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RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 1 APPROVAL SHEET This [thesis] [dissertation] [case study] [independent study] is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of [example degree designation: Master of Science] [Student Name] Approved: [Example date: March 15, 2019] Committee Chair / Advisor Committee Member 1 Committee Member 2 Committee Member 3 Outside FGCU Committee Member The final copy of this thesis [dissertation] has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 2 Identifying Patterns Between the Sexual Serial Killer & Pedophile: Is There a Correlation Between their Violent Acts and Childhood Trauma? ______________________________________________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Florida Gulf Coast University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science _____________________________________________________________________________ By Alexis Droomer 2020 RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 3 Abstract Studies have been conducted to determine if a sexual serial killer and pedophile are similar and/or different to one another. Despite the difference in their criminal acts, sexual serial killers and pedophiles have similar characteristics. Biological, environmental and psychological theories of criminal behavior were studied which illustrated their significance to how a person can choose to commit a crime. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a presence or absence within multiple forms of childhood trauma experienced between the sexual serial killer and pedophile. Is there a correlation between violent acts and childhood trauma? The first portion of the study concluded that all ten sexual serial killers experienced childhood trauma. Out of the thirteen types of childhood trauma that were examined, all ten sexual serial killers endured at least one type of trauma. In addition, ten pedophiles were also used in this study. However, data is limited which led to gathering results on three pedophiles. Out of the three pedophiles, all three of them experienced childhood trauma and at least one type of trauma. The theories of criminal behavior were applicable to the sexual serial killers and pedophiles. At least one theory was applicable to both populations. The second portion of the study was in-depth examination into three sexual serial killers’ and three pedophiles’ childhoods. These case studies helped support the correlation between childhood trauma and violent acts of the sexual serial killer and pedophile. RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 4 Table of Contents Introduction 6 Literature Review 9 Neuropsychology 9 Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans & Football Players 14 Biology of Aggression 16 Environmental Factors That Lead to Aggression 27 Psychology of the Individual 38 Mental Health & Criminality 44 Models Explaining the Criminal Acts of Sexual Serial Killers & Pedophiles 52 Motivational Model 52 Trauma Control Model 53 Self-Regulation Model 55 Abused-Abuser Hypothesis 56 History of Sexual Serial Homicide & the Sexual Serial Killer 59 History of Pedophilia & the Pedophile 75 Research Question & Methodology 90 Research Question 90 Hypothesis 90 Null Hypothesis 90 RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 5 Population & Definitions 90 Methodology 92 Results 95 Discussion 102 Case Studies on Sexual Serial Killers 109 Edmund Kemper III 109 Gary Leon Ridgway 114 John Wayne Gacy Jr. 118 Case Studies on Pedophiles 122 John Walter Buss 122 William Fitzpatrick 124 Christopher Renshaw 126 Summary of the Findings 128 Limitations of the Study 131 Conclusion 132 Appendix A: Rubric Designed for Sexual Serial Killers and Pedophiles 134 References 135 RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 6 List of Tables Table 1: Types of Childhood Trauma Experienced- Sexual Serial Killers 95 Table 1a: Sexual Serial Killers, how many Collectively Had Type of Trauma, % 96 Table 1b: Theories Applicable to Sexual Serial Killers. % 97 Table 2: Types of Childhood Trauma Experienced- Pedophiles/Sex Offenders 98 Table 2a: Pedophiles, how many Collectively Had Type of Trauma, % 99 Table 2b: Theories Applicable to Pedophiles. % 100 Table 3: Mann-Whitney U Test 101 RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 7 Introduction When examining serious criminal acts, such as sexual serial homicide and pedophilia, the question is; why do these offenders choose to commit these crimes? It is still difficult to understand what leads these offenders to commit their violent criminal acts. ` Upon completion of the literature review, it was evident that sexual serial killers and pedophiles have several similarities along with differences. Specifically, it was clear that childhood trauma plays a significant role in both populations. In addition, it was apparent that there is more of a scientific understanding of sexual serial killers compared to pedophiles. For example, it appeared that there is old and new research that has determined definitions and typologies for sexual serial killers. However, there is confusion in definitions and typologies for pedophiles. The sexual serial killer is an individual who kills at least three people over a period of time and has a “cooling-off” period between kills (Miller, 2014, p. 4). Miller (2014) discusses that the “typical” serial killer is “in his twenties to forties, Caucasian, is often a loner and may appear to be intelligent and charming” (p. 4). Despite this profile, there are several classifications for the sexual serial killer. Mitchell and Aamodt (2005) conducted a study on fifty serial killers, classified as a sexual serial killer, to determine the frequency of childhood trauma in these offenders: “thirty-six percent of serial killers suffered from some form of physical abuse, twenty-six percent suffered from sexual abuse, fifty percent suffered from psychological abuse, sixty-eight percent have suffered from maltreatment and eighteen percent suffered from neglect” (Mitchell and Aamodt, 2005, p. 42-44). RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 8 When it comes to pedophiles, there needs to be continuing research focusing on this population. Finklehor and Araji (1986) explain that the term “pedophilia” is controversial in that researchers do not like to use this term to classify these offenders and favor the terms “sexual abuse” and “child molesting” (p. 145). However, the term pedophile or pedophilia is universally used in describing an individual who has a sexual interest in children. Another reason that the term is controversial is because how it is defined, inclusively or exclusively, between law enforcement and mental health professionals (Finklehor and Araji, 1986). Finklehor and Araji (1986) explain that when it is applied inclusively, investigators define pedophilia as “any sexual contact with or interest in a child however transitory this behavior may have been” (p. 146). However, the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition) uses the term pedophilic disorder instead of pedophilia. The American Psychiatric Association (2013) defines that an individual with pedophilic disorder must “1.) have recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child for at least six months, 2.) has acted on urges or the urges or fantasies cause distress and 3.) the individual must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child” (p. 697). Hall and Hall (2007) affirms this explaining that the term pedophilia is not a criminal or legal term. Despite this issue, there is current literature that provides insight into the pedophile. Freund, Watson & Dickey (1990) conducted a study that focused on pedophilia and if it is caused by experiencing childhood sexual abuse. The study gathered 77 heterosexual pedophiles, 54 homosexual pedophiles, 51 nonpedophilic sex offenders against children, 36 sex offenders against physically mature females, 75 heterosexual paid volunteers who erotically RUNNING HEAD: DETERMINING A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA & VIOLENT ACTS 9 preferred mature females and 51 homosexual clients who preferred mature males (Freund, et al., 1990). After examining the self-reports of these participants, it was determined that “the proportion of pedophiles who report having been sexually abused in childhood by mature persons is larger than that of men who were not charged for or accused of a sex offense against a child” (Freund, Watson & Dickey, 1990, p. 557). The literature review is divided into three segments. The first segment analyzes theories of criminal behavior in the fields of biology, environment, psychology, neuropsychology and mental health/criminality. The second segment examines four models that are used to explain the behavior of the sexual serial killer [motivational and trauma control] and pedophile [self- regulation and abused-abuser hypothesis]. Lastly, the third segment compares several aspects between the sexual serial killer and pedophile. Several topics are studied including
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