohistoric Period tribal positions in southern Alberta is as follows: the Blackfoot occupied the Parkland region of central Alberta and western Saskatchewan; the Kutenai resided in the mountains, foothills and Plains of southwestern Alberta; the Gros Ventre inhabited the area around the Forks of the Saskatchewan rivers in south-central Alberta and Saskatchewan; and a group called the Snake occupied most or all of southern Alberta as far north as the Bow River. It is further argued that the Snake are most likely a group of Shoshoni Indians who had migrated from the southwest out of the Great Basin. The essay concludes with a discussion of the potential contributions of archaeological studies to the resolution of problems of identifying ethnic or tribal groups. A case study from Saskatchewan is presented which documents encouraging results with respect to placing prehistoric/protohistoric Cree positions using a combination of archaeological and ethnohistoric records. The search for ethnicity and tribal placements in the archaeological records is also discussed. - iii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper originated from a request by John Dormaar and Terry Moore to prepare a report on the topic of later Prehistoric/Historic Period peoples of southern Alberta for the 1985 annual meeting of the Archaeological Society of Alberta in Lethbridge. I thank these gentlemen for involving me in this project and for encouraging me to pursue a paper that clearly turned out to be more complicated than we all had imagined. Dr. Moore, who is preparing a publication of the conference papers, graciously consented to publication of the full report in the Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper series, and I am grateful for his advice and encouragement with this paper. An early draft of the report was commented on by Hugh Dempsey, Richard Forbis, Brian Ronaghan, and Dale Russell. Comments from these gentlemen resulted in the correction of several factual errors I had made, as well as a thorough reconsideration of some of my interpretations. At the same time as I express my sincere appreciation for the advice provided, I nevertheless accept full responsib1ity for the views expressed in this report. Two office colleagues, David Burley and Rod Vickers, likewise provided a stimulating environment during the production of this report, and I thank them for their interest and support. That some of the research and writing of this paper was conducted in the Archaeological Survey of Alberta office is indicative of the support of research advocated by the Director of the Survey, Paul Donahue. For this freedom, and for initially recommending that I address this topic, I thank him. The secretarial services of Kathy Miller and Martina Purdon have greatly improved the report. Kay Brink and Gabriella Prager have both provided expert editorial services. Finally, my thanks to the professional and avocationa1 archaeologists of the Northern Plains whose interest and enthusiasm makes this type of research seem so rewarding. - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ••.•. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv LIST OF FIGURES •• •• vi i INTRODUCTION •• 1 BLACKFOOT •••••••• •••• 4 Blackfoot Linguistics •.•••.•••••• 5 Blackfoot: Historic and Ethnographic Evidence. 9 KUTENAI •••• 28 THE GROS VENTRE 34 SHOSHONI/SNAKE . 41 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE • 49 CONCLUSIONS •.••••••• 55 Territory and Ethnicity 59 REFERENCES CITED •••.••• 64 - v - LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Map of the Northwestern Plains •• 10 2 Postulated positions of selected Plains groups circa A.D. 1700 ••• 57 - vii - // INTROOUCTIOI~ When elderly Blackfoot Indians refer to this pre-horse period, they commonly identify it by the expression IIwhen we had only dogs for moving camp. II Let us simply refer to that time as IIdog daysll (John Ewers 1958). This paper addresses the question of the locations of various native Indian groups across southern Alberta and adjacent regions at the time of the first contacts with European culture and eventually with Europeans themselves. The goal of this exercise is to attempt to resolve some of the ambiguity regarding which different tribal groups resided in what areas of the Northwestern Plains just as European culture irrevocably changed the nature of Plains Indian life. Success in this endeavour may better prepare us to examine the archaeological record of the Northwestern Plains with the aim of correlating the material remains of prehistoric groups with the historic, named tribes. Furthermore, the endeavour itself may shed some light on the basic nature of these Plains groups with respect to their activities and behaviors associated with travel, migration, warfare and concept of territory. Although the paper title refers to the vast span of time during which native culture existed free of European influence, the reader will soon note that the great bulk of the data employed in this study is of a historic nature. The title reflects the concern with deducing native positions at the time of contact, and not the method by which this is achieved. The task at hand is formidable. The likely origins, migrations, and territorial boundaries of a single people could easily consume an entire essay, and we must touch on more than a dozen groups. Further, the investigation must include critical historical records as well as ethnographic and anthropological reports. Finally, the question can also be seriously addressed through an examination of the archaeological record of relevant areas. Clearly, accomplishing all these goals is beyond the scope of this paper, and one cannot hope for a