https://ejurnal.lp2msasbabel.ac.id/index.php/psc PSYCHOSOPHIA Vol. 3, No. 1, June (2021) ISSN (Online): 2721-2564 Journal of Psychology, Religion and Humanity https://doi.org/10.32923/psc.v3i1.1748
ARE CHILDHOOD CRUELTY TO ANIMALS INDICATES AS MENTAL DISORDER?
Risa Juliadilla* Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Budaya, Universitas Gajayana Malang [email protected]
Nia Anggri Noveni Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Abstract: Animal Cruelty regularly happened during childhood that indicates beyond cruelty to humans. Cruelty to animals distinguishes some steps: curiosity, exploration, imitates or even the aggressive act refers to animal cruelty. The ignorance toward these aggressive acts led to Conduct Disorder or even Antisocial Personality Disorder. Animal Cruelty reached an agreement as to the unethical act with intentional tortures, unintentionally suffering causes death. Cruelty is done on purpose and with intentional time. This research aims as a reference for animal cruelty in childhood by proposing some research summary in (1) Animal Cruelty framework, (2) Animal Cruelty relation among child abuse and domestic violence; (3) Developmental Psychology reference: Children aggressive acts toward animal; (4) animal cruelty and psychology disorder and (5) clinical pathway childhood cruelty to animals. The research conducts a literature review by describing a theory, discussion, and results from textbooks, articles, and journals. This article had synthesized 16 research articles that have been identifying through an online database and manual search for selected research. The researcher analyzed, compared the results taken from some literature, identifies the pros and cons, and proposing findings and discussions. In conclusion, animal cruelty defines as a crucial marker for mental health that relates to Conduct Disorder to Antisocial Personality Disorder. The role of adults is vital in minimizing children's acts for committing animal cruelty by nurturing empathy. Humane education program is one of efforts to teach empathy since early childhood.
Keywords: Animal Cruelty, Childhood, Conduct Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder
Abstrak: Kekejaman pada hewan sering muncul di masa kanak-kanak yang dapat mendahului kekerasan pada manusia di kemudian hari. Perilaku kekejaman pada hewan terjadi bertahap mulai dari rasa ingin tahu, eksplorasi, meniru perilaku, hingga perilaku agresif yang bertujuan menyakiti hewan. Perilaku agresif pada hewan yang dibiarkan dapat membentuk anak mengalami Conduct Disorder (CD) hingga Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). Tujuan dari penelitian ini memberi tinjauan tentang perilaku kekejaman pada hewan pada saat masa kanak dengan menawarkan ringkasan studi tentang (1) konsep kekejaman pada hewan; (2) hubungan kekerasan hewan, kekerasan pada anak dan kekerasan rumah tangga; (3) tinjauan developmental psychopathology : tindakan kekejaman anak pada hewan; (4) kekejaman pada hewan dan gangguan psikologi; (5) jalur klinis tindak kekerasan anak- anak pada hewan. Artikel ini disusun menggunakan kajian literatur yaitu uraian tentang suatu teori, temuan dan bahan penelitian lain yang diperoleh melalui buku, artikel-artikel jurnal penelitian. Ulasan ini mensintesis 16 artikel yang diidentifikasi melalui database online dan pencarian manual pada studi yang ditentukan. Peneliti kemudian menganalisis, membandingkan hasil penelitian satu dan lainnya, mencari kesamaan dan perbedaan serta meringkas dan membuat kesimpulan.
* Author Correspondence
| Psychosophia Vol. 3, No. 1 (2021) Review Date ; May 17, 2021 Page 56 of 17 Revision Date : June 18, 2021 © Psychosophia, 2021 Accepted Date : June 21, 2021 Publish Date : June 23, 2021 PSYCHOSOPHIA Journal of Psychology, Religion and Humanity Juliadilla & Noveni
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tindakan kekejaman pada hewan merupakan suatu catatan yang serius untuk kesehatan mental yaitu Conduct Disorder (CD) hingga Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). Pentingnya peran orang dewasa untuk menimalisir tindakan anak dalam melakukan kekejaman terhadap hewan dengan mengembangkan sikap empati. Humane education merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mengajarkan empati sejak dini.
