This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All 10.1111/ter.12304doi: differences to lead between the of this version cite thisarticle and asVersion Record.Please copyediting, paginationbeen throughthe andproofreadingtypesetting, process,may which This article acceptedhas been not for publication andundergone fullpeer review buthas Abstract Sea Alboran thecentral in indentation title: Running Tectonic Email: Fax: +34932309555 +34932309601; Telephone: Ferran Estrada; details: Contact 1 AlonsoBelén Ferran Estrada, Mediterranean) (westernmost Sea Alboran in thecentral Tectonic indentation : type Article Paper ID :0000-0001-5536-0183) (Orcid ESTRADA MR. FERRAN most of the shallow seismicity of the central Alboran Sea. Northward, the faults decrease their their decrease faults the Northward, Sea. Alboran central the of seismicity shallow the of most of origin the are and plate, African the of spur basement rigid a surround angle 75° a forming sets plates in the westernmost Mediterranean. NNE Mediterranean. westernmost the in plates African and Eurasian the between collision the during Miocene Late the since deformed been has 5 4 3 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona 08003, Spain; 08003, Spain; Barcelona ICM-CSIC, Mar, del de Ciències Institut Dpto. de Geodinámica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Spain; 18071, Granada deGranada, Universidad Geodinámica, de Dpto. Spain; 18071, Granada UGR, Tierra, CSIC- la de de Ciencias Andaluz Instituto Accepted Article France Paris, F-75005, 7193,ISTeP, 06, UMR UPMCParis Universités, Sorbonne 29640, Spain; Fuengirola Málaga, C.O. Español deOceanografía, Instituto [email protected] The Alboran Sea constitutes a Neogene a constitutes Sea Alboran The 1 and Christian Gorini and Christian 1 Jesús Galindo-Zaldívar, Jesús 5 2,3 Juan Tomás Vázquez, Tomás Juan – – SSW sinistral and WNWand sinistral SSW Quaternary basin of the Betic the of basin Quaternary 4 Gemma Ercilla,Gemma – ESE dextral conjugate fault fault conjugate dextral ESE – 1 Rif Cordillera, which which Cordillera, Rif Elia D’AcremontElia , 5 nilcws rtto o te Eurasian deformations recent these Mediterranean, the recent of the Despite rotation layering. crustal anticlockwise the by favoured was level detachment a above antiform This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All al., et (Vissers occurred thinning crustal continental Miocene, Early the During Accepted 1992). al., et (Comas Betic the by surrounded basin Neogene a is It 2012). al., et (Carminati plates African and Eurasian the between collision continental of stage 2002). etal., (Pysklywec Zealand New and 1989) et al., (Philip Caucasus the as such belts orogenic emerged in analysed mainly being known, poorly are processes collisional of stages The initial 1986). Coward etal., 1975; Tapponier, and (Molnar pattern deformation tectonic indenter-the in heterogeneities great to led blocks crustal rigid of presence the which in collision evolved of example relevant most the as Himalayas the on focused have studies Many 1982). al., et (Tapponier front deformation the from away far suddenly, end and 1942), Anderson, (~60°; model Anderson classical the in than tectonics indenter during angle higher a at form generally sets fault Conjugate 1988). Cobbold, and Davy 1982; al., et (Tapponier decreases confinement when occur faults transcurrent of sets conjugate that suggests modelling Analogue 2004). Thomas, and (Jacobs tectonics escape to related 1988) Cobbold, and Davy 1988; favours Davy, and (Cobbold elements, tectonics indenter tectonic colliding of behaviour rheological rigid collisional the in with crusts combined continental of orogens, buoyancy similar A 2005). al., et Moore Article 2003; al., et Willett 2002; al., et (Pysklywec lithospheres convergent the of behaviour the rheological of consequence a is Introduction compression ofmaximum trend N164°E ENE Ridge Alboran the of uplifting The developed. are faults transcurrent to reverse WSW NNW while point, tip the to close normal becoming slip, transcurrent The style of deformation during plate convergence relating to the building of mountain belts belts mountain of building the to relating convergence plate during deformation of style The The Alboran Sea (westernmost Mediterranean) constitutes a natural example of the initial initial the of example natural a constitutes Mediterranean) (westernmost Sea Alboran The — – Rif Cordillera that makes up the Arc of Gibraltar (Fig. 1) 1) (Fig. Gibraltar of Arc the up makes that Cordillera Rif entail the highest seismic hazard of the Alboran Sea. Sea. Alboran the of hazard seismic thehighest entail — – African convergence trend in the westernmost westernmost the in trend convergence African consistent with indenter tectonics characterized by a a by