magical solution to questions of such enormous complexity. The purposes of this paper are to attempt a broad and comprehensive review of the stated subject; to present the major arguments and relevant data; to comment on and evaluate these data when possible; and to provide a basic reference If I -·2 - work which may allow other students of the subject to pursue further research. Three primary lines of evidence will be brought to bear on the topic of tribal placements in the Late Prehistoric-Historic transition period. Most importantly, the historical records which shed light on tribal positions and movements in and around southern Alberta will be emphasized. By and large, these are the journals of fur traders and explorers who generally were the first Europeans to contact the relevant native peoples. True, these documents are at times flawed and often painfully short on desired details, yet they remain our very best evidence. With few exceptions, the accounts consulted are the published versions of these historic documents. Undoubtedly, this report could have benefited significantly by inclusion of unpublished materials, especially some of the Hudson1s Bay Company records. This acknowledged flaw will leave ample room for growth and development of the subject matter.* Secondly, the ethnographic and anthropological works pertaining to these peoples, which often incorporate a review of tribal origin and migration legends or traditions, will be consulted. Although the focus will be on the earliest of these studies, it is recognized that all these accounts suffer from the effects of time on the memories of the elders. Finally, the potential contribution of archaeological studies to the question of tribal identity and territory will be briefly examined. Largely, this will focus on the well recognized problems and some potential directions which might prove fruitful, rather than the specifics of the archaeological data. Native Indian groups which either did figure or may have figured in the late prehistoric and historic utilization of southern Alberta and adjacent lands include representatives of five major language stocks: the Algonkian family (Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, Gros Ventre/Atsina, Plains Cree); the Siouan family (Mandan, Hidatsa, Crow, Assiniboine); the Athapaskan family (Sarsi); the Shoshonean or Uto-Aztecan family (Shoshoni); the Salishan family (Flathead, Pend dIOreille), and the *Unless indicated otherwise, all quotes in this text are reproduced without alterations or additions. - 3 - Kitunakan family (Kutenai) (Wissler 1922; Lowie 1954; Hoijer 1946). Clearly, detailed consideration of the protohistoric and historic record of all these groups is prohibitive. The great array of potentially relevant groups is presented here more to illustrate the lack of fixed limitations regarding territoriality on the Northwestern Plains than to suggest that all these groups lay serious claim to late prehistoric occupation of southern Alberta. Only four tribal groups will be examined in detail: the Blackfoot, Kutenai, Gros Ventre/Atsina and the Snake/Shoshoni. The Plains Cree are generally considered to be relatively recent immigrants to the Plains region (Mand1ebaum 1979; Russell 1982).
Recommended publications
  • The Rose Collection of Moccasins in the Canadian Museum of Civilization : Transitional Woodland/Grassl and Footwear
    THE ROSE COLLECTION OF MOCCASINS IN THE CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION : TRANSITIONAL WOODLAND/GRASSL AND FOOTWEAR David Sager 3636 Denburn Place Mississauga, Ontario Canada, L4X 2R2 Abstract/Resume Many specialists assign the attribution of "Plains Cree" or "Plains Ojibway" to material culture from parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In fact, only a small part of this area was Grasslands. Several bands of Cree and Ojibway (Saulteaux) became permanent residents of the Grasslands bor- ders when Reserves were established in the 19th century. They rapidly absorbed aspects of Plains material culture, a process started earlier farther west. This paper examines one such case as revealed by footwear. Beaucoup de spécialistes attribuent aux Plains Cree ou aux Plains Ojibway des objets matériels de culture des régions du Manitoba ou de la Saskatch- ewan. En fait, il n'y a qu'une petite partie de cette région ait été prairie. Plusieurs bandes de Cree et d'Ojibway (Saulteaux) sont devenus habitants permanents des limites de la prairie quand les réserves ont été établies au XIXe siècle. Ils ont rapidement absorbé des aspects de la culture matérielle des prairies, un processus qu'on a commencé plus tôt plus loin à l'ouest. Cet article examine un tel cas comme il est révélé par des chaussures. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XIV, 2(1 994):273-304. 274 David Sager The Rose Moccasin Collection: Problems in Attribution This paper focuses on a unique group of eight pair of moccasins from southern Saskatchewan made in the mid 1880s. They were collected by Robert Jeans Rose between 1883 and 1887.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material Not for Distribution Fidler in Context