Kata kunci: Kekerasan pada hewan, Masa Kanak, Gangguan Tingkah laku, Gangguan Kepribadian antisosial
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INTRODUCTION can torture a frog or lizard with a fork. Then The following acts that occurred at when she was upset, her cat thrown from the childhood times define as the trigger of second floor "(Wijana & Anggreini, 2020) future aggression to humans including "DCL (6 years old) was found sobbing in the animal cruelty, enuresis, and firesetting. hospital when he rushed to bring a dead chick When children does these acts at the same that struck as he was playing a bicycle. He took time or combined acts led to future the dying chick to nearby hospitals and gave all aggressiveness. The predicted things in the money to ask help from a nurse (Camelia, adults are the emergence of cruel sexual 2019) behavior, firesetting, committing crime, or The news above distinguishes two murder (Chan & Wong, 2019). According different situations, the first is emphasizes to MacDonald Triad components, enuresis that animal cruelty prone as the practice displayed as the weak connection of the before committing a crime to human, and aggressive and crime at present. Besides, the second one shows the empathy and firesetting and cruelty to animals prove responsibility of children. Cultivating correlation to cruelty and crime (Walters, empath for early childhood is a 2016). As well as cruelty to animals has fundamental basis of prosocial acts. One comprehensive theoretical study idea to acknowledge children about the compared to enuresis, and firesetting lesson of an empath can determine by (Chan & Wong, 2019). The research human-animal interaction. Childhood conducted by Walters (2016) to 496 male world associate with animals through with sex offenders shows the results that fable, animal doll, imitating the animal cruelty to animals is classified as a sign of sound and science. So that, learning callous and uncompassionate. Cruelty to empathy helps by animals object is the animals performs as an alert of right decision. psychological risk factors for Teaching for animal welfare to developmental problems of children. children is an effort that can foster These actions indicate that the child needs empathy. The aim is to improve the to get clinical treatment in purpose to awareness to treat the animal with respect avoid the nurture of personality with and minimize the acts of animal cruelty. A violence. Children who engage in animal survey report was taken from students in cruelty 3 times or more are likely to Greece, Italy, and Spain and came with the commit more serious crimes including fact that they had an understanding but murder, rape, robbery, assault, lack of knowledge on animal welfare. harassment, threats, and abuse of drugs or Knowledge of animal welfare depicts the substances (Johnson, 2018). way how we treat the animal. This issue Here are two stories for clear becomes the point of discussion relationship: specifically in the Europe Union, and as a "From the initial investigation conducted by result, they introduce the program the police, NF (15 years old), adolescents killer regarding animal welfare. Austria is an 5-year-old boy got some facts, one of them is example for those that apply for animal the perpetrator are often abuse animals. She
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welfare programs for their middle school up (Jegatheesan, Enders-Slegers, (Protopapadaki, 2016). Ormerod, & Boyden, 2020). Children commit acts of violence The role of parents and adults is and cruelty as they as victims of what they vital to respond to the animal cruelty learn around them (Hensley, Tallichet, & phenomenon. So that, the animal cruelty Dutkiewicz, 2012). Animal cruelty from concepts comprehend to get in-deep result moderate to severe is widespread in our overview. The research aims to sketch up society, but some people are still not fully summarize of animal cruelty in childhood aware. In the beginning, children make by preserving reviews relate to (1) The fun by pulling animal tails, chasing them concept of animal cruelty, (2) The relation to make them afraid, neglecting them by on animal cruelty, child abuse, and not providing sufficient food, or domestic violence, (3) Developmental imprisoning them in a narrow cage. Psychopathology overview, (4) Animal Animal cruelty defines as when children Cruelty and Clinical Disorders, (5) clinical are committing violence by hitting or pathway childhood cruelty to animals. dismembering the animal. Adults are unintentionally committing cruelty to Methodology animals regularly at a light level that The article uses the literature children can imitate. review as a research methodology with Cases of animal cruelty are review literature, findings, and other frequently committed by adults and sources are taken from books, articles, and children. Garda Satwa Indonesia found journals. This article had synthesized 16 103 animal cruelty cases in 2015 that raise research articles that have been per year. The phenomenon has been identifying through an online database spotted in the massive news of animal and manual search for selected research. cruelty