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The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties

Jeffrey Haynes

Religion and society

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781351012478-4 David Herbert Published online on: 12 Dec 2019

How to cite :- David Herbert. 12 Dec 2019, Religion and society from: The Routledge Handbook to Religion and Political Parties Routledge Accessed on: 29 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781351012478-4

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(WVS) the Survey highlights Inglehart then and Norris responses, endorsing while and arguments counter some Kettell political on impacts electoral religion to which conditions. rise through of the mechanisms range a seen eight under has illustrate parties, that cases society these majority Together, Hindu party a a of and de butdominance parties; secularised, in nationalist highly role populist ways key mixed some a by a plays in still 2014); case, arguably Protestant (Tilley religion Lutheran where cleavages a religion-related 2005); (Mitchell by identities marked tarian still use yet shall Catholic case, we secularised States, highly United the a in Party Republican the di and parties by political Islamist considered Democracy, the generally to those theory this than of other Kettell centrality mechanisms the Steve of on fi of because focus topic Nonetheless, instead secularisation theory. the shall of secularisation is theories we this using 4), answered as (Chapter been terms but often in modernisation, have parties, politics political and and shape society society religion, and between religion voters between interaction their the of does ways what In s oaetepsto eeoe eei eaint it. to relation in here developed position the locate rst ff ieie oaodoelpwt Kettell with overlap avoid to Likewise, ‘ rn ae:fo nln,Nrhr rln,DnakadIda hs ersn respectively: represent These India. and Denmark Ireland, Northern England, from cases: erent xseta security existential ’ hpe ecie oedmnin n rcse soitdwt euaiain outlines secularisation, with associated processes and dimensions some describes chapter s – eiin oit n euaiain oepstoigcomments positioning some secularisation: and society Religion, ’ rtsatcs,weerlgo swdl eadda e akro tnct n sec- and ethnicity of marker key a as regarded widely is religion where case, Protestant oto vrtentrlevrnet auatrn aaiyaddsrbto of distribution and capacity manufacturing environment, natural the over control s EIINADSOCIETY AND RELIGION ’ rfrne,clueadporme?Bodqetosaotterelationship the about questions Broad programmes? and culture preferences, ’ ‘ hc ek oetbihtepiayo id identity Hindu of primacy the establish to seeks which atycnign ni;scrt ed oices ihmdriain as modernisation, with increase to tends security it; on contingent partly fl ce ntedciigiprac frlgo ssceistransition societies as religion of importance declining the in ected ’ 21)vrino h hoy hc rw nWrdValues World on draws which theory, the of version (2012) s ai Herbert David ’ hpe,wihfcsso uoenChristian European on focuses which chapter, s 3 31 fi igntoa dniywihcnb mobilised be can which identity national ning ’ hpe ntecretvolume current the in chapter s ’ Fåe 07 1). 2017: (Flåten fi l,w shall we eld, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 First, in declining Inglehart. hence and and Norris security, by global reproduction, indicated religious greater politics) of (towards kinds travel and some of parties, favour Indiandirection political change the structural examine for of ways, implications reli- forms of with declining variety some a of that in background suggest politics to a shape case against to continue even can that religion suggest participation gious which cases European outline account, disa religious accelerating by secularisation fuelled inadvertently has ‘ to scle nodutb orsadIgeat h li htthey that claim who Inglehart, metaphysical not and and Norris rationalisation by shape see argument doubt They to into religion environment. come called of the is source etc.) with a educational, as interaction defeat bureaucratic, human intellectual of (medical, more systems and specialist more rationalised as e 14), cumulative the and science ‘ and religion between arguments intellectual lity been religion have for Democrats trajectory Christian declining communica- a (here, shows processes which modernisation of some religion least favour at may that change) here tions argued be will it Additionally, hspstv oeitneo at nsineadrlgo eae oafrhrcaatrsi of characteristic further a to relates religion and science Kettell in in faith described secularisation of co-existence positive This religion towards trend the exceptions), global three available is data WVS which for period the throughout participation religious edt eiiu rvso naessc shat,euainadwlaebcmn supplanted becoming welfare and sometimes education developments health, as such agencies such secular areas specialised in by provision religious to lead as paradigm on secularisation impact modernisation the eco-disaster than or to other terrorism central (like conditions security if is human Thus, that 1991). modernisation (Tschannen understood and generally religion between religion shaping link in direct primary process) social (a nisation 2016). (WVS 1990s early the from India country study ihnseilsdmdr ytm,bt tadsusv n raiainllvl o xml,in example, For level. organisational and Work discursive to a Islam at Putting both systems, modern specialised within nenlsecularisation internal h usi ftcnclye technically of pursuit the Kettell this in secularisation of conceptualisation the about questions further raise shall we Here utemr,i hudb oe htb aigscrt apyhlgclsae n o moder- not and state) psychological (a security making by that noted be should it Furthermore, … ’ ee oilgsso eiintn ob aeu odsigihbtentee the