    TABLE OF CONTENTS acknowledgements vii introduction Fidler in Context 1 first journal From York Factory to Buckingham House 43 second journal From Buckingham House to the Rocky Mountains 95 notes to the first journal 151 notes to the second journal 241 sources and references 321 index 351 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION FIDLER IN CONTEXT In July 1792 Peter Fidler, a young surveyor for the Hudson’s Bay Company, set out from York Factory to the company’s new outpost high on the North Saskatchewan River. He spent the winter of 1792‐93 with a group of Piikani hunting buffalo in the foothills SW of Calgary. These were remarkable journeys. The river brigade travelled more than 2000 km in 80 days, hauling heavy loads, moving upstream almost all the way. With the Piikani, Fidler witnessed hunts at sites that archaeologists have since studied intensively. On both trips his assignment was to map the fur-trade route from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Fidler kept two journals, one for the river trip and one for his circuit with the Piikani. The freshness and immediacy of these journals are a great part of their appeal. They are filled with descriptions of regional landscapes, hunting and trading, Native and fur-trade cultures, all of them reflecting a young man’s sense of adventure as he crossed the continent. But there is noth- ing naive or spontaneous about these remarks. The journals are transcripts of his route survey, the first stages of a map to be sent to the company’s head office in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Influence of Nonstationary Climate on Extreme Hydrology of Southwestern Canada
    ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF NONSTATIONARY CLIMATE ON EXTREME HYDROLOGY OF SOUTHWESTERN CANADA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research For the Degree of Special Case Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of Regina By Sunil Gurrapu Regina, Saskatchewan January 2020 Copyright 2020: S. Gurrapu UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Sunil Gurrapu, candidate for the degree of Special Case Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, has presented a thesis titled, Assessment of the Influence of Nonstationary Climate on Extreme Hydrology in Southwestern Canada, in an oral examination held on November 7, 2019. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: *Dr. Stephen Jacques Dery, University of Northern British Columbia Co-Supervisor: Dr. David Sauchyn, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies Co-Supervisor: *Dr. Kyle Hodder, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies Committee Member: *Dr. Jeannine St. Jacques, Adjunct Committee Member: Dr. Peng Wu, Environmental System Engineering Committee Member: Dr. Ulrike Hardenbicker, Department of Geography & Environmental Studies Chair of Defense: Dr. Fanhua Zeng, Faculty of Graduate Studies & Research *Via ZOOM conferencing ABSTRACT The demand for water supplies across southwestern Canada has increased substantially over the past century with growing population and economic activities. At the same time, the region’s resilience to the impacts of hydrological extremes, floods and droughts is challenged by the increasing frequency of these extreme events. In addition, increased winter temperatures over the past century have led to declines in winter snowpack and caused earlier snowmelt, leading in some years to a substantial shortage of water during late summer and fall seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1983 Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians Cynthia J. Manning The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Manning, Cynthia J., "Ethnohistory of the Kootenai Indians" (1983). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5855. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5855 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a n u s c r ip t in w h ic h c o p y r ig h t su b ­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s c o n ten ts must be a ppro ved BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD L ib r a r y Un iv e r s it y of Montana D a te : 1 9 8 3 AN ETHNOHISTORY OF THE KOOTENAI INDIANS By Cynthia J. Manning B.A., University of Pittsburgh, 1978 Presented in partial fu lfillm en t of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1983 Approved by: Chair, Board of Examiners Fan, Graduate Sch __________^ ^ c Z 3 ^ ^ 3 Date UMI Number: EP36656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Little Bow Gets Bigger – Alberta's Newest River
    ALBERTA WILDERNESS Article ASSOCIATION Wild Lands Advocate 13(1): 14 - 17, February 2005 The Little Bow Gets Bigger – Alberta’s Newest River Dam By Dr. Stewart B. Rood, Glenda M. Samuelson and Sarah G. Bigelow The Little Bow/Highwood Rivers Project includes Alberta’s newest dam and provides the second major water project to follow the Oldman River Dam. The controversy surrounding the Oldman Dam attracted national attention that peaked in about 1990, and legal consideration up to the level of the Supreme Court over federal versus provincial jurisdiction and the nature and need for environmental impact analysis. A key outcome was that while environmental matters are substantially under provincial jurisdiction, rivers involve fisheries, navigation, and First Nations issues that invoke federal responsibility. As a consequence, any major water management project in Canada requires both provincial and federal review. At the time of the Oldman Dam Project, three other proposed river projects in Alberta had received considerable support and even partial approval. Of these, the Pine Coulee Project was the first to advance, probably partly because it was expected to be the least controversial and complex. That project involved the construction of a small dam on Willow Creek, about an hour south of Calgary. A canal from that dam diverts water to be stored in a larger, offstream reservoir in Pine Coulee. That water would then be available for release back into Willow Creek during the late summer when flows are naturally low but irrigation demands are high. Pine Coulee was generally a dry prairie coulee and reservoir flooding did not inundate riparian woodlands or an extensive stream channel.