cases. Garda Satwa Indonesia In the beginning, the researcher collected found 103 cases of animal cruelty in 2015 the literature by collecting data from and increase per year (Wellson & Gandha, journals with a particular focus: cruelty 2015). The phenomenon has been spotted animals, Conduct Disorder (CD), in the massive news of animal cruelty antisocial personality disorder (APD), and cases. Later, the perpetrator did not Psychopath. The next step is the hesitate to post on social media. Thus, researcher collecting, analyzing, legal sanctions for perpetrators of animal processing the data, and comparing the abuse cases remain weak and lack action. results one to another, sythesizing, and At this point, the cycle of animal draw the conclusion. violence remains to exist and unfortunately children are indeed commit Result and Discussion cruelty to animals. In 1964, Margaret Concepts of Animal Cruelty Mead, a social scientist, said that In the beginning, describing the perpetrators of animal cruelty in concepts of animal cruelty requires childhood potentially commit violence enormous effort since the dichotomy of and murder repeatedly if not got treated animals' existence is considered for daily
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consumption, as the opposite, humans deviance when it does in purposes, urge to think about the animals' welfare. painful and frequently. The definition of cruelty to animals has Some researchers created an been established as unethical behavior inventory to precisely measures the with intentional tortures, and definition of animal cruelty, as one of unintentionally suffering causes a death. them is The Cruelty to Animals Inventory The behavior pattern is intentionally and (CAI) that developed by Dadds et al., repeatedly (Gullone, 2012). Animals (2004) . CAI adequate to concede of nine cruelty, in the literature on human aspects of the cruelty of children as aggression is horrendous than the follows: severity (based on degree of dimensions of hostility, for example, intentional pain and injury caused to an burned alive and extreme torture. The animal), frequency (the number of perpetrators' sight thinks animals as separate acts of cruelty), duration (period livestock that bred, insult, and pests of time over which the cruel acts (Gullone, 2012). On the other hand, some occurred), recency (the most recent acts), people upgrade the status as companion diversity across and within categories animals or pets where the owners will (number of animals abused from different regard them as family members and categories and the number of animals provide care (Gullone, 2012). harmed from any one category), sentience Animal Cruelty to the high values (level of concern for the abused animal), animal (i.e, a pet: dog) tends to connect covertness (child’s attempts to conceal the with cruelty to humans rather than cruelty behavior), isolation (whether the cruelty to low-value animals (i.e, cockroaches, occurred alone or with other mouses, etc.). However, the perpetrators children/adults), and empathy (the degree that do the cruelty with purposes are of the child’s remorse for the cruel acts). considered deviant behavior. Cruelty to The animal cruelty motive of animals that are done purposely and childhood have various and complicated torturing to death is abnormal and reasons, and it is necessary to understand criminal that is socially and legally the characteristics and situational unacceptable (Gullone, 2011). Animal circumstances of the perpetrator. This way cruelty means omitting particulars is helpful to predict future violence that activities such as hunting, farming, might divert into violence to humans. veterinary practice, animal farming, According to Ascione, there are three animal testing, and animal worship. Those types of the background of children and activities are accepting by society and no adolescents to engage in the acts direction to pathology (Gullone, 2012). underlying cruelty to animals (Hawkins, Cruelty animal is not restricted only to Hawkins, & Williams, 2017): active acts: hitting, kicking, torturing but 1. Exploratory animal abuse. In also to passive ones: neglecting, by not general, accidentally perform by preserving sufficient food and drinks children with curiosity and lack of (Levitt, Hoffer, & Loper, 2016). In short, knowledge, direction, and animal cruelty is culturally opposed and
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supervision from adults and animals might start when children were environment. imitating their parent's violent behavior, 2. In pathology, torturing animals by then unable to develop an attitude of means a sign of the clinical empathy, and that behavior was treatment needs causing by absorbing from the surroundings. The role psychological distress symptoms, of parents toward cruelty to animals was i.e. personality and behavior, or dominant when parents show aggressive other mental disorders. This behavior to a non-human, it is likely the category is also done by children or child imitates their parents act, including older. cruelty to animals. 