between distinguish to careful be to tend religion of sociologists Here, . ulc nmn ulmsceisaprnl e no see apparently societies scienti Muslim that many believing in publics htte aefihi omntnt fsiiulble,sc steeitneof existence the as such belief, spiritual of tenets common in hell. and faith heaven have they that have often also science in faith greater with Societies ‘ nicesnl euaie environment secularised increasingly an scienti ’ hpe ecie h yaiso euaiaina hpdb eea eae factors. related several by shaped as secularisation of dynamics the describes chapter s … fi ’ n ehooia dacsudrierlgoscam bu h aueo rea- of nature the about claims religious undermine advances technological and c 21:6) because: 67), (2012: htble nsineadtcnlg a nemndfihi h aia and magical the in faith undermined has technology and science in belief that ’ tretage hti gpinsho textbooks: school Egyptian in that argues Starrett n,truhhspria oiiaino ht vneia upr,Trump support, Evangelical White of mobilisation partisan his through and, fi dacshl ra rms o h uueo uaiyand humanity of future the for promise great hold advances c ffi in en fprun hswrdyends worldly this pursuing of means cient ’ npatc,hwvr nhoooit xmnn h matof impact the examining anthropologists however, practice, In . ‘ fi ocdt onlytersneo eiiu dniyt conform to identity religious of sense their downplay to forced ’ erdcin Kettell reproduction. s dta nta fbeing of instead that nd ’ hpe,nml that namely chapter, s ’ elnn in declining s ai Herbert David fi ’ saitpltclprishv negn rcs of process a undergone have parties political Islamist , – al osdreiec hc usin h likely the questions which evidence consider nally rieulte n iln rm,i h aeo our of case the in crime, violent and inequalities or 32 ’ sin ’ motne orsadIgeatsvrthe sever Inglehart and Norris importance, s fl ’ elnn signi declining s fl ec npltclpris hs European Thus, parties. political on uence ec.Frhroe vnrationalisation even Furthermore, uence. ’ hpe hncniestrecss each cases, three considers then chapter s ‘ rcse ffntoa di functional of processes stronger ‘ supplanted Nri n nlhr 02 67) 2012: Inglehart and (Norris … ffi liation. otaitosbetween contradictions eiiu beliefs religious ‘ a ueotteWeberian the out rule can fi ’ ’ ac a ereversed. be may cance BueadWli 1992: Wallis and (Bruce eiin functionalise religions , ff fl cso rationalisation, of ects ec frlgo on religion of uence – sde u case our does as … ff erentiation The ff csof ects Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 hi utrlbcgonsadatvl tepigt comdt hm(ebr 03 )o has of or sense 8) 2013: descriptive recognising (Herbert them by looser accommodate minorities to the incorporate attempting actively to and seek backgrounds cultural which their globalisation, by produced diversity its cultural of issues, notions challenge day truth and worldviews to religious universal relativise day increasingly enhanced. political diversity is practical social and parties and addressing culturalism political religion to for between relevant resource relationship or as the authority seen an of is as and context religion attractiveness (Mavelli the when worldwide contexts in because many matters major parties, in become This aid have international 2016). organisations and religious Wilson welfare broadly, care, More health 2017). textbooks of providers (Flåten school India in in religion observed been of functionalisation parallel A n ihrfriiyaogtehi ioiismasta fcretted otnethe continue trends current structure if age that younger means a minorities with ethnic together amongst levels fertility inex- retention higher an religious and on higher religion that putting argue last, demographers the than path religious secularisation downward less of orably progressively outline become its to in generation Finally, each 2004). in Werbner 2002; while function (Martin Kettell institutions 2012), cohesion dynamics religious transnational social Izberk-Bilgin and of urban 1998; agents that (Smith evidence as much an culture is as there consumer religion societies diverse of of conditions role under the prospering erode cohesion and social structures of community agent traditional disrupt side. culture either rather on consumer cases is diversity are suggest there would but immigration) strength; of religious waves to state many linked (where to its positively from due Europe diverse religiously (denominationally of and America history, and comparison early common) anything, been societal have if between monopolies relationship participation; religious overall church religious no show and WVS intergenerational diversity the its religious like enable sets which schools) data religious large in traditions Likewise, of transmission. religious distinctive permitting reproduction diverse worship, teaching the of or places dress enables co-funding religious by arguably (whether multiculturalism institutions supporting policy by culture contrary, the On belief. ‘ aiainpoint larisation eiina akro tncdi of ethnic relevance political of continuing likely marker the the a to even point di context as ethnicity the remain UK most that by religion to the reproduction argued is religion recently religious in secularisation expect has of Indeed, 2016) where least mobilisation. tories (Bruce political at Europe theorist secularisation for may Western committed resource we most in potential context, even a this as not In available scale; trends. demographic global given a marked, at examined when population the of (Kaufmann proportion active again religiously rise the to that begin meaning will religions, minority in growth by oiymulticulturalism policy Kettell Kettell nsot oeo h yaisascae ihsclrsto eesrl on nta direction that in point necessarily secularisation with associated dynamics the of none short, In omnt,tepeupin fIlmaentol bene only not are Islam of two presumptions the the