characterized tectonics indenter with consistent – SSE normal and sparse ENE sparse and normal SSE – WSW WSW – This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Serrata- (e.g., faults new and inherited by deformed is region tectonic active This Accepted 2). (Fig. Alboran Channel the of basement the constitutes roughly one largest the 1998); al., et (Galindo-Zaldívar ENE to related are dipoles anomaly magnetic Large 2004). al., et (Duggen age Tortonian of rocks volcanic intermediate and basic with along Miocene Early the since deposited rocks sedimentary includes cover Neogene The 1997). al., et (Galindo-Zaldívar Betics the in thrusted are that units tectonic Variscan and 1996) al., et Platt comprising 1991; al., et basement (Aparicio Alpine metamorphic a of consists structure crustal The 2015). al., et Petit 2008; al., et Betic Soto 1993; the Vegas, and (Suriñach with margin African boundary the to the southward, increases and near Cordillera, northward, km 15 about reaches crust The 1973). (Bonini, Sea. Alboran southern the in seismicity intense with zone fault Idrissi SW Al NEthe of importance the revealed (2006) al. et Fadil wide. km 300 over band deformation broad Ean in place taking 1995) al., et (Buforn seismicity widespread by affected is region The 2012). Nocquet, 2006; al., et (Fadil data GPS by supported roughly is which 2010), al., et Argus (GEODVEL models, Mediterranean western the in mm/yr 4.93 of rate a Article at convergence of trend N141°E a determines presently 2015) al., et DeMets 2003; al., et (Calais trend convergence plate African) Eurasian the of rotation anticlockwise An 2014). a al., has et Chabli deformation active and Recent 2015). 2006; al., et (Chalouan al., tectonics escape and indenter favouring thereby distribution, heterogeneous et Palano 2011; al., et (Koulali boundary Betic the of zones internal the that hold models the All 2013). al., et Mancilla Lis de 1996; al., et Seber 1995; Banda, and (Docherty delamination or 2016) al., et Couto do 2015; al., et González-Castillo 1999; (Zeck, processes roll-back possible and 2011) al., et Ruiz-Constán 2002; al., et Gutscher 1999; al., et Morales 1999; 1997, al., et (Doglioni activity subduction support area the of evolution recent the for models Tectonic 2004). Alfaro, and Galdeano de (Sanz Tortonian Late the since period compressive a by followed 1995), The Alboran Sea is floored by thin asymmetric continental crust above an anomalous mantle mantle anomalous an above crust continental asymmetric thin by floored is Sea Alboran The – i Crilr mv wswr aoe h Africa the above westward move Cordillera Rif – WSW-elongated basic rock bodies bodies rock basic WSW-elongated – Nubian (West African or former former or African (West Nubian – Eurasia plate plate Eurasia – W W – This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Eurasian the for tectonics indenter of model new a propose to us allows structures, crustal main the with relationship and distribution their with together folds, and faults the of study and Mapping motions. plate relative recent of framework the in Sea Alboran central the of deformation tectonic active and recent the analyse to is contribution this of aim The detail. in studied yet not is and stages, initial the in developed features tectonic main the analyse to region best the is Sea Alboran the 2014); al., et Estrada 2012; al., et Roure 2012; al., et Carminati 2011; al., et (Ruiz-Constán Mediterranean western 2016). etal., Lafosse 2014; et al., Woerd der van 2014; et al., Poujol is which Hoceima, (Galindo- Al faults strike-slip and normal by affected of region the through Rif the towards extends deformation Southwards, NNW orthogonal and ENE support fractures tensional and hybrid conjugated 2); (Fig. folds WSW-oriented ENEby deformed are and Dalias, de Campo the to northward extend structures These 2016). al., et Lafosse 2008; al., et (Ballesteros features bathymetric the determine that 1) (Fig. 2010) al., et García Martínez- 2007; al., et (Ammar Ridge) Alboran (e.g., folds and faults) Idrissi Al and Yusuf Carboneras, (Figs. 2 (Figs. Miocene the since Sea Alboran Central the deforming been have folds and faults both that reveal resolution of degrees different with profiles seismic single-channel and multi- and coverage, poor structures Main tectonic sets that form an angle of 75° (Fig. 2a,c). The strike-slip character is inferred from the roughly roughly the from inferred is character strike-slip The 2a,c). (Fig. 75° of angle an form Accepted that sets 2a,e). (Fig. active Article – The collisional tectonic setting is highly relevant in the eastern (Robertson, 1988) and and 1988) (Robertson, eastern the in relevant highly is setting tectonic collisional The Multibeam bathymetry (Ercilla et al., 2016), masked by the GEBCO bathymetry in areas of of areas in bathymetry GEBCO the by masked 2016), al., et (Ercilla bathymetry Multibeam Faults are distributed in two main well-defined N25°E sinistral and N130°E dextral conjugate conjugate dextral N130°E and sinistral N25°E well-defined main two in distributed are Faults 6). Regional seismicity and morphological features suggest that most of these structures are are structures these of most that suggest features morphological and seismicity Regional 6). – Nubia convergence in the Alboran Sea during the initial stage of continental collision. collision. ofcontinental stage initial the Seaduring Alboran the in convergence Nubia – SSE compression (Marín-Lechado et al., 2005; Pedrera et al., 2015). 