3. Delinquent animal abuse is cruelty Animal cruelty is the result of to animals that reflect the pattern of children learning experience by watching delinquent behavior and various the cruelty acts or experiences as the antisocial acts. Mostly found in victim of domestic violence (McEwen, adolescents, that desired by Moffitt, & Arseneault, 2014). The childhood experiences, peer effects, patriarchal system dominated nurturing imitating behavior, animal abuse violence in the community that commonly related to sexual satisfaction, happened to women also the pet who is particular animal phobias, and considered a family member. Patriarchy traumatic experiences. was prone to displaying domination and One of the points to concern is the control to all family members. Domestic existence of remorse. In short, when violence is the most powerful is equal to children have not shown any remorse violence that contributes by the father in after committing cruelty to an animal, that the form of violence to wife and physical is an indication that leads to punishment to family members (Gullone, psychopathology. 2011). The perpetrators are creating terror for the partner and children. This makes a The Connections of Animal Cruelty, related system regarding animal cruelty, Child Abuse and Domestic Violence child abuse, and domestic violence Animal cruelty and cruelty to (Jegatheesan et al., 2020). humans had a strong bond, which that This violence comes as a chain of phenomenon knew as linked. The violence when children were victims of perpetrators found that also committed violence in the family or experiencing to cruelty to humans. (Jegatheesan et al., see violence against animals. Children 2020) describes behavior patterns when who had nurtured beyond this situation adults commit violence linked to are more likely to commit cruelty to childhood experiences, especially for animals than children who do not children who have a background of experience violence at all. Animal abuse cruelty to animals in childhood. can perform as a transfer of aggression to Unpleasant experiences in childhood or weaker objects. The transfer of the family role malfunctions are risk aggressiveness to animals can turn factors of children to get behavioral defenseless to control and empowerment. disorders. The emergence of cruelty to Someone can have a sense of control | Psychosophia Vol. 3, No. 1 (2021) Page 61 of 17 PSYCHOSOPHIA Journal of Psychology, Religion and Humanity Juliadilla & Noveni
through persecution and desired to repay problems with peers. When parents for feelings of weakness (Gullone, 2011). scolding vigorously, it can lead to This behavior is done to derive pleasure aggressive behavior that motivates the from the disorder. Although few children cruelty of animals. The children's acts to were experiencing violence in the family demonstrate aggressive behavior with face the same problems, some are cruelty to animals can develop further successful, able to adapt, and increase imagination to its aggression and this resilience. Family is the first microsystem condition are even getting worse when the for children. Family for children functions ignoring environment, neglecting as the initial foundation to shape children behavior or even becomes the personality and character. When children victim of bullying. Children's aggressive had nurtured by inappropriate it will behavior in the form of animal cruelty cause emotional and developmental may distract the growth of empathy that disorders. Inharmonious relations within resulted in an empathy deficit disorder. family members is one of the causes of Normative levels of empathy in childhood behavioral disorders in children. can serve as a protective barrier against aggressive behavior. Particularly, when Developmental Psychopathology: Acts children feel from the perspective of of child cruelty to animals animals. When children can feel from an The act of animal cruelty in animal perspective, it can affect the actions childhood had assessed using when children treat animals. psychological theories of human McDonald et al., (2018) stated that development. Hawkins & Williams, (2017) animal cruelty has been reproducing by explain that animal cruelty has an impact aggressive behavior when commiting on psychological development. The acts of cruelty to animal. According to Hawkins animal cruelty by children occurs & Williams, (2017) it has explained that gradually. If not treated immediately, childhood experiences related to animal cruelty can predict children's parenting patterns with neglecting their behavior from adolescence to adulthood, children may trigger the children to such as identifying antisocial personalities commit cruelty to animals that have or psychopaths. Factors that affect animal occurred by low-supervision, lack of cruelty include peer influence, imitation knowledge to treat animals properly. behavior, mood, sexual satisfaction, Further observation is needed for animal abuse, attachment to animals, adolescence whether the experience of animal phobias, and experiencing abuses. committing cruelty to animals in Hawkins et al., (2017) add the trigger for childhood can be a potential pattern for children to do cruelty to animals during juvenile delinquency to antisocial childhood are violence during childhood behavior. In adolescents, acts of cruelty to time, neglected children, bullying, animals in most cases arise because of behavioral, personality, mental & health, peer-pressure as reinforcing the behavior family dysfunction, sexual violence, lack of adolescents, including being cruel to of empathy, weak coping strategies, and animals. Besides, the problem of animal
