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Poisonous Plants Poisonous Plants The separation of scientific fact from fic- Unbelievable chaos reigns in the an- 1 of tion is extremely difficult in the study of plant identification and nomenclature as poisonous plants. Examination of the per- applied by nonspecialists. In certain local- tinent literature reveals cor.siderah con- ities, poison dogwood refers not to a spe- fusion that tends to mask an even greater ciS of Corn us but to poison sumac (Toxi- amount of ignorance. Indeed, almost any codendron z'ernzx). Deadly nightshade is a plant may be judged toxic, questionabIc common pharmaceutic svronvm for Atropa or edible, depending on the reference con- belladonna, but in the Pacific Nox thw f it sulted. For example, perhaps the most fa- is often applied to Solanurn dulcamara. mous cookbook in the world, L.2roussc Gas- Deadly nightshade is also known as Eu- tronomique, once declared that rhubarb ropean bittersweet, not to be confused leaves could be 'eaten like spinach," but with Celastrus scandens or Euonyrnus spe- well-documented fatalities resulting from cies, which are also called bittersweet. On their ingestion, both by human beings and the other hand, belladonna may designate by animals, have long been known to the not only the Airopa species of that name medical profession. but also an Amaryllis species. One can only J.M. Kingsbury, who has written exten- guess whether a reported case of poisoning sively on the subject, points out that com- by elephant's-ears refers to a species of pilers dealing with poisonous plants often Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenhachia, or to felt obligated to carry a plant into newer mandrake, a name applied to some ele- literature even though uncertain of the phant's-ear and to Podophyllum peltaturn original authority. He concludes that only and Mandragora of,ficinarurn as well. When about one half of the names in current it comes to the application of common American compilations are based on do- names to mushrooms, which were proba- mestic experimental or case evidence. The bly not identified correctly in the first place, remainder have been copied from Euro- the situation becomes almost hopeless. pean sources which, in some cases, date This field is where the practicing phar- back to Dioscorides (first century AD.). S. B. macist, in his ever-expanding clinical role O'Leary cites an incident in which "teen- of adviser to both the physician and the age soldiers in Hawaii" were fatally poi- soned by oleander juice from sticks used layman, can make an outstanding contri- as toasting forks. This passage may ac- bution to public health and community tually refer to the death of 8 French soldiers welfare. No other professional in the who cooked their meat ration on oleander he4lth field has so extensive a background sticks during the Napoleonic campaigns in in both the botany and chemistry of plants Spain in 1808. as the pharmacist. By virtue of his scientific 438 POISONOUS PLANTS 439 training in these areas, the pharmacist is the only readily available authority on mat- ters of identification and nature of the prin- ri ciples responsible for the toxic effects of accidentally ingested vegetable materials In smaller communities, where poison control centers do not exist, the pharmacist ma y be the only knowledgeable person in this field. The opportunity to function as a L.J professional adviser to a poison control center offers even greater opportunities for the utilization of professional knowledge. Many of the most dangerous higher plants are cultivated species that exist in numer- ous varieties. Those found in any given community will vary according to climate, geography, and proximity to certain seed houses or nurseries. To serve to best ad- vantage, the pharmacist should endeavor to become thoroughly familiar with both the indigenous and the cultivated flora of his community. Poison antidote kits contain ipecac syrup as well as activated charcoal to be used as Fig. 15-1. Jequirit-v seed, magnified 3 times. directed by the physician to counteract the effects of poisonous substances, Each kit contains a one-half-ounce bottle of ipecac AL'rus is Greek and means graceful, in al- syrup and a 5-gram container of activated lusion to the flowers; precatorius is from the charcoal packaged in a plastic box. Latin precor, meaning to pray, because the The following outline of the most im- seeds are used as beads in rosaries. The portant toxic plants found in the United seeds are ovoid, globular, from 5 to 9 mm States can serve as an important basic ref- in length, hard, smooth, and shining. They erence to this field. Because of the space are 2 distinct colors. The lower or hilum limitations inherent in any textbook that portion is purplish black and has a large must cover a broad area, the listing is nei- lenticular scar: the upper portion is scarlet ther complete nor