2015). al., et Pedrera 2005; al., et (Marín-Lechado compression SSE Zaldívar et al., 2009, 2015; d’Acremont et al., 2014; 2014; al., et d’Acremont 2015; 2009, al., et Zaldívar – WSW extension extension WSW – since the Late Miocene is also evidenced by seismic profiles and field observations (Pedrera et al., al., et (Pedrera observations field and profiles seismic by evidenced also is Miocene Late the since ENE of presence the where 2a), (Fig. Dalías de Campo El near coast the affect faults these dips; westward and eastward both with faults normal short of set N170° decreases to N130° Channel, a are north the Alboran to Found line. the tip the towards normal of becomes fault the slopes until northward northern the of displacement the by marked well component, strike-slip Its structures. these of most of behaviour the of representative considered NW The 2a). (Fig. part central the in symmetrical roughly is geometry their and development, simultaneous their supporting relationships cross-cut exhibit the to sets fault two these Sea, respect Alboran Northern and Channel Alboran with the In 2a). (Fig. Bank Pages Frances displacement sinistral short a causes which fault, Idrissi is Al it the basins; by Alboran affected Western and Eastern the the into of Sea part Alboran the northern divides the and crosses spur basement that long km 120 over 6) (Fig. antiform southward-vergent This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All ENE an to corresponds mainly Ridge Alboran The length. in km 40 reaching NWthe by formed is boundary eastern the Meanwhile, km. 38 to up of lengths reaches fault, Al-Idrissi the including zone, d 2013; al., et (Martínez-García zone fault Idrissi Al nearby the of those resembling mechanisms focal earthquake and 2a), (Fig. boundaries Channel 3 (Figs. dip fault vertical Accepted South the surrounding zones fault main two reflects sets fault NNE the The 2a). of (Fig. margin African distribution Articlethe to The attached spur rigid basement Alboran 2a). (Fig. system fault central the in represented scarcely are they however, Ridge; Alboran and 2006) ENE4). and 3 (Figs. surface the reaching even or sediments recent affecting mostly and southwestward and northeastward dipping recognized, also are strikes N170°E to N130°E intermediate and component – WSW faults constitute the main structures in the Serrata-Carboneras fault (Gracia et al., al., et (Gracia fault Serrata-Carboneras the in structures main the constitute faults WSW – SE dextral set, with the Yusuf Fault zone (120 km in length) and other faults faults other and length) in km (120 zone Fault Yusuf the with set, dextral SE – 5), the displacement of morphological features, mainly in the Alboran Alboran the in mainly features, morphological of displacement the 5), ’Acremont et al., 2014). 2014). al., et ’Acremont – SE Averroes Fault (Figs. 2a and 5) is is 5) and 2a (Figs. Fault Averroes SE – WSW folds with progressive activity activity progressive with folds WSW Faults with a normal normal a with Faults – SSW sinistral fault fault sinistral SSW – WSW-elongated WSW-elongated boundaries (Fig. 2a), involving a fault architecture different from the classical asymmetrical models models asymmetrical classical the from different architecture fault a involving free 2a), (Fig. be boundaries could basins Alboran West and East the both that suggests setting This 1988). Cobbold, and Davy 1982; al., et (Tapponier indenter the from far decreases, slip the where faults conjugate developing experiments, boundary unlocked laterally evokes pattern system fault The 2a). (Fig. Sea NNW irregular short of presence the iii) and 5); Fig. Fault, Averroes the as (such point tip the before cases some in normal becoming slip, fault the of northward decrease the ii) 2a); (Fig. relationships cross-cutting from determined as faults of sets two the margin African northward of development simultaneous the i) by: supported is tectonics indenter of scenario A the spur. basement of boundaries the reflect that zones fault two in symmetrically, NNE the and Fault This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted faults wrench conjugate of sets two The 7). 