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cruelty by adolescence is related to in the family and environment. Learning unpleasant childhood experiences. for individuals occurs through a process Kellert and Felthous also suggest the of observation and imitation. Learning has main backgrounds why humans, defined as the ability to learn from the especially children, engage in cruel social environment, especially when behavior to animals as follows (i) attempts children observing adults. to control the animal (e.g., hitting a dog to Bandura's research on adults who stop the barking), (ii) retaliation (i.e., treats bobo doll brutally then let the cutting a cat's leg for having stolen food, children observing the behavior, the effect (iii) acted out of prejudice against a is the children become more aggressive in particular species or race, (i.e., despising treating dolls. Bandura in Santrock, (2011) dogs for being unclean), (iv) expressions explained that particular situation as the of aggression through animals (e.g., aggression transference by imitating the organizing dog fights) or, (v) acting on aggressive behavior. Bandura’s work on motivation to increase one's Bobo Doll describes the work of aggressiveness ( i.e., animals are purposes phenomenon when children imitate the to attract attention), (vi) to surprise people adults by observing their behavior. for entertainment (observable harassment Bandura shows that the social learning of others), (vii) to retaliate against others process begins with someone observing, or as revenge (e.g., killing or injuring modeling, then imitating that taken from unwanted neighbors), (viii) transfer of the recent experiences of others, before the aggression to animals, and (xi) non- child is confident and independent in specific sadism a desire to cause suffering, performing their behavior. injury, or death but the absence of certain The human imitating behavior was feelings or hostility towards animals driving by imitating behavior from (Chan & Wong, 2019). surroundings like family, community, and broader surroundings. The process of Learning of Aggression to Cruelty of imitating behavior began at 0-1 year. Animals Children at an early age (0-1 year) imitate Social learning theory by Bandura the adults' facial expressions and gestures. explains when people learn about the how Besides that two fundamental behavior, and why they engage in any behavior, children replicate simple behavior such as including criminal and deviant behavior. kicking or hit with hands. Children can The process is similar when children see observe and imitate the simple behavior adults in their inner circle (Hensley et al., from their surroundings, such as family. 2012). This theory can explain the In particular, children imitated the adults' etymology of the environmental factors behavior in kicking (hurt) animals. that cause antisocial behavior and The process of imitating behavior aggression. In particular, the at three years old children becomes environmental factors such as violence at intricate. For three years old the process is home, observing violence against animals more detailed and not only observing the like how adults treat animals since our behavior but also involving the cognition acts connected to the learning process both steps. At this stage, children emerge from | Psychosophia Vol. 3, No. 1 (2021) Page 63 of 17 PSYCHOSOPHIA Journal of Psychology, Religion and Humanity Juliadilla & Noveni
their high sense of curiosity about the imitate behavior around them, such as things around them. Children with kicking an animal and their parents do not intense curiosity encourage a sense of provide any guidance to their acts, so exploration when getting positive children might think that their behavior is feedback from the inner circle like family. correct. The positive feedback that is given in responding to children's curiosity The Violence Graduation Hypothesis stimulates the children to get intimate The approach aims to predict that learning. individuals who commit cruelty to Children's cognitive development animals in childhood expect to have more emerges by imitating the violent acts severe cruelty acts to humans. Animal associated with a parenting style related to cruelty means a cycle begins with a fight, emotion management. McEwen et al., persecute, so animal cruelty is the most (2014) said that children who commit brutal (Johnson, 2018). If the situation is cruelty to animals indicate suffering abuse left untreated, it is likely to develop into an from their parents. Although when uncompassionate and unemotional trait children mistreat the animals are not setting up a dangerous generation. necessarily intended to hurt or molest. Through cruelty to animals, children may Lack of supervision