perceive community, Muslims for non-contradictory ones, supernatural as material with the coexist of explanations desacralisation materialistic the without occurs Functionalization ’ ’ hpe ttsta ute rpsdmcaimo euaiaini that is secularisation of mechanism proposed further a that states chapter s hpe lopooe that proposes also chapter s ’ ’ ti o la hte utcluaimhr eest oiyrsosst the to responses policy to refers here multiculturalism whether clear not is It . sfs prahn,weelse rmhsoi eoiain eoeoutweighed become denominations historic from losses where approaching, fast is ’ hpe rusthat argues chapter s ’ ’ ’ e,ee nWsenErp hr euaiaini otadvanced, most is secularisation where Europe Western in even Yet, . oee,teeaemn ae lblyadcosclual freligion of cross-culturally and globally cases many are there However, . o h he ato utrldvriyi rcieudrie religious undermines practice in diversity cultural of fact sheer the nor … ic o scnendwt h efr fteMuslim the of welfare the with concerned is God Since ‘ utrldiversity cultural tal. et ff rne n oetal con potentially and erence, ‘ neudra,poesso negnrtoa eln cause decline intergenerational of processes underway, once eiinadsociety and Religion ‘ 2012). lblsto n h mrec fa individualised an of emergence the and globalisation 33 ’ u ihrwyi snteietta either that evident not is it way either But . – fi nti aeHinduism case this in il u aietyrational. manifestly but cial, fl c;we eiinbecomes religion when ict; … auaitcand Naturalistic 19:153) (1998: ff rn trajec- erent – ‘ a also has desecu- ‘ multi- – Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 uhmr oeflypresent. powerfully more much religion vote to tendency church Catholic Catholic English the This given 919). striking, 2014: particularly di (Tilley is a left ideology 917), Anglicans and 2014: practising amongst characteristics (Tilley than social 2012 Catholics and amongst higher 1962 points between 20 constant fairly a remained may 1967) people parties Rokkan linked and that issues (Lipset the be away after to faded even have continue behaviour groups voting lines religious structure religious particular to to Hence, along continue not. may century is religion participation twentieth on religious early when even the intergenerationally, in transmitted established speci support with party resonate policies party because 1preto h nls ouain ahlc o 2pret obtente erya nearly them between so percent, for signi 12 accounted exert for still Catholics Anglicans population, practising in these 2010 English Irish while White Thus, in the and quarter. Nonetheless, of British White fallen. percent of itself proportion 11 the has as population time over the diminished has overall voting England parental when raised disappears were Conservatives for the grandparents controlled for and support is parents Anglican preference their and of Labour household the for political stability by support someone of and the religion, kind 923), up by 2014: what give (Tilley in both to us than here, tells other transmission nation parents, their of from mechanism Tilley denomination to primary lent a a the is has denominational Plausibility is it is 923). because which socialisation 2014: minorities, church, (Tilley for established ental function that the protective than Conservatives, and attendance central For establishment through less e the movement. reinforcement the of growing and on party and its dependent enduring the immigration, into more between Irish Catholics the links nineteenth recruit in links highlights to late Catholics he period Tilley many the that of to attenders. during origins Labour for Labour century English twentieth stronger and early much Catholicism and is between association Conservative counter-intuitive vote to every in dency orientations voter 921). Catholic 2014: with (Tilley contrasts country and Europe causes, other progressive socially with Labour today parties political choose a political and class religion, between relationship strong a of has because population not remained majority is has this religion the voters 613), amongst predicting 2016: in participation (Bruce tant generations religious many in over decline occurred where Britain, Across Europe. of parts on secular impacts highly also in religion even However, mechanisms, below. other more through which parties of political Europe, across parties political populist ‘ oehn te epedo people other something vntog negnrtoa rnmsini o lasscesu,these successful, always not is transmission intergenerational though Even h etaiyo hslgc rfoe laaemcaimt xliigvtrpeeecsin preferences voter explaining to mechanism cleavage frozen or legacy this of centrality The ten- Anglican the whereas Catholics, non-practising amongst even remains association The ’ aet,gadaet n eodt otnet hp h a nwihpeople which in way the shape to continue to beyond and grandparents parents, s ” eiina legacy: as Religion fe all after fi ateetrle electoral cant ’ ffi hyd hwhwtelgc freligion of legacy the how show do they , ito mns nls Christians: English amongst liation ’ at choices party fi ff – dnsd o xcl upr Tilley support exactly not do ndings cs vngnrtosltr nornx ae hs line remain alliances these case, next our In later. generations even ects, ’ ncnrs osrcua aibe Tle 04 922). 2014: (Tilley variables structural to contrast in h oeta o iiiemblsto scer n paetin apparent and clear, is mobilisation divisive for potential the ‘ ’ fi rzncleavages frozen dn htasbtnilpr ftedi the of part substantial a that nding Tle 04 1) hs nEgadspotfrLabour for support England in Thus, 911). 2014: (Tilley ‘ lo h iiin htcaatrzdtepltclwrdof world political the characterized that divisions the allow ’ Tle 04 0) ilyage hti h nls case English the in that argues Tilley 907). 2014: (Tilley ai Herbert David fi eiiu aus u ahrbcueo atrsof patterns of because rather but values, religious c ’ 34 Tle 04 910). 