2a, (Figs. Dalías de Campo the to up extending Sea, Alboran northern the towards spur basement the from propagated deformation The 7). (Fig. heterogeneities main constitute boundaries its and margin, African the to attached spur basement a as interpreted be may area deformed low This 2). bounded is (Fig. activity moderate to scarce with area fault, Yusuf the by northeastward and seismicity, related with The antiform. 2016) al., Ridge et (Lafosse margin African the reaches Alboran Article which zone, fault Idrissi Al the the by northwestward of development the facilitated crust continental thin deformable easily the and 7) 2b, (Figs. Channel Alboran the in rocks basic elongated ENE inherited of presence the Northwards, 2e). (Fig. seismicity scarce with 7) 2a, (Figs. Basin Alboran South the in located area deformed low relatively a of Eurasian boundaries northern the along the to related Deformation concentrated are folds and faults active and Recent Mediterranean. westernmost the in distribution and conclusions Discussion demonstrated. can be activity norecent 2a), although (Fig. bathymetry the by evidenced further is Fault Serrata-Carboneras the of trace the Finally, 2015). – SSW sinistral Al Idrissi fault zone (Figs. 2a,c,d and 7) and 2a,c,d (Figs. zone fault Idrissi Al sinistral SSW — h WNW the – African plate boundary has a heterogeneous heterogeneous a has boundary plate African – ESE dextral fault zone including the Yusuf Yusuf the including zone fault dextral ESE – SSE normal faults in the northern Alboran Alboran northern the in faults normal SSE — are distributed roughly roughly distributed are – WSW rigid rigid WSW stress fields that later underwent anticlockwise rotation. Alternatively, this setting may have been been have may setting this Alternatively, rotation. anticlockwise underwent later that fields stress a be previous in may formed which faults, inconsistency crustal deep main apparent the of character This inherited the of 2015). consequence al., et (DeMets anomalies magnetic on based determinations recent with agreement in 2010), al., et (Argus data GPS on based model Geodvel boundary plate regional the by predicted trend N141°E present-day the with contrasts This 7). and 2 (Figs. extension orthogonal and trend compressional N165°E a indicates antiform, Ridge Alboran This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted Sea. Alboran western and eastern the separating the barrier main a developing gateway, oceanic of closure the during Sea Alboran central the in relief heterogeneous the for responsible be the to basement and according intracrustal differs, crust continental the of behaviour the how show sectors These faults. strike-slip conjugate of development the favouring edifices, igneous by intruded is crust thin the Sea, Alboran northern and Channel Alboran the in Yet, 2015). al., et (Pedrera structures detachment similar of presence the suggesting folds, Articleby deformed also is Dalías, de Campo near region, NE The subduction. local of evidence no is there but 7c), (Fig. structure pop-up a developing thrusting local by or 7b) (Fig. deformation distributed ductile deep by accommodated be may shortening Basement basement. metamorphic the from cover volcanic and sedimentary folded the separated have would at detachments of development the detachments The 7). (Fig. crust layered mechanically a of by collision the during levels shallow relatively favoured likely most was margin, African the of part 1988). andCobbold, Davy 1982; et al., (Tapponier tectonics indenter of context the in described (1942) Anderson of 60° typical 75° the exceeds 2c,d) (Fig. the angle fault conjugate Moreover, 1982). al., et (Tapponier side one on unlocked are that collision Himalaya of Palaeostress determination in view of the conjugate fault sets and folds, such as the large large the as such folds, and sets fault conjugate the of view in determination Palaeostress ENE the of formation The – sedimentary-cover anisotropies. The indenter tectonics would therefore therefore would tectonics indenter The anisotropies. sedimentary-cover – WSW Alboran Ridge, an isolated antiform affecting the frontal frontal the affecting antiform isolated an Ridge, Alboran WSW This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted of Margin Alboran the of structure tectonic The 2007. H., Jabour, and C. Gorini, A., Mauffret, A., Ammar, References license. educational FAUCES by Financed Suite IHS-Kingdom RNM148. and CGL2016-80687-R) contribution. (AEI/FEDER DAMAGE (CTM2015-65461-C2-1-R), this improved reviewers anonymous two and Corsini Prof. Acknowledgements past and present. scenarios, geographic in other collision continental stagesof theof initial knowledge our enhances also it