Mapping the Life Course Trajectories of Serial Killers
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A Perfect Storm: Mapping the Life Course Trajectories of Serial Killers by Sasha Reid A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Applied Psychology and Human Development University of Toronto © Copyright by Sasha Reid, 2019 A Perfect Storm: Mapping the Life Course Trajectories of Serial Killers Sasha Reid PhD., Developmental Psychology Applied Psychology and Human Development University of Toronto 2019 Abstract Since the 1970s, scholars have produced a large body of research attempting to establish the mechanisms by which serial killers come to arrive at a life of repeat fatal violence. Traits such as psychopathy, biomarkers such as abnormal dopamine concentrations, and other developmental correlates such as early family environment have all been offered as proximal explanations for the motivations, psychopathology, and etiology of serial homicide. Unfortunately, however, from the standpoint of developmental psychology, these insights are far too limited in scope. Human thought, functioning, and behaviour are the product of complex reciprocal transactions that occur between the individual and their environment throughout their lifespan. Processes that serve to shape human development include neural plasticity, modifiability, resilience and adaptation, among others. Yet, these vital processes are never discussed in the developmental literature on serial homicide. Additionally, research in this area tends to lack the ‘voice of the killer.’ Instead of as active participants, offenders are viewed as objects of research and as passive participants in their own life experiences. Again, this is problematic from the standpoint of developmental psychology. Every person’s actions are formed by years of contextual experience which reinforce dominant patterns of thinking which eventually come to dominate behaviour. Thus, in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of human psychopathology, behaviour, and development one must also endeavor to understand how patterns of thought and/or behaviour ii were shaped, expressed, and reinforced throughout one’s lifespan. Embracing a developmental model that is complex, and dynamic, and that honors the multisystem aspects of human development is necessary should we hope to understand the motivations, psychopathology, and etiology of serial homicide. Using lifespan developmental psychology as a guiding framework, this paper traces the developmental mechanisms that come together to shape the lives and criminal trajectories of serial killers. iii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Rick Volpe, my research supervisor, for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement, and useful comments and critiques; all of which have added significantly to this dissertation. Beyond my appreciation for his general guidance I would like to extend my deep gratitude to Dr. Volpe for enabling me to study, explore, and learn with freedom. Every step of the way Dr. Volpe encouraged my various passions, helped facilitate my many tangential intellectual sojourns, and pushed me to embrace developmental complexity in its fullest thereby allowing both myself and my dissertation to achieve their full potential. I would also like to thank Dr. William Watson for his valued input, advice, and assistance and for helping to keep my progress on schedule. Dr. Watson was invaluable for helping to bring clarity and nuance to this dissertation. Throughout my doctoral degree Dr. Watson reframed difficult concepts and constructs in a way that allowed me to better understand and thereby to make better use of complex material; theories; and ideas. My grateful thanks are also extended to Dr. Katreena Scott for her help in ensuring that my dissertation was always grounded. Whilst Dr.’s Volpe and Watson helped to facilitate big idea development, Dr. Scott enabled this dissertation to remain focused and analytical. Dr. Scott’s valuable contributions challenged me to embrace a pragmatic approach to research and analysis; a necessary approach that, while I often struggle with, am all the better for having learned. As I reflect on your collective contributions, I can only say that I truly feel as though I found the doctoral “Dream Team” of supervisory/committee members. iv I would also like to extend my deepest thank you to the passionate, dedicated, and a ceaselessly curious research assistants I have worked alongside throughout my time at the University of Toronto. Ayah Ellithy, Aleece Katan, Ran Della Stua, Florence Tang, Cassandra Geisel, Javiera Gutierrez Duran, and many others – thank you. Finally, I wish to thank my partner, Roman Reznikov for his inexhaustible support and encouragement. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………..………………………………………….……...… iv List of Tables………………………………..……………………………………..….….…… xiii List of Figures……………………………………………..…………………….……..……… xiv List of Images……………………………………………………………....…………….…… xv List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………....…….. xvi Chapter 1. Introduction to the Study ………………………………………………..………..… 1 Background…………….……………………………………………………………..………..… 1 Purpose……………………………………………………………………………………...…… 6 Prevalence of Serial Homicide…………………………………………..……………… 7 Conceptual Framework of Study……………………………………………………………….. 14 Methods of Lifespan Development………………………………………………………………18 Organizational Frames ………………………………………………………………..…18 Measurements …………………………………………………………………….….… 19 Implications of a Lifespan Perspective for Serial Homicide Research…………………...….… 23 Research Question…………………………………………………………………….…….….. 23 Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………………………….… 28 Serial Homicide…………………………………………………………………..….… 28 Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………………..………….. 31 Chapter 2. Literature Review ……………………………………………………..………...… 30 A History of Serial Homicide……………………………………………………..……..…...… 30 Fifteenth Century Conceptualizations: The Devil Himself…………………..…..…….. 31 Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: The Age of Sin and Monsters………………..… 33 vi Eighteenth Century: The Age of Science and Social Banditry…………..………...…… 37 Nineteenth Century: The Age of Degeneracy and Sex Crime………..…..……...……... 40 Early Twentieth Century (1900 – 1959): The Age of the Slayer…………..…..….......... 45 Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century (1960 – 2010).…………..…..…......... 49 1960’s – 1970’s: The Dawn of the Age of the Serial Killer…………..…........... 49 1980’s – early 2000’s: The ‘Golden Era’ of Serial Homicide Research…….…. 52 Modern Explanations for the Etiology of Serial Homicide…………..…..….............................. 54 Biology…………..…..….......................……..…..….......................……..…..…............ 55 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) …………..…..……………….............................. 55 Limitations of TBI Explanations…………..…..……………….......................... 56 Organic Neuropathology…………..…..……………….................................................. 58 General Structural and Functional Abnormalities…………..…..………............ 58 Psychopathy…………………………………………..…………..…….............. 58 Sexual Sadism…………………………………………..………….………........ 61 Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) ……………………………………............. 62 Early Childhood Illness…………………………..………………………........... 63 Case Studies…………………………………………………………….............. 63 Limitations of Organic Neuropathology Explanations……………….…............ 66 Neurochemical and Metabolic Dysregulation…………………………..…...…............. 69 Hereditary Factors and Genetics…………………………..………................................. 69 Fetal Toxin Exposure and other Prenatal Traumas…………………………..……......... 70 Birth Complications……………………………..………………...………......... 71 Biology: Summary…………………………………………….………..……................. 71 vii Early Childhood Development………………………………………..………............... 71 Mothers………………………………………..………....................................... 72 Fathers…………………………………..………................................................. 74 Limitations of Child Abuse Arguments…………................................................ 75 Structural and Environmental Explanations…………..................................................... 77 Frequent Moving…………................................................................................... 77 Culture…………................................................................................................... 78 Early ‘Prisonization,’ Conduct Disorder, and MAO-A........................................ 79 Unhealthy Parental Behaviours…………............................................................. 80 Structural and Environmental Explanations: Summary………............................ 81 Psychological Insights…………...................................................................................... 81 Childhood Relationships…………....................................................................... 81 Isolation…………................................................................................................. 82 Animal Cruelty…………...................................................................................... 82 Pornography and other Addictive and Harmful Behaviour………….................. 83 Daydreaming/Violent Fantasies………………………………...…..................... 83 Other Childhood Psychiatric Disturbances………………………....................... 84 Adult Psychological Findings…………………………………………............... 85 Narcissism………………………………................................................. 85 Other Paraphilias……………..…………................................................. 86 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder………………......................................