2014: (Tilley ff ’ rnewihrmiswe otoln for controlling when remains which erence n at oiisi England in politics party and ’ soito ihsca osraimand conservatism social with association s ‘ As … – oiisalacscncniu to continue can alliances politics ’ eyfwpol hnetheir change people few very li htEgihvoters English that claim s ff rnebtenCatholic between erence ’ ‘ eiiu denomi- religious s ossetyimpor- consistently ‘ ’ rzncleavages frozen li htpar- that claim s ‘ iiin based divisions ffi ito,nor liation, ff rsof orts ‘“ do ’ ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 h ahlccuc ulsasneo eogn n ru identi group place, and take belonging they of which sense within religion, spaces a facilities, to builds Third, town access church and of 2015). Catholic rituals out the shared (McAtackney the and providing society in by centres simply role city segregated in exclusivity, a to successes deeply plays access notable Catholicism, a spaces, with especially public remains communities, shared Ireland the of between Northern creation integration the promote of to terms networks attempts social of and ades patterns housing marriage, education, concepts as such Catholics, from themselves distinguish Protestants provides religion Protestant role. same the perform not do 69 2005: (Mitchell Protestants dress clerical full in buildings parliament from fro-ing and to-ing generally, seen more delegations parties but political by Party, unionist constituted within Unionist representatives Democratic parties many the have political of and founder churches Paisley, of a leadership have the theologies between case show Protestant accounts the into recent in grouped several and However, identities signi institutions, 2007). signi Protestant a (Ganiel and seen platforms Catholic is political that religion or culture Ireland, political Northern in society communities and politics marker on ethnic literature much In hspsaepoie nitrsigfaetruhwiht iwapeoeo hthsbeen has that phenomenon a view the to since which Europe through across frame visible interesting increasingly an provides passage This Abnormal? anti-Catholicism uha ona yrsadIre?I huhflcnlso ohrarticle her to conclusion thoughtful a In had Israel? also and Cyprus have Bosnia, ecumenism as and such peace reli- of the theologies amongst Catholic, concepts, in and polarising some Protestant these have alongside both active However, DUP. gious the especially politics, eod eiinfntosas functions religion Second, oee,Poetnimi oein more is Protestantism However, u o eeataeteemcaim nohrcnet,byn iial iie societies divided similarly beyond contexts, other in mechanisms these are relevant how But fi onaymitnneaeauieslpr fsca eainhp n sBritain as how identi and ask of to relationships processes reasonable these and social is in formation role it of a group plural, play peaceful part that religiously may in is and religion universal work point multicultural at a The increasingly are societies. becomes values are and and divided, maintenance processes meanings deeply give human as constitute boundary may integrally well helps It are as community. actively These particular pluralist, religion a boundary. boundaries, to the out belong to to marking means through it that what be might It atipc npltclpris(icel20;Mthl n ail21) hc a be can which 2011), Ganiel and Mitchell 2005; (Mitchell parties political on impact cant uha the as such eiin oit n oiia ate nNrhr Ireland: Northern in parties political and society Religion, ’ icelwrites: Mitchell , fl – fi ec LehyadCeg20;Mthl n ail2011). Ganiel and Mitchell 2001; Clegg and (Liechty uence – edsic huhrltdmcaim.Frt eiinpasarl through role a plays religion First, mechanisms. related though distinct ve u o scnrbtn uht h usac fpltc,ete ntrsof terms in either politics, of substance the to much contributing as not but ’ n hrceitcmrigtebudr ewe ainls n Unionist and Nationalist between boundary the marking characteristic one Gne 07 ) it,priual mns vneia Protestants, Evangelical amongst particularly Fifth, 1). 2007: (Ganiel ‘ atflremnant faithful ‘ ett e rcse fpltclcnutto wee hycnbe can they [where] consultation political of processes key to sent utrltropes cultural – 0.Dvddit utpednmntos rtsatchurches Protestant denominations, multiple into Divided 90). ehnsso in of mechanisms ‘ h oiatehi akr anandtruhsegregated through maintained marker, ethnic dominant the ’ , eiinadsociety and Religion ‘ fl hsnpeople chosen eta ntefut and fourth the in uential osrcino communities of construction fi htfe novraua dniistruhwhich through identities vernacular into feed that aca rsso 08 n seilysnetespike the since especially and 2008, of crisis nancial 35 otovosyi h aeo h e.Ian Rev. the of case the in obviously most , fl ’ uence and fi cation. ’ ‘ ’ o ahlc hs ik r mostly are links these Catholics For . iet,the liberty, Gne 07 ) ept w dec- two Despite 1). 2007: (Ganiel ‘ h n times end the fi ainta osntinclude not does that cation – fi ’ t ehnss Fourth, mechanisms. fth ihu n neto of intention any without “ Mthl 05 39). 