regions; Mediterranean other for implications important have may model tectonic This region. the in hazard seismic highest the entailing thereby boundary, plate the to related zone deformation the and plate African the between boundary northern the constitute Eurasian antiform Ridge Alboran the and zones fault Yusuf and Al-Idrisi The Sea. Alboran central the in accommodating motion deformations main the be therefore would indenter structures The Sea. Alboran northern the of crust continental thinned Article deformable easily the into indented has that body rock basic basement rigid frontal a pushing spur rigid a include which margin, African the of heterogeneities inherited the from resulting Sea, Alboran the of evolution geodynamic Eurasianthe in tectonics indentation for role a time first the for reveals model tectonic Our tectonics. indentation unlocked laterally by deformed buoyancy, similar of crusts African and Eurasian between collision basins Algerian and Alboran Western the convergence. the dominates Sea Alboran the where boundary, plate the of zone deformation broad the in partitioning strain by produced Morocco. In summary, the Central Alboran Sea Alboran Central the summary, In – Nubia plate collision. This model increases our understanding of the recent recent the of understanding our increases model This collision. plate Nubia Revista deRevista la SociedadGeológica de España — is a region undergoing the initial stages of continental continental of stages initial the undergoing region a is — located in the westernmost Mediterranean between between Mediterranean westernmost the in located , 20 , 247 - 271. – African plate plate African This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted R. P. Cobbold, GalindoA., Chalouan, GalindoM., Akil, A., Chalouan, A., Chabli, M., Lustrino, E., Carminati, C.DeMets, E., Calais, A. Udías, and C., Galdeano, de Sanz E., Buforn, ArticleM. Bonini, D. J. Robertson, and P. T. Loomis, E., W. Bonini, MunozA., Munoz, J., Rivera, M., Ballesteros, GordonD.F., Argus, M. Villa, and V. Araña, M., J. Mitjavila, A., Aparicio, Anderson, E.M. Geol. Inst.Geol. Univ. Uppsala 118. (Morocco). Cordillera Rif the of front M. 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All AcceptedGalindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo K.Feigl, T., Mourabit, D., Sari, Ben F., Gomez, R., Reilinger, S., McClusky, P., Vernant, A., Fadil, Article M. Gómez C., Gorini E., d’Acremont B., Alonso G., Ercilla J.T., Vázquez F., Estrada HernándezC., Juan, G., Ercilla, C.Harris, and P. Bogaard, den van K., Hoernle, S., Duggen, Marín the HoceimaAl (Morocco, Rif)2004 earthquake (M= 6.3) contradictory?. Roldán A. are compatiblethrusting with a at crustal scale. LettersMarine anomalies gravity Bouguer and magnetic of the Betic Cordillera (SESpain). 532 Morocco. Mountains, Rif the beneath slab lithospheric subcontinental delaminated M. paleosismología Álvarez sísmico”, riesgo el y terremotos los activas, fallas las de estudio al multidisciplinar aproximación andA. Ammar Alboran Sea. 2016.A., Ammar, J.T., Vázquez, M., García, Earth andPlanetary Science Letters Crisis. Salinity Messinian the causing and Mediterranean western the forming in subduction of role The - - - - - Zaldívar Zaldívar Zaldívar Gonzalez J., Zaldivar, Zaldivar, J.,Jabaloy, A.,Gonza , Ruiz, 2006, . - Lechado - -G - García Constán , J.,, J., J., ómez . cie etnc o te etr Mdtraen goei eiec fr olak f a of rollback for evidence geodetic Mediterranean: western the of tectonics Active , Chalouan, , Maldonado, Marine GeologyMarine Azzouz , F. J.F. , , , C., El Moumni B.Moumni El 18 , Lorca,, , A., and , López, , 10 Significance of bottoof Significance , Akil, , Marín, , O., - F. , A., 18. - oer, . Jbly A, adnd, . ad crie, . A. A. Schreider, and A., Maldonado, A., Jabaloy, F., Lodeiro, Spain - , , , M. and and M. , Molina, F.J., Bruno, M., Estrada, F., Alonso, B., Casas, D., Farran, M., Llave, E., E., Llave, M., Farran, D., Casas, B., Alonso, F., Estrada, M., Bruno, F.J., Molina, , A. andA. , - atn González Martín Chalouan , Azzouz, Garrido - d Lechado Armn, . Grn, . 