and the neglecting learn to enjoy feeling to suffer the objects parenting style turns to negative behavior to do the same to a human. The by committing cruelty to animals. For phenomenon involved several cases in seven years old children, their actions and Indonesia, a teenager (NF) who murder a emotions are affected by the response of toddler, when in her daily frequently adults, so that the parents' responses is tortures and kills animals, such as frogs crucial. and lizards that stabbed with a fork and Maladaptive learning has been once she had thrown her cat when she was discovered in parents with an indifferent upset. attitude towards children, parents being Hensley, Tallichet, & Dutkiewicz, permissive over their child's aggressive (2012) carried out a study on 180 male behavior, the use of corporal punishment, prisoners, found that 108 of 180 said they and authoritarian rule (Gullone, 2011). had involved cruelty to animals in The child's behavior in the animal cruelty childhood. The torture categories as context generates a sense of interest and follow: bumping (n = 85, 82.5%), kicking (n desire to explore and no desire to hurt. At = 37, 35.9%), shooting (n = 34, 33%), this point, the children were learning to committing sexual harassment (n = 23, 22.3 see animal expressions and gestures %), drowned (n = 18, 17.5%) choked (n = associated with children's behavior in the 18, 17.5%) and burned (n = 16, 15.5%). following times. The way of treating When they commit cruelty to animals animals can be more aggressive as the without any emotional feelings. When process of imitating adults. Adults some respondents did sexual abuse validation to the violence committed to animals, thus they tended not to jump out the animal is required, like when children of the closet. In contrast to previous
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research by Hensley & Tallichet, (2005) Animal abuse proves as clinical surveyed 261 prisoners found that one- diagnostics that the acts are a severe case third of the sample committed cruelty to and requires assistance to defend the animals for fun apart from that due to the children not to become a killer angry response that was vented on (Jegatheesan et al., 2020). Cruelty to animals. Prisoners who indulge in cruel animals is one of the criteria of Conduct behavior on animals tend to do so when Disorder in DSM-V. Conduct Disorder alone, in contrast to inmates who act in characterized by repeated and persistent front of others to impress people and aggression and violations to other people imitate others. and animals. According to DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association., 2013), The Deviance Generalization Hypothesis some other criteria are the destruction of Animal cruelty as a part of various property, robbery, and theft, and severe antisocial behavior can precede or track to breaches of rules. The behavioral other types of behavior such as disorders cause by not a single factor but misleading, stealing, property bio psychosocial. Some of the causes by destruction, robbery, sexual assault, and adverse parenting styles and intense other violence. This theory substance family conflict. Children who had exposed states that if an individual performs to a chaotic family situation show unstable deviant behavior, it tends to commit other emotions. And it might cause the children deviations. Perpetrators of animal cruelty to lack self-regulation so that they are less usually have a record of drug and alcohol experienced in coping with stress, moral abuse or have history of a family with development, and empathy (Pradnyawati antisocial behavior (Chan & Wong, 2019). & Ardjana, 2015). Conduct Disorder diagnosis Animal Cruelty and Psychological attached with a clinical determinant, Disorders Limited Prosocial Emotion (LPE) with an Conduct Disorder (CD) improved dimension. The clinical The animal cruelty issue is yet on determinants used to identify Conduct the list of antisocial behavior symptoms in Disorder with callous or unemotional childhood and adolescence released by characteristics. Children who are DSM in 1980. DSM-III-R first editions diagnosed with both Conduct Disorder launched in 1987 attach animal cruelty and CU defines as the more aggressive issues as the symptoms of Conduct group. Conduct Disorder may occur at 5 Disorder (CD) and kept up to DSM-V. The to 6 years old but is more common in late firsts pioneer was Tapia in 1971. His childhood or early adolescence. Conduct research assessed the connection between Disorder in childhood can perform as a animal cruelty to mental illness and, some psychological prediction for other researchers do similar research. Recently, disorders such as delinquency, drug animal cruelty became the current topic in abuse, dropping out of school, suicide, DSM next edition, IV, IV-TR dan V, APA and teenage crime. The frequency of 1994, 2000, and 2013 (Ascione, McDonald, animal abuse mostly found at a mean age Tedeschi, & Williams, 2018). of 6.5 y.o included fighting (6 y.o), | Psychosophia Vol. 3, No. 1 (2021) Page 65 of 17 PSYCHOSOPHIA Journal of Psychology, Religion and Humanity Juliadilla & Noveni
