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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Política View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lume 5.8 0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA MELINA MÖRSCHBÄCHER A CIÊNCIA E A POLÍTICA DA CIÊNCIA PLURALISMO INTELECTUAL E DIVERSIDADE PROFISSIONAL NA CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA NORTE-AMERICANA PORTO ALEGRE 2018 1 MELINA MÖRSCHBÄCHER A CIÊNCIA E A POLÍTICA DA CIÊNCIA PLURALISMO INTELECTUAL E DIVERSIDADE PROFISSIONAL NA CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA NORTE-AMERICANA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciência Política. ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. PAULO SÉRGIO PERES PORTO ALEGRE 2018 2 Mörschbächer, Melina. A Ciência e a Política da Ciência: Pluralismo Intelectual e Diversidade Profissional na Ciência Política Norte-Americana / Melina Mörschbächer – Porto Alegre, 2018. 246 f. Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Peres Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Porto Alegre, 2018. 1. História da Ciência Política. 2. Ciência Política Norte- Americana. 3. Hierarquias do Conhecimento. 4. Pluralismo na Ciência. 5. Diversidade na Ciência. I. Peres, Paulo Sérgio, Orientador. II. Título. 3 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA Melina Mörschbächer A CIÊNCIA E A POLÍTICA DA CIÊNCIA PLURALISMO INTELECTUAL E DIVERSIDADE PROFISSIONAL NA CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA NORTE-AMERICANA Tese de doutorado defendida para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciência Política do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Data de aprovação: ___________. Banca examinadora: ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Sérgio Peres (Orientador) – PPGCP/UFRGS ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Pablo Alberto Bulcourf – UNQ ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rafael Machado Madeira – PUCRS ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Hélio Ricardo do Couto Alves – UFRGS Porto Alegre 2018 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho de tese é resultado de um longo processo de amadurecimento pessoal e profissional. Estudar e escrever sobre a política da ciência durante anos e especializar-se em uma área de pesquisa consiste, algumas vezes, em uma tarefa difícil e solitária. Entretanto, vivenciei a tese especialmente como um processo coletivo, no qual pude contar com o suporte, a parceria, a amizade e o carinho de muitas pessoas inspiradoras. Nas próximas linhas espero ser capaz de expressar brevemente a minha gratidão aos espaços de pesquisa, aos pesquisadores, aos familiares e aos amigos que tornaram a conclusão da tese possível. Primeiramente, quero agradecer à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política pelas oportunidades de ensino e pesquisa. Agradeço aos professores que contribuíram substantivamente para a minha formação e ao meu orientador de pesquisa. O Prof. Dr. Paulo Sérgio Peres me apresentou os desafios da área de história e metodologia da Ciência Política e, desde o mestrado, acompanhou o meu trabalho trazendo contribuições e estabelecendo colaborações que resultaram em publicações e aprendizados importantes. Agradeço à minha família por todo o amor e paciência possíveis e necessários que fizeram me acompanhar nesse processo. À minha mãe Eloisa, ao meu pai Jorge e às minhas irmãs Larissa e Bianca dedico esse trabalho com a certeza que o mérito é em grande parte deles. Agradeço ao Enzo, por ser uma segunda família em todos esses anos, tornando-se mais do que o melhor parceiro de pesquisa que eu poderia querer, mas também o melhor amigo. Os ensinamentos, os compartilhamentos e o carinho dessa relação foram decisivos para a realização da pesquisa e para o meu próprio entendimento como pesquisadora. Agradeço ao Júlio, por estar ao meu lado em todos os momentos, segurar a minha mão e insistir que eu deveria seguir em frente. Não sou capaz de encontrar definições para essa relação de parceria e afeto. Agradeço à Carol, por estar presente de corpo e coração na conclusão de todo esse processo de dedicação e cumplicidade que iniciamos juntas, muito antes, no mestrado. Agradeço ao Bruno pelo companheirismo e a assertividade nas horas mais difíceis de finalização da pesquisa. O compartilhamento de sentimentos contraditórios em relação ao espaço acadêmico me permitiu um olhar crítico e uma postura mais forte frente aos desafios enfrentados. Agradeço a Tahina pela paciência e carinho. A dedicação em compreender o meu processo de escrita, a sensibilidade e a empatia dessa amizade superam qualquer fronteira entre diferentes áreas do conhecimento. 