2005: (Mitchell oetUlsterman, honest ’ ‘ ‘ rtsatchurches Protestant sNrhr Ireland Northern Is edit Unionist into feed 20:251) (2005: fi ve theological ” fi links cant and Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 debatten olto n21 ih2 ecn ftevt.Aayt aedanatnint h oeof role the to attention drawn have Analysts governing vote. in the entrepreneurs the then discursive of 2016, as to party percent the 2011 21 of from with leaders opposition 2016 entered 2011, in to coalition 2001 from threat. coalition Islamic wing supposed a against especially identity, Christian mobilises which hc ewl xmn sn h aeo the of parties, case political to the religion using linking examine mechanisms with will signi narrowly we a more is which concerned are populism we and here religion but between relationship broader The Rltn21:2) ouimhr sudrto splrsn om fpplrpltclmove- religion political popular of of regardless forms polarising refugees as for understood their by: is safe-haven abandoning characterised here governments ment provide Populism European so to 23). legitimise) 2017: or to law (Ralston deployed decade international be last least under at the obligations (or in lead to rhetoric enough national-populist to tral atyfrprypltc,a nne fdfneaantIlma h a es upsd n often and supposed, least (at the rele- as migrants. more Islam other against and and defence media refu- refugees of the to many need in hospitality of in prominently religion European as more actual) for politics, but reason party 2017), a for (Ralston as vantly religion presented of sometimes regardless identity, gees European a of part nrfge neigErp n2015 in Europe entering refugees in h P a one n19.I a ls eainhpwt h oenn eteright centre governing the with relationship close a had It 1995. in founded was DPP The sBuae rus cosEurope across argues, Brubaker As htaesimtzda o-ainlo hrceie straeigtento from nation the threatening as characterized without. or from non-national or as within stigmatized between are opposition that horizontal a and people wfl poiinbetween opposition twofold a identity. their threaten would Muslims as that refugees statements Christian issued accept governments only Cypriot would and they Bulgarian, Polish, Slovakian, 2016] [In Islam of religion the Denmark In people. the of guide the been ages the throughout has It a o etre enuhl nDnakadi neaal rmpeople people from Danish inseparable the shapes is and and immense Denmark been has in Christianity upheld of importance been centuries for has Folkekirken hita dniyadteErpa ouitrgt boundary-marking, right: populist European the and identity Christian nimgaini emr uigti period: this during Denmark in immigration on ) ’ n orp,sl-evn,oto-oc oiia,eooi,o cultural or economic, political, out-of-touch self-serving, corrupt, a and iaiu eiinadteDns People Danish the and religion vicarious teLtea vneia hrh steDns people Danish the is Church] Evangelical Lutheran [the Dns People (Danish – ‘ 16 us ‘ eeecst hitaiyhv eoeicesnl cen- increasingly become have Christianity to references … ’ – ai Herbert David and rvdsteDPwt nidentity. an with DPP the provides h s fCrsint n t ybl n itr as history and symbols its and Christianity of use the ‘ h nation the ’ Party s 36 ‘ them as Folkeparti Dansk fl eta naltering in uential ’ etclopsto between opposition vertical a : Principles ’ n rus ntttos rforces or institutions, groups, and HlsrmadHri 04 449) 2014: Hervik and (Hellström ’ 21:19) rubypowerful arguably 1198), (2017: ’ 09 ,author 3, 2019: at (DPP) Party s Dns People [Danish fi atpltclphenomenon, political cant ‘ oeo h debate the of tone Buae 07 1205) 2017: (Brubaker ’ hrh Christianity church. s Rltn21:23) 2017: (Ralston ’ a flife. of way s ’ ’ ie.The lives. s translation) s ’ at,DPP], Party, s ‘ elite ’ ‘ the ( oe i tonen ’ ; Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 Denmark: aihrlgoiyi xrml o;yti te asDns hita ot emt u deep. run to seem roots Christian Danish ways attendance other church in as yet such low; indicators extremely conventional is by religiosity measured Danish because case, interesting an is DPP fpltc,o hte h noaino hita dniytp nodee ot,adhnemay hence and roots, deeper religion into which taps through identity substance Christian mechanisms the of other to invocation little expose contributes the but boundary, whether a or mark politics, political to populist of used an is by hence Christianity of and of category with mobilisation coincides the religion the through understood whether best is is here parties address to question key The oee,i h aihcs hsde o eesrl enta hita raiaino ritual or organisation 2 Christian speci that (and at mean Christian necessarily average, that not nor European does eroded, this North-West case has Danish the the than in However, lower exempli even than more is Denmark sense, one In wholesale the to this Protestant from Europe: amongst extrapolates West services then North religious 1199), in regular 2017: Christianity at of percent; de-institutionalisation attendance 5 low (about Europeans the North cites Brubaker support, In nDnak h hleg fDiversity of Challenge The Denmark: in de in nhsaayi,Buae ae the takes Brubaker analysis, his In h hitaiyivkdb h ainlpplsso otenadWestern and Northern of populists national the by invoked Europe Christianity The ture hnbleig a fde of way a believing, than DPP: the minorities of ethnic Espersen Søren the by of statement issues the is representing example in ‘ An Denmark. used in language refugees the and of directness brutal The ceie ypttvl hrdvle hthv iteo ohn od ihreligious with do to nothing char- or identity, little civilizational have and that cultural ritual practice. values a or and as shared belief organization, Christianity putatively doctrine, invoke as by to Christianity acterized easy of it erosion makes ongoing that the precisely is It religious. be must then Muslim, uhrnCrsint.Nral esta ecn ftepplto si hrhon church in is population the with of impregnated percent thoroughly 3 are than Sundays institutions less and Normally di Christianity. society Lutheran Danish somehow Europe, is in one societies such that are structures reminded institutional being the context, Danish the in fi ehv hr oeadw a htvrtehl ewant we hell the whatever say we and tone sharp a have We igwa hyaent ..i otatt ulm.Cnie Nielsen Consider Muslims. to contrast in i.e. not, are they what ning ’… ‘ oeo h debate the of tone iiiainladidentitarian and civilizational a … … bt 0pretaemmeso h tt-pnoe uhrnchurch. Lutheran state-sponsored the of members are percent 80 [but] sntasbtnieCrsint;i sa is it Christianity; substantive a not is ‘ we ’ ut nsm es,b hita.Btta osntma that mean not does that But Christian. be sense, some in must, ’ a eoeacthaltr nteDns eaefor debate Danish the in term catch-all a become has fi ning fi hti n snto uhrnheritage: Lutheran of not is one if that , ‘ s iwi eaint ot-etr uoe n hence and Europe, North-Western to relation in view rst eiinadsociety and Religion us ’ fi nrlto to relation in al uhrn dniyi ennflt ae only Danes to meaningful is identity Lutheran) cally fi ‘ stetp:rglrcuc tednei Denmark in attendance church regular type: the es Christianism 37 ff rn.Atog n ftems secular most the of one Although erent. ’ oei oit in society in role s ‘ tncmarker ethnic ‘ them ’ ti atro eogn rather belonging of matter a is It . 