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An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England

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An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England 1 CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI Part I, Rural Changes</em>. CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX An Introduction to the Industrial and Social by Edward Potts Cheyney 2 CHAPTER X An Introduction to the Industrial and Social by Edward Potts Cheyney The Project Gutenberg eBook, An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England, by Edward Potts Cheyney This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England Author: Edward Potts Cheyney Release Date: June 1, 2007 [eBook #21660] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND*** E-text prepared by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Christine P. Travers, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) An Introduction to the Industrial and Social by Edward Potts Cheyney 3 Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 21660-h.htm or 21660-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/1/6/6/21660/21660-h/21660-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/2/1/6/6/21660/21660-h.zip) Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all other inconsistencies are as in the original. Author's spelling has been maintained. Bolded font has been represented encased between asterisks. The following sentence has been changed, from: the spring crop was taken now IT its turn would enjoy a fallow year. to: the spring crop was taken now IN its turn would enjoy a fallow year. An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England [Illustration: New Sixteenth Century Manor House with Fields still Open, Gidea Hall, Essex. Nichols: Progresses of Queen Elizabeth.] AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND by EDWARD P. CHEYNEY Professor of European History in the University of Pennsylvania New York The MacMillan Company London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 1916 All rights reserved Copyright, 1901, By The MacMillan Company. Set up and electrotyped. Published April, 1901. Reprinted January, October, 1905; November, 1906; October, 1907; July, 1908; February, 1909; January, 1910; April, December, 1910; January, August, December, An Introduction to the Industrial and Social by Edward Potts Cheyney 4 1911; July, 1912; January, 1913; February, August, 1914; January, November, 1915; April, 1916. PREFACE This text-book is intended for college and high-school classes. Most of the facts stated in it have become, through the researches and publications of recent years, such commonplace knowledge that a reference to authority in each case has not seemed necessary. Statements on more doubtful points, and such personal opinions as I have had occasion to express, although not supported by references, are based on a somewhat careful study of the sources. To each chapter is subjoined a bibliographical paragraph with the titles of the most important secondary authorities. These works will furnish a fuller account of the matters that have been treated in outline in this book, indicate the original sources, and give opportunity and suggestions for further study. An introductory chapter and a series of narrative paragraphs prefixed to other chapters are given with the object of correlating matters of economic and social history with other aspects of the life of the nation. My obligation and gratitude are due, as are those of all later students, to the group of scholars who have within our own time laid the foundations of the study of economic history, and whose names and books will be found referred to in the bibliographical paragraphs. EDWARD P. CHEYNEY. University of Pennsylvania, January, 1901. CONTENTS CHAPTER I 5 CHAPTER I Growth Of The Nation To The Middle Of The Fourteenth Century Page 1. The Geography of England................................. 1 2. Prehistoric Britain...................................... 4 3. Roman Britain............................................ 5 4. Early Saxon England...................................... 8 5. Danish and Late Saxon England........................... 12 6. The Period following the Norman Conquest................ 15 7. The Period of the Early Angevin Kings, 1154-1338........ 22 CHAPTER II 6 CHAPTER II Rural Life and Organization 8. The Mediæval Village.................................... 31 9. The Vill as an Agricultural System...................... 33 10. Classes of People on the Manor.......................... 39 11. The Manor Courts........................................ 45 12. The Manor as an Estate of a Lord........................ 49 13. Bibliography............................................ 52 CHAPTER III 7 CHAPTER III Town Life And Organization 14. The Town Government..................................... 57 15. The Gild Merchant....................................... 59 16. The Craft Gilds......................................... 64 17. Non-industrial Gilds.................................... 71 18. Bibliography............................................ 73 CHAPTER IV 8 CHAPTER IV Mediæval Trade And Commerce 19. Markets and Fairs....................................... 75 20. Trade Relations between Towns........................... 79 21. Foreign Trading Relations............................... 81 22. The Italian and Eastern Trade........................... 84 23. The Flanders Trade and the Staple....................... 87 24. The Hanse Trade......................................... 89 25. Foreigners settled in England........................... 90 26. Bibliography............................................ 94 CHAPTER V 9 CHAPTER V The Black Death And The Peasants' Rebellion Economic Changes of the Later Fourteenth and Early Fifteenth Centuries 27. National Affairs from 1338 to 1461...................... 96 28. The Black Death and its Effects......................... 99 29. The Statutes of Laborers............................... 106 30. The Peasants' Rebellion of 1381........................ 111 31. Commutation of Services................................ 125 32. The Abandonment of Demesne Farming..................... 128 33. The Decay of Serfdom................................... 129 34. Changes in Town Life and Foreign Trade................. 133 35. Bibliography........................................... 134 CHAPTER VI 10 CHAPTER VI The Breaking Up Of The Mediæval System Economic Changes of the Later Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries 36. National Affairs from 1461 to 1603..................... 136 37. Enclosures............................................. 141 38. Internal Divisions in the Craft Gilds.................. 147 39. Change of Location of Industries....................... 151 40. The Influence of the Government on the Gilds........... 154 41. General Causes and Evidences of the Decay of the Gilds. 159 42. The Growth of Native Commerce.......................... 161 43. The Merchants Adventurers.............................. 164 44. Government Encouragement of Commerce................... 167 45. The Currency........................................... 169 46. Interest............................................... 171 47. Paternal Government.................................... 173 48. Bibliography........................................... 176 CHAPTER VII 11 CHAPTER VII The Expansion Of England Economic Changes of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries 49. National Affairs from 1603 to 1760..................... 177 50. The Extension of Agriculture........................... 183 51. The Domestic System of Manufactures.................... 185 52. Commerce under the Navigation Acts..................... 189 53. Finance................................................ 193 54. Bibliography........................................... 198 CHAPTER VIII 12 CHAPTER VIII The Period Of The Industrial Revolution Economic Changes of the Later Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries 55. National Affairs from 1760 to 1830..................... 199 56. The Great Mechanical Inventions........................ 203 57. The Factory System..................................... 212 58. Iron, Coal, and Transportation......................... 214 59. The Revival of Enclosures.............................. 216 60. Decay of Domestic Manufacture.......................... 220 61. The Laissez-faire Theory............................. 224 62. Cessation of Government Regulation..................... 228 63. Individualism.......................................... 232 64. Social Conditions at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century................................................ 235 65. Bibliography........................................... 239 CHAPTER IX 13 CHAPTER IX The Extension Of Government Control Factory Laws, the Modification of Land Ownership, Sanitary Regulations, and New Public Services 66. National Affairs from 1830 to 1900..................... 240 67. The Beginning of Factory Legislation................... 244 68. Arguments for and against Factory Legislation.......... 249 69. Factory Legislation to 1847............................ 254 70. The Extension of Factory Legislation................... 256 71. Employers' Liability
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