excessively detailed. red; and the testa is shell-like and encloses Many poisonous plants that are of primary a light yellowish brown embryo that has 2 interest as forage crops for animals are not large cotyledons and an incurved radicle mentioned. Students desiring to develop (Fig. 15-4 The seed contains abrin (je- additional competence are urged to consult quiritin), a lectin Or hemagglutin resem- the specialized books and monographs on bling ricin in its physiologic action. It is poisonous plants in the selected reading toxic, is soluble in a solution of sodium list. chloride, and has a melting point of 295° C. Because jequii-ity seeds are colorful and HIGHER PLANTS attractive and because they are made into rosary heads, decorative table pads, neck- Abrus precatorius Lime (jequirity) is a laces, and other types of jewelry, the climbing y fre- shrub common to tropical arid quentl y are handled by small children. One subtropical countries of both hemispheres. must remember that these seeds contain 440 POISONOUS PLANTS the extremely toxic principle, abrin, which No specific antidotes for these toxins have has caused death on numerous occasions. been found; therefore, treatment of akee Aconituw spp. (aconite, monkshood) are poisoning is primarily symptomatic. not commonly implicated in poisoning cases in the United States. They contain CK2 highly toxic diterpenoid alkaloids, includ- / CH2=C NH2 ing the well-known aconitine. Aleurites [ordii Hemsley (Lung-oil tree) is CH—CHr--CH--COOH a small tree cultivated along the Gulf Coast Hypoglycin A that produces brown, pendant, nearly spherical fruits, Commercial lung oil is ob- Cicuti? spp. (water hemlock) include a tained from the seeds which also contain number of species of the genus Cicuta, es- toxic principles that have been defined pecially C. nwculata Linné. They constitute chemically as esters of 16-hydroxyphorhol. the most violently poisonous plants in the Ingestion of a single seed can produce se- North Temperate Zone. The toxic princi- vere gastroenteritis in a human being. ple, cicutoxin, an unsaturated higher al- Albcasia macrorhiza (Linné) Schott and cohol (tran5-heptadeca-8,10,12-triene-4,6- other species of Alocasin are tropical herbs divne-1,14-diol), has been isolated from C. that generally have arrow-shaped leaves z'irosa Linné. it is a violent convulsant that and are grown for their ornamental, often acts directly on the central nervous system. variegated foliage. The plant is an irritant Water hemlock has tuberous roots that poison. owing to the raphides of calcium are often mistaken for edible wild parsnips oxalatcontained in the sap as well as to or wild artichokes. Such confusion may an additional unknown toxic ingredient, lead to disaster and emphasizes the folly very likely a protein. of uninformed persons who attempt to col- Atropn belladonna Linné (deadly night- lect wild plants for food. shade) contains tropine alkaloids, espe- Colchicum autuinnale Linné (autumn cro- riallv hyoscyamine (see page 191). cus) contains coichicine (see page 242). Blighia sapidu Koenig (akee) is a small Co1ocasa antiquorurn, Schott and C. escu- tropical tree, widel y cultivated in Florida, lenta Schott (elephant's-ear) are tropical that produces clusters of straw-colored to plants widely cultivated for their large reddish fruit. The fleshy arils of ripe fruits showy leaves. They contain large amounts are commonly eaten after parboiling and of calcium oxalate. frying, but the fruit wall and seeds are Conium maciilaturn Linné (poison hem- toxic. Ingestion of the fruit, especially by lock) is a large herb indigenous to Europe children, produces a condition known as and naturalized in North and South Amer- "vomiting sickness,"' which is character- ica and in various parts of Asia. The plant ized by marked hypoglycemia. The mor- resembles wild carrot (Daucus carota Linné) tality rate is high, ranging from 40 to 80%. but does not possess its hairy stem and Two toxic principles, hvpoglvcin A and leaves. Poison hemlock also has a charac- B, have been isolated from the fruit. H y teristic ''mousey" odor. Its fruits were for- -poglycin A has been characterized as - merly used in medicine. me thy lene - cv ci op ro p vi -1.- - am in op r 0- All parts of the plant are toxic because pionic acid, and hvpoglvcin B is a dipeptide of the presence of several nicotinelike al- formed of hypoglycin A and glutamic acid. kaloids, especially conuine, N-methvl-coni- HO--OH, (CH.)--C1 C–(CHCH), -CH -CH,.--CH, DF I Cicutoxrn ­ POISONOUS PLANTS 441 me, -y-ccniceine, cohydrine, and pseu- alkaloids that account for their frequent in- doconh rdrine. The juice of poison volvement in the poisoning of livestock hemlock constituted the famdus hemlock and human beings, especially children. potion of the ancient Greeks and was used Dieffenbachia sequine Schott and D. picta to put their criminals to death.
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