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Denmark Statistics (47,198, rmation ’ fi fl fi as ue vial hwta ogl w-hrso iebrh nDnakwere Denmark in births live of two-thirds roughly that show available gures s n lo nmr eas o converted you because anymore blood and esh ainwt hitaiyi lsl on pwt hi es fethnic of sense their with up bound closely is Christianity with cation ‘ nieysecular entirely nDenmark in ‘ iaiu religion vicarious ‘ otatout contract fi ’ atfrmn,ide otDanes, most indeed many, for cant Gdu esn20:30 mhssadded). emphasis 390, 2008: Jensen (Gudrun ’ uharaigde o i ofral ihteevidence the with comfortably sit not does reading a such , ’ HretadHne 08 ) ugsigasneo having of sense a suggesting 4), 2018: Hansen and (Herbert iges en cesd nMitchell In accessed. being else hing fi fi ’ nes ai Herbert David aca otiuini o elgbe,dsiethe despite negligible), not is contribution nancial fti ytm oed,btms otnetan- continue most but do, Some system. this of ‘ “ eogn ihu believing without belonging ’ h other the ai o Davie ‘ iaiu religion vicarious iin n ei h aebtente produced them between have who media and ticians 38 o n sa.S,teei ntuetlueand use instrumental is there So, Islam. and ion – ‘ adnva,adi otxsweemembership where contexts in and candinavia), attachment vni otDnsaentrglrchurch- regular not are Danes most if even iso oa rssocr n nprle events parallel in and occur, crises moral or dies riiaini ebrhprtasadnational and rituals membership in articipation ff ” r oesbl nepeaino htmay what of interpretation subtle more a ers n hsare thus and , eif h nttto,lf iul n identity and rituals life institution, the belief, nt nte eiineiisfrsome. for elicits religion another to on ’ ’ as than ‘ ’ h oino eiinperformed religion of notion the Dve20:22). 2007: (Davie osdrdmmeso h immi- the of members considered ‘ ugn ysm niaosof indicators some by judging oia membership nominal ’ ( ’ ‘ ‘ Amina hr a h episode the was There ‘ as Dve21:266) 2010: (Davie ae h ovr to convert who Danes ’ sterms,thisisreligion ‘ o en religious being not ’ tncDanish ethnic , ‘ e[remains] he ‘ culturally ‘ ’ NWE . – ’ , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 aeo otadrpoutoso ete,wihsrea ou o oetcdvto.Pinney devotion. domestic devotees for Hindu focus use a the as magni serve analysed reproduction which (2002) that deities, (Ginsburg Pinney found of presence example, reproductions public reproduction postcard For their mass of increasing 2006). their make as Moors through well and voice as Meyer and potency, contexts 2002; image their cultural enhances of and cases circulation regions many consistent the global in view increasing many a that from mediation, shows mass evidence now their However, through theory. undermined secularisation or with diluted be BJP would symbols the gious which 1980s. of platforms late media the aspect multiple since succession across one quick transmitted in discourse, on followed related have here religion and in 283) focus changes 2001: which we (Rajagopal e through mechanisms 2014), may further society (Thachil into and insight ideology give may its which re mobilisation to in taught place is BJP history the ordinate Indian While dominant 2017). way the (Flåten the causes nationalism currently change tiple Hindu is to to sought and aligned has more elections, and views 2014 India imagery, of the Hindu 16 on in running heavily victory also India, landslide in won a force o it political won (NDA) in Alliance NDA remaining Democratic 1999, National the the and 2014, in 1998 party in major elections the further as 1996, in coalition the durable in contender major a as world India itself establish as emerged to struggling it After 1980s, party. identity populist Hindu national right-wing of primacy a the establish to People seeks [India which BJP the 1980, in Founded religion the for on implications impacted changes the these are have and what technologies How and media forms. Hinduism, in interactive been and has visual decades more few tra- towards last religious especially the culture, on the emphasis in Hinduism, globally strong development 2016). a major including (WVS practices, A worship visual. data distinctive the features WVS Indians, to of percent according percent 32 Our 80 2014, from of 2002). in rising dition percent (Davie higher, 45 exceptional much to is as participation 2001 religious many in regular by where India, seen from and is example marked most is participation religious also Bruce (see it in do to as people threatening not, as) is represented here be state), may welfare (or strong a may maintain who to an others taxes of Jørgensen high of rites for and rejection support dues powerful possibly, the and (enabling, as solidarity function of practice levels in high may re passage (again, of religion rites ethnic in participation and payment the o the ever by politics structuring htteDPacse nisapasntt hitaiyi eea,btthe but general, in Christianity to not appeals its in accesses DPP the that al ei hoit Bnai 98[95;MLhn16)blee h oec freli- of potency the believed 1964) McLuhan [1935]; 1978 (Benjamin theorists media Early in decline where region global the Europe, North-West from drawn been have cases our far, So c Danish of experience the of light the in Indeed, ’ ei utr,rlgo n oiis