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Strategies Against Violence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Tribal Strategies Against Violence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study Author(s): V. Richard Nichols ; Anne Litchfield ; Ted Holappa ; Kit Van Stelle Document No.: 206034 Date Received: June 2004 Award Number: 97-DD-BX-0031 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Tribal Strategies Against Violence Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes Case Study Prepared by ORBIS Associates V. Richard Nichols Principal Investigator Anne Litchfield Senior Researcher/Editor Ted Holappa Investigator Kit Van Stelle Criminal Justice Consultant January 2002 NIJ # 97-DD-BX0031 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, by ORBIS Associates under contract # 97-DD- BX 0031. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicine Wheels
    The central rock pile was 14 feet high with several cairns spanned out in different directions, aligning to various stars. Astraeoastronomers have determined that one cairn pointed to Capella, the ideal North sky marker hundreds of years ago. At least two cairns aligned with the solstice sunrise, while the others aligned with the rising points of bright stars that signaled the summer solstice 2000 years ago (Olsen, B, 2008). Astrological alignments of the five satellite cairns around the central mound of Moose Mountain Medicine Wheel from research by John A. Eddy Ph.D. National Geographic January 1977. MEDICINE WHEELS Medicine wheels are sacred sites where stones placed in a circle or set out around a central cairn. Researchers claim they are set up according to the stars and planets, clearly depicting that the Moose Mountain area has been an important spiritual location for millennia. 23 Establishing Cultural Connections to Archeological Artifacts Archeologists have found it difficult to establish links between artifacts and specific cultural groups. It is difficult to associate artifacts found in burial or ancient camp sites with distinct cultural practices because aboriginal livelihood and survival techniques were similar between cultures in similar ecosystem environments. Nevertheless, burial sites throughout Saskatchewan help tell the story of the first peoples and their cultures. Extensive studies of archeological evidence associated with burial sites have resulted in important conclusions with respect to the ethnicity of the people using the southeast Saskatchewan region over the last 1,000 years. In her Master Thesis, Sheila Dawson (1987) concluded that the bison culture frequently using this area was likely the Sioux/ Assiniboine people.
    [Show full text]
  • Alberta Tools Update with Notes.Pdf
    1 2 3 A serious game “is a game designed for a primary purpose other than pure entertainment. The "serious" adjective is generally prepended to refer to video games used by industries like defense, education, scientific exploration, health care, emergency management, city planning, engineering, and politics.” 4 5 The three inflow channels provide natural water supply into the model. The three inflow channels are the Bow River just downstream of the Bearspaw Dam and the inflows from the Elbow and Highwood River tributaries. The downstream end of the model is the junction with the Oldman River which then forms the South Saskatchewan River. The model includes the Glenmore Reservoir located on the Elbow River, upstream of the junction with the Bow River. 6 The Tutorial Mode consists of two interactive tutorials. The first tutorial introduces stakeholders to water management concepts and the second tutorial introduces the users to the Bow River Sim. The tutorials are guided by “Wheaton” an animated stalk of wheat who guides the users through the tutorials. 7 - Exploration Mode lets people play freely with sliders, etc, and see what the results are. - The Challenge Mode explores the concept of goal-oriented play which helps users further explore and learn about the WRMM model and water management. In Challenge Mode, the parameters that could be changed were limited, and the stakeholders are provided with specific learning objectives. Three challenges are introduced in this order: Reservoir Challenge, Calgary Challenge and Priority Challenge. 8 9 Flood Hazard Identification Program Objectives 10 Overview of our flood mapping web application – Multiple uses Supports internal and external groups Co-funded by Government of Alberta and Government of Canada through the National Disaster Mitigation program.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alberta Perceptions and Parameters of Education As A
    University of Alberta Perceptions and Parameters of Education as a Treaty Right within the Context of Treaty 7 Sheila Carr-Stewart A thesis submitted to the Faculîy of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration and Leadership Department of Educational Policy Studies Edmonton, Alberta spring 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale m*u ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographk Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Oîîawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantid extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenirise de celle-ci ne doivent êeimprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation . In memory of John and Betty Carr and Pat and MyrtIe Stewart Abstract On September 22, 1877, representatives of the Blackfoot Confederacy, Tsuu T'ha and Stoney Nations, and Her Majesty's Govemment signed Treaty 7. Over the next century, Canada provided educational services based on the Constitution Act, Section 91(24).