bullying (7 y.o), and assault (7.5 y.o). As individuals with APD look usual or even many as 25% of children with a diagnosis charming and pleasant. The individual of CD performed cruelty to animals. with APD can track his / her daily life into Animal cruelty had grouped as a calm and trustworthy to cover up his destructive group (Gullone, 2011). Thus, falsehood (Hervey Cleckley, the mask of the statement supports the continuity sanity). This pattern is also known as claim that CD can develop into Antisocial psychopathy, sociopathy, and social Personality Disorder (APD) as adults. personality disorder (American Psychiatric Association., 2013). Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) Nowadays, society recognized APD with Antisocial Personal Disorder the terms psychopath and sociopath. correlates with CD since animal cruelty Several cases of persecution and simultaneously occurs with the murder are frequently associated with suppression behavior. Gleyzer et al., psychopaths and sociopaths, but they (2002) emphasized the antisocial need to generate explores. Psychopaths personality disorder diagnosis have a and sociopaths are closely related to the considerable correlation with childhood diagnosis of APD (Johnson, 2019). cruelty. Individuals with APD are likely to Psychopathy was conceptualized by have a record of animal cruelty behavior. Cleckley and clarified by Hare. He Animal Cruelty is part of the antisocial describes different perspectives regarding behaviors associate with childhood CD, psychopaths concepts when he thought becomes a diagnosis of APD. that both psychopaths and antisocial Disrespecting and violating others are personalities were distorted. Most people part of APD patterns arise to adolescent with antisocial personality are not which fails to follow social norms, i.e: psychopaths, whereas most psychopaths performs fraud, aggressiveness, meet the diagnostic criteria for antisocial irritability, irresponsibility, and no personality disorder (Hare & Neumann, remorse for unfavorable treatment. APD is 2009). also deceitful, irresponsible, and manipulative. Clinical Pathway Childhood Cruelty The similarity of pathological to Animals personality traits Conduct Disorder with Animal cruelty in childhood Antisocial Personal Disorder based on originated from the curiosity to know and DSM-V (American Psychiatric appreciate animals. When adults do not Association., 2013) is an empathy deficit supervise and neglect their children, then showing lack of sensitivity, lack of they might think that the acts are correct. feelings, understanding of the needs, and Animal cruelty discharge from trivial understanding the suffering of others. things, such as abandoning pets, hitting, Furthermore, there are no regrets to others and torturing that cause death. after doing acts of aggression. Another Children that commit animal similarity is deceitfulness, for example, cruelty implies to what they have seen deception or story fabrication. In general, around like family or friends. Family is the
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first child's eco-system. When a child CU can be associated with a temperament becomes a victim or sees violence at home, that can bring courage and beneath the within all the pressure and harsh physical concept of psychopathy. However, this treatment, the child will also imitate the study focuses more on CU as a result of aggressive behavior that has been seen or socialization and the learning process. felt. Children can perform displacement Children can absorb aggression from their on weaker objects such as pets and surroundings, like family. In general, they animals around. The existence of animal are accustomed to seeing their father abuse turns somebody to feel powerful making a pet as a control. Animals can be and empowered. Animal cruelty is a used as a displacement to unleash anger delicate subject and is a symptom of CD. and used as a means of control to CD can precede or coincide with compensate for weakness. other mental disorders, which is the focus The presence of LPE predicts a of developmental psychopathology. There stable or even more severe path of are two characteristics of behavior antisocial behavior that can continue into disorders: internalizing behavior in the adulthood. If not managed quickly and form of social rejection, anxiety, and appropriately, children with CD expand depression while externalizing behavior is to antisocial personality disorder in aggressive (including in animals and adulthood (Pradnyawati & Ardjana, humans), violates hyperactivity rules 2015). CD with Antisocial Personality (Nunes, Faraco, Vieira, & Rubin ,2012). Disorder (APD) is often called Spectrum DSM-V (American Psychiatric Externalization. This spectrum includes Association., 2013) added identification of personality traits that are disinhibitors, CDs, called Limited Prosocial Emotions such as impulsivity and aggression (LPE) with a lack of remorse or guilt and (Gullone, 2012). The callousness behavior Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits because integrated with externalizing behavior LPE is a determinant for assessing the that turns to an antisocial personality. behavior