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An African American Discourse Community in Black & White CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Louisiana State University Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 An African American discourse community in Black & White: the New Orleans Tribune Kristi Richard Melancon Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Melancon, Kristi Richard, "An African American discourse community in Black & White: the New Orleans Tribune" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 216. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/216 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. AN AFRICAN AMERICAN DISCOURSE COMMUNITY IN BLACK & WHITE: THE NEW ORLEANS TRIBUNE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Kristi Richard Melancon B.A., University of New Orleans, 2003 August 2011 For my home ii Acknowledgements My graduate school experience has proven that academia can be a home to collaboration, collegiality, and enduring friendships, in addition to an environment filled with intellectual debate. This project would not have been possible without the unending support of many mentors, friends, and family members. I would like to thank Sue Weinstein especially for being the best advisor that a girl could have. She welcomed me to Louisiana State University before I had even enrolled in classes; introduced me to literacy studies through a series of exciting and challenging classes; read numerous drafts of this project and others, offering valuable and insightful comments; and supported me while I was on the job market, cheering me on to becoming the scholar that I wanted to be. Petra Munro Hendry, too, provided extensive comments on my writing, fielded questions about doing historical research, and taught me to investigate the “possibilities and limitations” of each text that I read. Petra always pushed me to read just one more article, to write just one more page, to ask just one more question, and I have become a better writer and thinker for it. Irvin Peckham helped me to fall in love with teaching and to become a better teacher to my students. Irv has instilled in me the key to being a good teacher and leader—listening. While working with him in the University Writing Program, he always listened to my ideas and made me know that I had a voice. I would also like to thank Robert Hamm, the lone Shakespearian on my committee, for helping me to find one of my many scholarly homes, the field of print culture; it is assuring to know that someone shares my frustrations with the fallibility of keyword searches and the difficulty of reading newsprint for hours on end. I consider them all dear friends and colleagues. iii Other professors who have impacted my journey in incredibly valuable ways and for whom I am also grateful are Regina Lawrence, my original dean’s representative; Renee Major, my school “mom”; and Jan Shoemaker, my service-learning mentor and friend. And I would not be where I am today without the guidance of Susan Krantz, Beth LeBlanc, and Roslyn Foy, who nourished me as an undergraduate at the University of New Orleans. I must also thank the librarians who guided my path through the archives: Tara Laver, Sheila Y. Lee, and Judy Bolton at Hill Memorial Library on campus and Patricia Boulos, Mary Warnement, and Carolle R. Morini at Boston Athenæum. I have gained numerous friends during my time at LSU. Casey Kayser, Christy Kayser Arrazattee, Cara Jones, Penelope Dane, Sukanya Gupta, Rachel Spear, and Laura Jones have made me laugh, have listened to me complain, have shared their input on my project, and have simply been there for me whenever I needed them. Thank you, Christy, for our Tuesday night TCBY dates; frozen yogurt can cure any malady. And, Laura, I am leaving it up to you to continue to represent 43 Allen well! I am especially grateful to my writing group members: June Newman Graham, Jie Yu, Marianne Frye, Karin deGravelles, Jennifer Ellis West, and Jessica Ketcham Weber. Karin literally sat next to me nearly every day of my writing this project as we toured the coffee shop circuit of Baton Rouge, and her feedback on my work has proved invaluable. Jennifer and Jessica have been there for me since the beginning, nourishing me with delicious food and intelligent conversation. I have heard their voices each day as I sat down to write. I love you both and am so lucky to have you in my life—as two of my dearest friends. Heidi Roth, Annie Lefevre, and Rhonda Salles have taken the journey with me through school, school, and more school. Dance has been my one night a week refuge through it all. Thank you, too, to Lauren Call, Rachel Dendy, and Becky Mattis, my forever friends, who had iv no idea what they were in for when I told them that I had decided to go to graduate school. They never gave up on me and always seemed to provide just what I needed, without me even having to ask for it. My family helped me to keep my priorities straight and to stay true to who I am. My parents have taught me how to fly. Words cannot express how grateful I am for their unconditional love and support. My sister, Stephanie, has proofread more of my work than I’m sure she cared to, despite her hectic schedule as a mom and teacher. She has never told me no and for that I am grateful. My brother-in-law, Butch, has kept me laughing every step of the way, even when it was at my own latest faux pas. And Hayden, Abby, and Grace have provided me welcome distractions and have always reminded me what is important in life. I may be the one becoming a doctor, the kind without the white coat, but they have taught me more than they will ever know. Rick, my best friend, my husband, and my fellow writer, has stood by my side for the past ten years. He has seen the best of me and the worst of me. He has sacrificed much for me to pursue my passions. For this and more, I am eternally grateful. He is an inspiration to me and, lucky for me, my teammate for life. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii! List of Figures............................................................................................................................. viii! Abstract......................................................................................................................................... ix! Chapter One Analyzing Literacy in the African American Periodical Press................................................. 1 Periodical Studies ....................................................................................................................... 5 Defining Everyday Literacies ..................................................................................................... 7! “Invisible” African American Literacies .................................................................................... 9! African American Periodical Press........................................................................................... 13! Methods: Stratified Random Sampling..................................................................................... 18! Chapter Organization................................................................................................................ 20! Chapter Two “The Organ of the Whole Colored Population”: The New Orleans Tribune in Its Historical Period ........................................................................................................................................... 25 Free and Freed People of Color in New Orleans ...................................................................... 26! The Black Press in the South .................................................................................................... 32! “We inaugurate today a new era in the destiny of the South!”: L’Union ................................. 33! “Pariahs of the Proslavery Society”: The Founding of the New Orleans Tribune .................. 36! “Men of Words”: The Editors and Staff ................................................................................... 41! The Material Text ..................................................................................................................... 47! “A Financial Failure”................................................................................................................ 48! “A Veritable ‘Tribune’”: Readership and Distribution............................................................. 52! “The First Advocate of Liberty in Louisiana”: The Tribune’s Civic Participation .................. 57! “Too French in America”: The End of the New Orleans Tribune............................................ 59! The Mission of the New Orleans Tribune: Universal Male Suffrage....................................... 62! Chapter Three “We Now Think for Ourselves, and We Shall Act for Ourselves”: The Newspaper’s Views on
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