5 E agradeço, por fim, a todos que me acompanharam nesse percurso, aqui representados nos nomes de Natália, Sara, Roberta, Diego, Marcus, Cristiane, Sílvia, Silvana, Amanda, Luciana, Malú, Gabriela, Míriam, Carol, Francine, Yasnaya, Felipe, Ana Paula, Isadora, Renata e Neli. Muito obrigada por todas as palavras de apoio e incentivo e, especialmente, pelos momentos compartilhados. 6 ¿A dónde va la ciencia política? No lo sé […] Se me pide hacer de historiador de mi propio presente. Probaré, pero no sin antes haber metido las manos al fuego. Tengo un consuelo: Se me ha pedido lo imposible. Giovanni Sartori Dove va la Scienza Política, 1984 7 RESUMO A Ciência Política norte-americana tem grande relevância em sua área disciplinar, visto a dimensão da sua comunidade de pesquisadores, a organização das suas instituições acadêmicas e o impacto dos seus estudos. Desde cedo, estabeleceu uma tradição de pesquisa e debates sobre a sua própria trajetória, o que fez com que leituras divergentes fossem atribuídas a ela: por um lado, existem fortes críticas à área e à organização profissional naquele país em relação ao dogmatismo expresso em seus espaços de produção e reprodução do conhecimento; por outro, se argumenta que existe uma ciência plural e nela convivem diferentes subcomunidades de pesquisa. Em que medida, portanto, pode-se afirmar que a Ciência Política nos Estados Unidos é dogmática ou plural? Compreendo que é difícil que uma comunidade disciplinar encontre-se em um desses extremos, visto que a imposição de um único ideal de ciência exigiria significativo consenso entre os seus membros. Desse modo, espera-se que ela se situe dentro do contínuo entre os polos, demonstrando-se mais ou menos coesa ao longo da sua trajetória. A minha proposta é averiguar a posição da Ciência Política nos Estados Unidos diante no debate de hierarquias do conhecimento na ciência, enfocando seus graus de pluralismo e diversidade. Trata-se de uma problemática complexa que possui variáveis, espaços de expressão e graus de intensidade distintos. Portanto, estruturo a pesquisa em torno de dois eixos, quais sejam: 1. produção intelectual; e 2. representatividade profissional. Em ambos, observam-se distintas hierarquias que se referem a predileções sobre temas, teorias e métodos; e a visibilidade profissional de determinados grupos de pesquisadores em detrimento de outros, com enfoque nas variáveis de gênero, raça e localidade. Neste sentido, defendo a tese de que a Ciência Política norte-americana estrutura- se por diversas manifestações de desigualdades persistentes no tempo e resistentes aos discursos de mudança. Trata-se, portanto, de examinar como se faz Ciência Política e quais perspectivas prevalecem em seus espaços de produção e reprodução do conhecimento. Em termos metodológicos, a análise se concentra na American Political Science Association, tendo como material empírico os discursos proferidos pelos presidentes da associação, os artigos publicados em suas revistas e os seus encontros anuais, de 1990 até 2016. A abordagem recorre à reconstrução histórica, análise documental e classificação tipológica dos textos. Do ponto de vista teórico, a tese se insere nos debates sobre hierarquias do conhecimento, reconhecendo o próprio fazer científico como uma atividade também política. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência Política. Ciência Política Norte-Americana. Hierarquias do Conhecimento. Pluralismo na Ciência. Diversidade na Ciência. ABSTRACT American Political Science has great relevance in its disciplinary area, considering the size of its community of researchers, the organization of its academic institutions and the impact of its studies. From its early days, it has established a tradition of research and debate on its own trajectory, which led to divergent understandings about its development: on the one hand, there are strong criticisms about the area and the professional organization in the United States of America in respect to the dogmatism expressed in its spaces of production and reproduction of knowledge; on the other hand, it is argued that there exists a plural science, where different research subcommunities coexist. To what extent, then, can one say that Political Science in the United States is dogmatic or plural? I understand that it is difficult for a disciplinary community to fall into one of these extremes, since the imposition of a single ideal of science would require significant consensus among its members. Thus, American Political Science is expected to be located within the continuum between these extremes, being more
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