function of today's adolescents One of the similar pathological and in the future. Longman, Hawes, & personality traits that underlie CD is Kohlhoff, (2015) emphasized through Callousness and Deceitfulness. Lack of meta-analysis research that CU is empathy accompanied by other representing behavioral problems. pathological personality traits: Some CD causal factors had manipulative, hostility, risk-taking, developed during the prenatal period (i.e., impulsivity, and irresponsibility is the abnormal fetal development and learning focus. Aggression is more prepared and outcomes from the environment. instrumental (to achieve particular goals) Likewise, CU can be due to amygdala that in line with the violence graduation dysfunction. CD individuals who have theory that proves animal cruelty may CU have low neuropsychological expand to aggressiveness to humans. performance. They have difficulty Cruelty behavior to animals can perform recognizing facial expressions of fear, as an experiment before committing to sadness, and pain that consider something humans. Aggressive behavior also fun (Acquaviva, Ellul, & Benarous, 2018). develops into antisocial behavior (The | Psychosophia Vol. 3, No. 1 (2021) Page 67 of 17 PSYCHOSOPHIA Journal of Psychology, Religion and Humanity Juliadilla & Noveni
deviance generalization hypothesis): parenting with neglect, domestic violence, lying, stealing, robbery, sexual violence, children violence, and peer influence. and others (Gullone, 2014). Many Parents role are very important, researcher predict, antisocial and particularly for children when they uncompassionate is an indication of requires affirmation of their current psychopathic. However, further behavior. investigation show, there is a gap between History of CD is an early trigger for sociopaths and psychopaths. That antisocial behavior and APD. Research psychopath is a genetic or biological conduct by Gleyzer et al.,( 2002) stated disorder, calmer, more preparation in that 48 participants (man) as defendant performance, whereas sociopath is a result criminal were diagnosed with Anti-Social of environment or parenting that is more Personality Disorder (APD) has a record impulsive. of committing cruelty to animals in their childhood. Cruelty to animals is taking Conclusion part of anti-social behavior that associate Animal cruelty committed in to conduct disorder in childhood. Some childhood is one of the characteristics of literature calls The Violent Personality to Conduct Disorder (CD). Regardless the refer to those who are involved in violence child is diagnosed with CD or other in several areas, for example animal mental disorders, animal abuse clinically cruelty, childhood victimization, should be in proper consideration. Animal witnessing parental violence, lack of abuse cannot be investigated as the empathy, antisocial traits, and permissive particular marker that frequently parenting (Johnson, 2019). One of the associated with domestic violence, personality disorders associated with aggressive behavior, or bullying since aggression is APD. they are not the only factor to assess. All Cruelty to animals is an indicator environmental and personality that cannot underestimate, since the characteristics of animal cruelty negative effect on others. Children that perpetrators have been investigating. identical to innocent behavior harm if Some of the criminal acts infected by aggressive and callous committed by children, teenagers, and behavior. It can be concluded that adults can probe to a childhood that callousness becomes one factor that indicates to the cruelty of animal. Because triggers aggressiveness to animals that aggressive behavior in the form of cruelty might occur to humans. The deficit of to children occurs gradually and relate to empathy has numerous contributions to bio psychosocial. The background of child the development of cruel behavior in cruelty continuously growing starts with animals. To sum up all the explanations, exploring steps, imitating adult behavior, one important thing to nurture since and unleashing aggressiveness towards childhood is empathy. animals. Children committing cruelty to One effort to deal with the animals has a background by its nature phenomena is by stimulating empathy curiosity, imitating adult behavior, since early childhood. Humane Education
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program is one of way to end the cycle of violence by nurture empathy (emotional and cognitive) to humans through teaching goodness to the animal (Juliadilla, 2020). This program teaches animal welfare as the primary concept. Humane Education had applied in several countries such as India, America, and Japan (Juliadilla, Nurhasan, & Christia, 2020). Unfortunately, this program yet to apply to the curriculum in Indonesia that still prioritizes the academics issues (Juliadilla, Pakaja, & Iksan, 2020). The closest thing is Character Education. Character education does not talk about animal welfare, but it does represent moral development in children. As one characteristic that requires for adults is empathy, prosocial, and prevent violence.
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