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García, S., Díez, P., Santanach, E., Massana, X., Moreno, M., Comas, J.I., Soto, R., Pallàs, E., Gràcia, Gonzalez - Lechado, C., GalindoC., Lechado, southeastern BeticCordilleras, Spain). Níjar, and Dalías de (Campo arc tectonic a of boundary internal an in stresses and seismicity faults, Late Cenozoic tectonicand stratigraphicevolution. Geo Mediterranean. Western Island, Alboran around shelf inner the of system fracture recent the in faults offshore/ onshore transtens Imageryof recent tectonic offshore Quaternary structuresNekorbasin ofthe (Morocco): evidenceof an boundary. N. Amraoui, and M. the late Neoproterozoic Springer 2002 assessment in the Southern Iberian Margin. J.Dañobeitia, the western BeticCordillera. Arm (Bokoya Rif eastern the in Tectonophysics terminations fault and development graben - - González atlo L, Galindo L., Castillo, - enteros, J. A., and Gil, A. J., 2015J., A. Gil, and A., J. enteros, MarineLetters . A., Campillo, A. C., Mauffret, A., Alonso, B., Woodside, J. M. and Campos, J.Campos, and M. J. Woodside, B., Alonso, A., Mauffret, C., A. Campillo, A., Evidence foractive subduction beneathGibraltar. ’ , The Acremont E.,Acremont Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters , A., , 2006, Netherlands , Bárcenas, , , and 663 , . Active faulting offshore SE Spain (Alboran Sea): implications for earthquake hazardearthquake for implications Sea): (Alboran Spain SE offshore faulting Active . , 140 28 2011, Powell, D.Powell, - , 2004, Zaldívar, J., RodríguezJ., Zaldívar, , 53 - – advr J, e ay M C, oqe M J, Martinez J., M. Borque, C., M. Lacy, de J., Zaldivar, aat . ece d L de Mercier A., Rabaute - , P, earlyPaleozoic East African 149. . - Nw P cntans n cie eomto aog h Africa the along deformation active on constraints GPS New . 64. . Himalayan. , Vázquez, ive basin. Tectonophysics , 1992, . Physical models of thrust wedges. Inwedges. thrust of models Physical . , J. T. andT. J. , . 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Moreno, , , 32 – and , 1992, a Af Ras , 721 and Spakman, W.Spakman, and Gorini C.Gorini , 2005, - . Alboran Sea Alboran . 724. – au area). raou (pp. 71(pp. bra plate Iberia . 2016, Active - 81). 81). - , , . This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All AcceptedGvishiA., Cisternas, H., Philip, ScalabriL., Pourhiet, Le C., Petit, Marín A., Pedrera, the in Iberia and Nubia of boundary Plate Diffuse The 2015. J., Fernández, and J. P. González, M., Palano, 2012M., J. Nocquet, ArticleA., Jabaloy, I., Serrano, J., Morales, M., V. Moore, P. Molnar, Martınez Martínez stages of continental collision. Alboran region. the of tectonics current the for implications Morocco: northern Rif, the beneath anomalies gravity 48 Mediterranean). (Western basin marginal Poniente Messinian the in precipitation fragmented and coupling viscous for lithosphere. evidence deformation Crustal Mediterranean: Western Tectonophysics 735 1999 193 modeling. physical from Results lithosphere: continental of deformation collisional 419 Research Western the in inversion Alboran Sea. - - - Garcia Comas, and I. J. Soto, P., García, 61. - - - and 738. 222. 426. . cie otnna sbuto bnah h Btc odlea n te loa Sea. Alboran the and Cordillera Betic the beneath subduction continental Active Vendeville, B. C.B. Vendeville, Tapponnier, P.Tapponnier, , , P., 25 , Comas, - Earth andPlanetary Science Letters , 1 Trabajos de Geología, Universidad Oviedode ehd, . Galind C., Lechado, . Present. - , , 27. Geophys. J. Int 579 , , M., , 220 - , 1975, day kinematics of the Mediterranean: A comprehensive overview of GPS results. GPS overviewof comprehensive A Mediterranean:the of kinematics day ani, A., ani, - 242. and Soto no, B., Corsini, M., Bonnin, M.Bonnin, M., Corsini, B., no, eierna: h Post the Mediterranean: Galindo . Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a continental collision.continental a of effects Asia: of tectonics Cenozoic . , J. I.J. , , , Wiltschko, D. V.D. Wiltschko, Tectonophysics and 202 o- , Lonergan, , 640 advr J ad oo F J. F. Lobo, and J. Zaldívar, Gorshkov, A.Gorshkov, - Zaldivar, J., Zhao, D., Torcal, F., Vidal, F. and Gonzalezand F. Vidal, F., Torcal, D., Zhao, J., Zaldivar, M. - , , 652. 2010. , L., , , 2005, 161 , , tutrl nlss n rcn tcois n h central the in tectonics recent and analysis Structural 430 , 1989, and Wattsand , 1 , , 439 - . Effects of buoyancy and mechanical layering on on layering mechanical and buoyancy of Effects . - 21. Messinian . The Caucasus: an actual example of the initial the of example actual an Caucasus: The - and Romagny, A.Romagny, and , 447. 30 , A. B.A. , , 44 2015 - vlto o te loa Sea. Alboran the of evolution 48. , 2013, . moh od fvrn gypsum favoring folds Smooth . Strike . 2015. - slip tectonics and basin and tectonics slip . Crustal structure and and structure Crustal Tectonophysics Tectonophysics Science Geology - Lodeiro, F.Lodeiro, , , , , Basin 189 663 403 , 27 , , , , , , , This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Tapponie E.Suriñach, FernI., J. Soto, D. Seber, P. Alfaro, and C. Galdeano, de Sanz Ruiz Roure H. A. Robertson, C. Beaumont, N., R. Pysklywec, I. J. Soto, P., J. Platt, Accepted ArticleL. Hni, B., Tibari, L., Vacher, J., Billant, P.H., Blard, M., Condomines, P., Vernant, A., Tahayt, J.F., Ritz, A., Poujol, ‐ Constán, A., GalindoA., Constán, , n Irsi AK, 04 Atv tcois f h Nrhr Rf Mrco fo goopi and geomorphic from (Morocco) Rif Northern the geochronological data. of tectonics Active 2014. A.K., Idrissi, and from simple experiments withplasticine. Geogaceta refracción de sísmica de datos de partir Geosyst Mediterranean. western the in tectonics active on Influence Arc: Gibraltar the delamination beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif Cordillera. Cordillera). tran the at its continental lithosphere. 