h hrty aaaPry(BJP) Party Janata Bharatiya the politics: and religion culture, Media ags oiia at,maue ypiaymmesi.Tog twsual ofr a form to unable was it Though membership. primary by measured party, political largest s ffi ’ tal. et but ildcrnso h church). the of doctrines cial – o es o thssceddi xedn sapa ogop h aeasub- a have who groups to appeal is extending in succeeded has it how least not ‘ 06o efr huiimi emr) I Denmark). in chauvinism welfare on 2016 ato h eare we who of part ff c oiia parties political ect ‘ omnt building community adeso hrhdcrn) hsmyb oiie oht rdc both produce to both mobilised be may This doctrine). church of gardless ’ 21:68 hrceiaino h rts majority, British the of characterisation 628) (2016: s ’ ags at nte19 lcin,adtdy(eray21)i sthe is it 2019) (February today and elections, 1996 the in party largest s fi steprevdvleo h original: the of value perceived the es ’– ido eoioyo aihntoa identity. national Danish of repository of kind a eiinadsociety and Religion – ’ at]hsbe ecie as described been has Party] s ’ t ucs ntpigit a into tapping in success its faspeci a of nIndia in 39 ’ 9sae.I t iulrpror,teBPdraws BJP the repertoire, visual its In states. 29 s net oIlmo rsiga tncboundary, ethnic an crossing of Islam to onverts fi ffi ckind eutl20.I poiinfo 04to 2004 from opposition In 2004. until ce ’ Fåe 07 ) nBrubaker In 1). 2017: (Flåten ’ eainhpt oiia parties? political to relationship s sti es fiett n belonging and identity of sense this is t – ainl tnccmuiy(what- community ethnic national, a ‘ ‘ ‘ people niett oiia party, political identity an idie iulregime visual Hinduized ’ iet oe a mul- has power to rise s ’ church s ‘ oehn other something ’ em,i is it terms, s ’ .Religion tal. et fi fl nal ect ’ s ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 n raie swaosi nifrainwr o xml,Uua(06 ihihsthe highlights (2016) Udupa example, For war. information an of in users of weapons activities as treatises and lsl oioigat-ni n niHnupoaad,dsoto n slander and distortion propaganda, anti-Hindu and anti-India monitoring closely civdtruhsgto h mg ( image the of sight through achieved that argues Pinney include: o enlreyrgoal de 1980s, regionally the late the largely epics the later been religious in audience the and television of 1990, national broadcast September a the of through creation especially the and BJP through the about by brought channelling regime, organised episode more an its of to transmission interrupted, the was when epic 2001). station religion (Rajagopal power Hindu a popular of through a storming developed of mob intensity the emotional from con The expression, only 2007). tical not (Jain is three engagement of all conceptions such of Hindu of transformation interaction mutual the the that in pleasure arguing corporeality Pinney, e cinematic than and the further and mutuality gone devotion have stress (2007) religious Jain that of practices those diverse speci as culturally culturally varied of is as range spaces it whole While a sensibility. unlike aesthetic bodily powerful fgd ncmeca detsn,wihi unrifre h rn oad ainlcon- national towards trend the reinforced turn the in of which narrative advertising, The vergence. commercial in gods of as describes hycudda ni oiia detsn.Scn,teeeet rcpttdacii nthe in the exposed crisis it a particular, precipitated In BJP. events secularism: the Indian these for of opportunities Second, base created social advertising. BJP also narrow the political which of with sphere, in availability resonated public the on which Indian First, levels. draw basis two national could on a works they on BJP the narrative of and popularity Rajagopal imagery the Party. on Congress developments rival these the of to linked closely dashan, unintentional was This subjects and 149). rulers between recognition mutual o by purity, and ee n oaie.Ti rcs a enfrhrrdclsdb h et(.)wv fmedia of wave coar- (2.0) have next debate to the of volunteers by terms nationalist the radicalised other, Hindu further the been enable on has which groups; process technologies, social This of polarised. range and wider sened a to extended been existed secularism that fact the home brought communications new of hog h deto eeiinadvdot hc h iclto fHnuiaeyhsbeen has bene imagery political Hindu of principle circulation the the BJP which to the video and and central, television of advent the through élite cultural a in membership of exercise ff aaoa rusta h J bene BJP the that argues Rajagopal aaoa ihihsteabvln e ambivalent the highlights Rajagopal r neapeo utrlpatc hc asit notclucncost raea create to unconscious optical an into taps which practice cultural a of example an ers n utb nlsdi hielk euiysrcue opoette rmthe from them protect to structures devotees. lacks their security reproduction of the shrine-like gestures what hateful, a in sometimes embody with enclosed and to originals admiring comes be reinvest now must to artwork serves and original reproductions The postcard aura. of new dissemination mass The ffi ayo mgs oenntoso h ulcshr n asmdapatcsrslsin results practices media mass and sphere public the of notions modern images, of cacy ‘ corpothetics ff rn oe faps odnaei which in age golden past a of model a ering darshan ‘ Indiafacts.com ’ ebde eteis 02 5) ned te omnaossc as such commentators other Indeed, 359). 2002: aesthetics; (embodied fi h oeHnudvtoa rcieof practice devotional Hindu core the , e ainlyaalbe n rcal in crucially and available, nationally ned – Ramayana Mahabharata h rdcr okdfrtesclrsaebodatrDoor- broadcaster state secular the for worked producers the fi ’ e opiaedvto,btas may also but devotion, private to ned est iha vwdmsinto mission avowed an with website a , murti fi e rmteceto fa ni-ieHnusdvisual Hinduised India-wide an of creation the from ted ‘ fsclrs a endcae ystate by declared been had secularism If ai Herbert David ’ ff lorsntdwt h BJP the with resonated also n erdcdi id ieaadphotography, and cinema Hindi in reproduced and ) Rjgpl20:149). 