    [Show full text]
  • Information Package Watercourse
    Information Package Watercourse Crossing Management Directive June 2019 Disclaimer The information contained in this information package is provided for general information only and is in no way legal advice. It is not a substitute for knowing the AER requirements contained in the applicable legislation, including directives and manuals and how they apply in your particular situation. You should consider obtaining independent legal and other professional advice to properly understand your options and obligations. Despite the care taken in preparing this information package, the AER makes no warranty, expressed or implied, and does not assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information provided. For the most up-to-date versions of the documents contained in the appendices, use the links provided throughout this document. Printed versions are uncontrolled. Revision History Name Date Changes Made Jody Foster enter a date. Finalized document. enter a date. enter a date. enter a date. enter a date. Alberta Energy Regulator | Information Package 1 Alberta Energy Regulator Content Watercourse Crossing Remediation Directive ......................................................................................... 4 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 4 How the Program Works .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730--1795
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2005 The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795 Richard S. Grimes West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Grimes, Richard S., "The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country, 1730--1795" (2005). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4150. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4150 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Emergence and Decline of the Delaware Indian Nation in Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Country, 1730-1795 Richard S. Grimes Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Mary Lou Lustig, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth A.
    [Show full text]
  • Bow River Basin State of the Watershed Summary 2010 Bow River Basin Council Calgary Water Centre Mail Code #333 P.O
    30% SW-COC-002397 Bow River Basin State of the Watershed Summary 2010 Bow River Basin Council Calgary Water Centre Mail Code #333 P.O. Box 2100 Station M Calgary, AB Canada T2P 2M5 Street Address: 625 - 25th Ave S.E. Bow River Basin Council Mark Bennett, B.Sc., MPA Executive Director tel: 403.268.4596 fax: 403.254.6931 email: [email protected] Mike Murray, B.Sc. Program Manager tel: 403.268.4597 fax: 403.268.6931 email: [email protected] www.brbc.ab.ca Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 Overview 4 Basin History 6 What is a Watershed? 7 Flora and Fauna 10 State of the Watershed OUR SUB-BASINS 12 Upper Bow River 14 Kananaskis River 16 Ghost River 18 Seebe to Bearspaw 20 Jumpingpound Creek 22 Bearspaw to WID 24 Elbow River 26 Nose Creek 28 WID to Highwood 30 Fish Creek 32 Highwood to Carseland 34 Highwood River 36 Sheep River 38 Carseland to Bassano 40 Bassano to Oldman River CONCLUSION 42 Summary 44 Acknowledgements 1 Overview WELCOME! This State of the Watershed: Summary Booklet OVERVIEW OF THE BOW RIVER BASIN LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK... THE WATER TOWERS was created by the Bow River Basin Council as a companion to The mountainous headwaters of the Bow our new Web-based State of the Watershed (WSOW) tool. This Comprising about 25,000 square kilometres, the Bow River basin The Bow River is approximately 645 kilometres in length. It begins at Bow Lake, at an River basin are often described as the booklet and the WSOW tool is intended to help water managers covers more than 4% of Alberta, and about 23% of the South elevation of 1,920 metres above sea level, then drops 1,180 metres before joining with the water towers of the watershed.
    [Show full text]