160). withcollision of process Geophysicalof Research: Solid Earth collision: continental Mediterranean. in metamorphism F., Casero, P. and Addoum and P. Casero, F., r, P., Peltzer, A., Le Dain, Y.LeDain, A., P.,Peltzer,r, Brzni M, bnrhm A. Ibenbrahim, M., Barazangi, , Tectonophysics and ., ández 9 1998, ea, R.Vegas, , Geomorphology (10). Geochemistry, 14 iin rm udcin o otnna cliin nrhetr ad eta Betic central and (northwestern collision continental to subduction from sition - , 126 Ibáñez, F., Fernández, M.Fernández, F., Ibáñez, Geology Tcoi sgiiac o te rtshns emut a otnna famn i the in fragment continental a Seamount: Eratosthenes the of significance Tectonic . ‐ Zaldívar - n Cms M C. M. Comas, and , 1993, 128. , Numerical experiments and comparison with South Island, New Zealand.New Island, South with comparison and experiments Numerical 298 h ehmd lo o a etninl ai, loa Sa western Sea, Alboran basin, extensional an of floor exhumed the JournalGeodynamics of , a subduction zone in the eastern Mediterranean (Ocean Drilling Program Leg Program Drilling (Ocean Mediterranean eastern the in zone subduction a 24 , 63 and . Geophysics,Geosystems , , , J., Pedrera, A., Celerier, B.Celerier, A., Pedrera, J., , Tectonics srcua eea d a otz e n rnvra dl a eAbrn a Alborán de Mar del transversal una en corteza la de general Estructura 63 , 447 B. - and Armijo, R.Armijo,and 82. , , 175 ulak P.Fullsack, 2012 - , 450. - 2004 , 190. . Alpine inversion of the North African margin and delamination of of delamination and margin African North the of inversion Alpine . , , 107 and 31 1996, . (3). Geology (B7). and Garcíaand 2002, ent, A. Demnati, etnc infcne f h peet eif f h Betic the of relief present the of significance Tectonic , 1982, - elxó d ga ágl. nepeain geodinámica. Interpretación ángulo. gran de reflexión – , , Dcmrsin n high and Decompression . Betic mountains.Betic 77 Ltopei dfrain uig h ery tgs of stages early the during deformation Lithospheric . , . 10 , , 70-88. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new insights new Asia: in tectonicsextrusion Propagating 12 - , 611 Casco, A.Casco, . and , 1996. - 616. Marín , 2008, epyia eiec for evidence Geophysical Nature ‐ Lechado, C.Lechado, . Thermal structure of the crust in in crust the of structure Thermal , 379 - , 785 temperature , 2011, - 790 ece. Geophys. Geochem. . Stress distribution Stress . – low lithospheric - pressure Journal This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Azores the in boundaries Plate (a) Mediterranean. westernmost the and Eurasian the of framework the in Sea Alboran the of setting Regional 1. Fig. FIGURE CAPTIONS P. H. Zeck, C. Beaumont, S., Willett, P.J. Platt, M., L. R. Vissers, FernandezB., Alonso, J.T., Vazquez, Torné van der Woerd, J., Dorbath, C., Ousadou, F., Dorbath, L., Delouis, B., Jacques, E., Tapponnier, P., Hahou, Y., Hahou, P., Tapponnier, E., Jacques, B., Delouis, L., Dorbath, F., Ousadou, C., Dorbath, J., Woerd, der van Accepted Black Fault. shortening. of direction indicate present-day arrows Yusuf YF, Bank. Xauen-Tofiño XTB, Basin. Alboran Western WAB, Fault. Carboneras Serrata- S-CF, Basin. Alboran South SAB, Bank. Pagès Francesc FPB, Basin. Alboran East EAB, Bank. Djibouti DB, Ridge. Adra AdR, Channel. Alboran AC, Ridge. Alboran AR, 1999). al., et Comas from (modified Sea Alboran the of basins and features structural main the of sketch Geological (b) km; in Betic BC, lines Contour Cordillera. Rif deformation. RC, Strait. Gibraltar GS, Ridge. distributed Gorringe GR, Fault. Gloria of GF, Cordillera. areas indicate Dots 2003). al., et Galindo-Zaldivar from Article , M. , 2004 and aftershocks its sequence. February 24 of earthquake 6.4 Mw Hoceima Al The 2014. H., Haessler, and M. Frogneux, M., Menzhi, Publications roll slab by followed regime compressional orogens. Domain: alithosphericview. Geologico y Minero a G. Ercilla, 3228. Relevance. Tectonic and Modeling Gravity 3D from Results , , Fernandez, 1999, Apn pae ieais n h wsen eierna: westward a Mediterranean: western the in kinematics plate Alpine . , d Diaznd 156 M., , 109 , Comas 126 and and Wal, D.Wal, and - Del - 120. , , Geology - 483 ulak P. Fullsack, i, . 2015. V., Rio, , M. C. Tectonics - - 514. Puga, M.C., GomezM.C., Puga, , , 1995, - and Soto and Soto 21 ak n sa detachment. slab and back Journal of Geodynamics , 371 1993, , . Late orogenic extension of the Betic Cordillera and the Alboran Alboran the and Cordillera Betic the of extension orogenic Late . 