2001: (Rajagopal cso h raeigo h ninpbi sphere public Indian the of broadening the of ects hsmd eiiu mgr hthdpreviously had that imagery religious made This . 40 ’ eemrclul obnd(aaoa 2001: (Rajagopal combined miraculously were fi ciaries – nteoehn,priiainhas participation hand, one the on ’ ruetcnenn h impact the concerning argument s ‘ archive Ramayana ‘ authoritarianism fi ‘ c, y contact eye fl ’ ecdterepresentation the uenced ’– esg fHnuunity Hindu of message s … darshan ’ Pne 02 356) 2002: (Pinney rcie htPinney that practices , ’ dooy n which and ideology, s sebefacts, assemble rmJnay18 to 1987 January from slreytesg and sign the largely as ‘ fi c sawtho by watchdog a as act dpbi n poli- and public nd is ’ ’ fi ihtedeity the with ‘ and o strikingly not t h power the at, ‘ complete ’ which , fi gures Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 hoyhl;adwehrgoa odtoso ua euiyaelkl ocniu oipoewith improve to religion continue diminish to likely and modernisation are further security human of conditions global whether and hold; theory to tends necessarily modernisation structural media religion whether in diminish questioned developments we by future, invigorated the is to narratives Looking and culture. resource symbols cultural religious potent especially of an transmission as the and identity; where national of repository a as (for active); concepts religiously theological the through tropes; cultural through communities; of construction the through parties rc,S n als .(1992) R. Wallis, and S. Bruce, (2016) S. Bruce, (2017) R. Brubaker, [1935]) (1978 W. Benjamin, (Klasen note societies we most threats, terrorism within and growing environmental as are well inequalities as that point, last this to Returning holds. theory the identi have We n h eri fpltcldbt ocmuiaiefrs(eeiinadsca ei)which media) social and (television shift- forms by communicative and to ideologies public forms. opposing debate Indian populist of political favour the base arguably of Directly, social in terrain narrow indirect. changes the the structural and exposing indirectly, ing by direct purposes; the both ideological both for helped have resources their are sphere cultural for BJP provide fashion narratives the to mythical this of BJP which and through capacity imagery mechanisms Hindu mobilising The standardised publicisation). the nationally religious on of impacts theory public fuller process the a di signi increase for political and to 2011 and development tend Herbert social continual which potentially forms) (the and media change interactive presence structural and of multi-sensory secularisa- process increasingly contra the new, a and, of societies, aspect reveal contemporary key theory, mediatised a intensively tion are ends) in populist religion national of for necessarily reproduction not (though practices such Arguably, soito frlgo ihfriiy(orsadIgeat21) eatcpt htreligion that anticipate we 2012), Inglehart signi and social (Norris positive fertility the with given and religion conditions of these Under association security. existential impact negatively to (Klasen likely health are poorer that to violence rising from developments negative many Sociology eiinadMdriain oilgssadHsoin eaeteSclrzto Thesis Secularization the Debate Historians and 8 Sociologists Press, Modernization: and Religion perspective Illuminations h iiiainlesneo ni,adisrigte grsieyit niemedia online into websites. aggressively of them hundreds and inserting as YouTube, Hinduism and Facebook, of insu India, Twitter, repertoire as of through fecund essence the seen secularism portray civilizational liberal or that professed the nationalism arguments their and to Hindu commentaries, owing of texts, traditions critical Hindu of are respectful who journalists targeting – rzncevgs ik ewe eiiu edr n oiia ate;a nehi marker; ethnic an as parties; political and leaders religious between links cleavages; frozen – fi 30. 74:613 67(4): ac,adhneipc npltclpris ilgo vrtime. over grow will parties, political on impact hence and cance, ’ , e ok coe,217 Schoken, York: New , tncadRca Studies Racial and Ethnic ‘ fi h oilg flt euaiain oildvsosadreligiosity and divisions social secularization: late of sociology The ’ degtmcaim ywihreligion which by mechanisms eight ed ssocialsigni ‘ ewe ainls n iiiains:teErpa ouitmmn ncomparative in moment populist European the civilizationism: and nationalism Between – 631. ‘ h oko r nteaeo ehnclreproduction mechanical of age the in art of work The fi ‘ ac n ec oiia oec,a otfrso secularisation of forms most as potency, political hence and cance euaiain h rhdxmodel orthodox the Secularization: 08:1191 40(8): – eiinadsociety and Religion 251. Conclusion References ’ sin – fl 1226. 41 ec htwy sNri n Inglehart and Norris as way, that uence fi ac frlgo ybl n icuss(see discourses and symbols religion of cance ’ tal. et sin fl 08 1,afaueascae with associated feature a 11), 2018: ec nsceyipcspolitical impacts society on uence ’ n rc,S n als .(eds) R. Wallis, and S. Bruce, in: Uua21:213) 2016: (Udupa tal. et ’ , xod Clarendon Oxford: , ’ 08,bt factors both 2018), h rts ora of Journal British The … nAed,H (ed.) H. Arendt, in gathering ffi ’ ciently sversionof ff so of usion ’ global s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:06 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781351012478, chapter3, 10.4324/9781351012478-4 ile,J e. (2012) (ed.) J. Nielsen, (2011) G. Ganiel, and C. Mitchell, (2006) (eds) A. Moors, and B. Meyer, (2016) (eds) E. Wilson, and L. Mavelli, ors .adIgeat .(02 n edition) 2nd (2012, R. Inglehart, and P. Norris, (2005) C. Mitchell, (2002) D. Martin, (1964) M. McLuhan, (2015) L. McAtackney, (1967) (eds) S. Rokkan, and (2001) S. C. 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