14 - emut aog h Iein otnna margins. continental Iberian the along Seamounts 374. , 786 J. I. Mcaia mdl o the for model Mechanical . , - 803. 2000 - Ballesteros, M., Iglesias, J., PalomJ., Iglesias, M., Ballesteros, . Lithospheric Structure Beneaththe A!boranBasin: , , Journal of Geophysical ResearchGeophysical of Journal 77 , 89-109. elgcl Society, Geological etnc o dul vergent doubly of tectonics – irla ae (modified area Gibraltar – African plate boundary boundary plate African - ietd subduction directed ino, D., Roque, C., Roque, D., ino, odn Special London, , , 105 , 3209, Boletin - This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted of base the represents line dashed Pliocene; the of base the represents line Black respectively. areas sunken and uplifted represent signs negative and positive vector); palaeostress 164°N the (note location profile and fault Averroes the of sketch Tectonic (c) component. lateral right a displays (b) reach southern the while component, normal remarkable a by characterized is end northern The (a) Basin. Alboran the of zone central the in fault strike-slip Averroes the showing profiles Seismic 5. Fig. 2. Fig. in Location km. in horizontal time) and travel way (two seconds in vertical Scale: system. fault conjugated the of end northern the at faults Normal (b) Ridge. Adra of north faults Strike-slip (a) 60m). about (penetration Basin Alboran central the of seafloor the affecting faults subvertical conjugated showing profiles TOPAS Parametric 4. Fig. in vertical Scale: Quaternary. 2. Fig. in Location km. in horizontal and travel time) (two-way seconds the of base the represents line dashed Pliocene; the of base the represents line Black Channel. Alboran the of end westernmost the at (a) in as faults Same (b) Bank. Djibouti of edifice volcanic the in located components Article normal secondary with faults Strike-slip (a) NNE showing profiles Seismic 3. Fig. 2000. since locations seismicity and structures tectonic main of Map (e) sketch. structural General (d) indicate convergence. arrows present-day black and convergence palaeo-plate indicate arrows Blue orientation. set Fault (c) Ridge. Alboran the of side northern the bounding dipole the Note contours. bathymetric and (nT) map anomaly Magnetic (b) Basin. Alboran Southern SAB, Basin. Alboran Eastern Western EAB, Basin. Alboran WAB, Fault. Yusuf YF, Fault. Serrata-Carboneras S-CF, Bank. Pagès Francesc FPB, Bank. Djibouti DB, Dalías. de Campo CD, Ridge. Alboran AR, Fault. Al-Idrisi ALF, Ridge. Adra AdR, Channel. Alboran AC, map. tectonic Detailed (a) Basin. Alboran central the of features tectonic Main 2. Fig. – SSW subvertical strike-slip faults in the central Alboran Basin. Basin. Alboran central the in faults strike-slip subvertical SSW This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted (c) and faults. through reverse pop-up crustal deformation, ductile deep of means by thickening crustal from resulting level detached a (b) antiform: Ridge SeaAlboran the explain to proposed are shortening crustal of models Two scale). to Alboran of database new a (not Sea Alboran Central the of into structures main the of view oblique results Westward (a) data. geophysical the integrating 2016), al., et Lafosse 2016; al., 2014; al., et d’Acremont 2013; al., et García Martínez- 2008; al., et Maestro 2008; al., et (e.g. Ballesteros 1992; al., et Sea Maldonado 1992; al., et Alboran Comas the of tectonics recent the on available information detailed as well as 2008) Article al., et Soto 1998; al., et (Galindo-Zaldívar structures crustal deep on based models previous account into takes model The Sea. Alboran central the of deformation tectonic indenter of Sketch 7. Fig. 2. Fig. in Location km. in horizontal and travel time) (two-way in seconds Scale: vertical Quaternary. the of base the represents line dashed Pliocene; the of base the represents line Black Ridge. Adra AdR, Channel; Alboran AC, Ridge; Alboran AR, Ridge. Alboran (a) Western (b) cover. Ridge. Alboran Plio-Quaternary Eastern the tilts and deposits Miocene deforms antiform Ridge Alboran The Basin. Alboran the of zone central the across structure geological the showing profiles Seismic 6. Fig. 2. Fig. in Location km. in horizontal and time) travel (two-way seconds in vertical Scale: Quaternary. the Estrada et al., 2015; Vázquez et al., 2015; Do Couto et Couto Do 2015; al., et Vázquez 2015; al., et Estrada This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted Article This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted Article This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted Article This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted Article This article isThis article by rights protected reserved. copyright. All Accepted Article